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Interpretation of the state of healing of chronic apical periodontitis or apical curettage with apicoectomy in radiological images is based on the analysis of changes in the appearance of the periapical area and in the bone structure adjacent to the site of inflammation or surgical intervention, which are projected onto normal bone structures. However, distortion of structures or the superposition of anatomical images should be considered when interpreting radiographs. We compared conventional studies of evaluation of the periapical area following treatment, together with 2D images, with the periapical index and the criteria of evaluation in both successful and unsuccessful cases of endodontic surgical treatment. Some studies have reported that the radiographic appearance of the tooth crown and root may facilitate interpretation of the periapical area. In addition, cone-beam computed tomography can show the relationship between injured and repairing tissue using buccal and lingual tables to measure the periphery in transverse reconstruction. Indeed, complex biological events and mechanisms can occur during the healing process of periapical and root tissues. Knowledge of the diversity of tissues is essential to identify the dynamics of the signs of regeneration or the presence of healing due to repair. Hence, the aim of this article was to identify the criteria used to interpret periapical healing in two-dimensional or three-dimensional images and their relationship with diagnosis and treatment according to the literature currently available.

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Abstract Objectives This study aimed to investigate patterns and risk factors related to the feasibility of achieving technical quality and periapical healing in root canal non-surgical retreatment, using regression and data mining methods. Methodology This retrospective observational study included 321 consecutive patients presenting for root canal retreatment. Patients were treated by graduate students, following standard protocols. Data on medical history, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up visits variables were collected from physical records and periapical radiographs and transferred to an electronic chart database. Basic statistics were tabulated, and univariate and multivariate analytical methods were used to identify risk factors for technical quality and periapical healing. Decision trees were generated to predict technical quality and periapical healing patterns using the J48 algorithm in the Weka software. Results Technical outcome was satisfactory in 65.20%, and we observed periapical healing in 80.50% of the cases. Several factors were related to technical quality, including severity of root curvature and altered root canal morphology (p<0.05). Follow-up periods had a mean of 4.05 years. Periapical lesion area, tooth type, and apical resorption proved to be significantly associated with retreatment failure (p<0.05). Data mining analysis suggested that apical root resorption might prevent satisfactory technical outcomes even in teeth with straight root canals. Also, large periapical lesions and poor root filling quality in primary endodontic treatment might be related to healing failure. Conclusion Frequent patterns and factors affecting technical outcomes of endodontic retreatment included root canal morphological features and its alterations resulting from primary endodontic treatment. Healing outcomes were mainly associated with the extent of apical periodontitis pathological damages in dental and periapical tissues. To determine treatment predictability, we suggest patterns including clinical and radiographic features of apical periodontitis and technical quality of primary endodontic treatment.

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Abstract This clinical study reports on the antibacterial effects and outcome of endodontic treatment using either a single-file or a multifile system, associated with calcium hydroxide interappointment medication. The root canals of single-rooted teeth with apical periodontitis were treated by using either Reciproc or BioRaCe instrument systems, 2.5% NaOCl irrigation, and calcium hydroxide medication. Bacteriological samples taken before preparation and immediately before obturation were evaluated for total bacterial counts by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Patients were followed up and the treatment outcome was assessed by clinical and radiographic criteria. Decreasing lesions were classified as success in a lenient criterion or failure in a rigid one. Bacteria were detected in all initial samples (47 cases) and were significantly reduced after treatment in both groups (p<0.001). In the Reciproc and BioRaCe groups, 7/25 (28%) and 11/22 (50%) root canals yielded negative qPCR results before obturation, respectively (p>0.05). Quantitative bacterial reduction was similar between groups (p>0.05). The success rate in the BioRaCe group was 95.5% and 77% in the loose and rigid criterion, respectively. In the Reciproc group, corresponding figures were 88% and 76%. Differences in outcome were not significant (p>0.05). No diseased case showed negative qPCR results for bacteria. A difference of >1 Log10 counts was observed between healed and diseased cases. Root canal treatments of teeth with apical periodontitis using a single-file or a multifile system for preparation, associated with NaOCl irrigation and calcium hydroxide interappointment medication, showed similar antibacterial effectiveness and success rate.

Resumo Este estudo clínico relata os efeitos antibacterianos e o resultado de tratamentos endodônticos usando um sistema de instrumentação de instrumento único ou de múltiplos instrumentos, associado à medicação intracanal com hidróxido de cálcio. Os canais radiculares de 80 dentes unirradiculares com lesão perirradicular foram tratados com os sistemas Reciproc ou BioRaCe, irrigação com NaOCl a 2,5% e medicação com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio por 7 a 10 dias. Amostras bacteriológicas foram colhidas antes do preparo e imediatamente antes da obturação e examinadas quanto à contagem total de bactérias pela reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real quantitativa (qPCR). Os pacientes foram acompanhados e o resultado do tratamento foi avaliado por critérios clínicos e radiográficos (índice periapical). Os casos com lesões que diminuíram mas não desapareceram foram classificados como sucesso em um critério leniente ou fracasso em um critério rígido. Quarenta e sete pacientes estavam disponíveis para avaliação bacteriológica e de resultados. Bactérias foram detectadas em todas as amostras iniciais desses casos e foram significativamente reduzidas após o tratamento nos dois grupos (p<0,001). Nos grupos Reciproc e BioRaCe, os canais radiculares apresentaram resultados negativos na qPCR em 7/25 (28%) e 11/22 (50%) casos antes da obturação, respectivamente (p>0,05). A redução bacteriana foi semelhante entre os grupos (p>0,05). O período médio (mediana) de acompanhamento foi de 20,5 (18,5) meses para BioRaCe e 17,4 (18) meses para Reciproc (p>0,05). No grupo BioRaCe, a taxa de sucesso foi de 95,5% e 77% nos critérios leniente e rígido, respectivamente. No grupo Reciproc, os valores correspondentes foram 88% e 76%. As diferenças no resultado não foram estatisticamente significativas (p>0,05). Nenhum caso de doença pós-tratamento mostrou resultados negativos de qPCR para bactérias. Foi observada uma diferença >1 Log10 nas contagens bacterianas entre os casos curados e doentes. O tratamento do canal radicular de dentes com lesão perirradicular utilizando um sistema de instrumento único ou múltiplos no preparo, associado à irrigação com NaOCl e medicação entre consultas com hidróxido de cálcio, mostrou eficácia antibacteriana e taxa de sucesso semelhantes.

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De acuerdo con la tendencia mundial, el número de personas de 60 años y más va en aumento. Este crecimiento demográfico de la población, el aumento de las expectativas de vida de las personas y la tendencia a la disminución de pacientes edéntulos, produce una mayor demanda de procedimientos endodónticos en la población anciana. Es fundamental que el odontólogo conozca la fisiología del envejecimiento para poder abordar, en forma eficaz, el tratamiento en los pacientes pertenecientes a este grupo etario. Se ha descripto que los tejidos dentales sufren cambios a lo largo de la vida; entre ellos, la reducción del número de fibroblastos, de odontoblastos, de vasos sanguíneos y de fibras nerviosas; el aumento de fibras colágenas, de masas calcificadas, aposición de cemento, de dentina secundaria y de dentina de reparación. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una revisión bibliográfica en relación a los cambios que presentan la pulpa dental, la dentina y el cemento, relacionados con el proceso de envejecimiento y sus posibles dificultades al momento de realizar el tratamiento endodóntico; sin olvidar cómo pueden inferir en el éxito del tratamiento las posibles patologías sistémicas que presentan los pacientes a consecuencia de la edad (AU)

According to the world trend, the number of people aged 60 and over is increasing. This demographic growth of the population, the increase in people's life expectancies and the tendency to decrease edentulous patients, produces a greater demand for endodontic procedures in the elderly population. It is essential that the dentist knows the physiology of aging to be able to effectively address the treatment in patients belonging to this age group. It has been described that dental tissues suffer changes throughout life, including the reduction of the number of fibroblasts, odontoblasts, blood vessels and nerve fibers; the increase of collagen fibers, calcified masses, apposition of cement, secondary dentin and repair dentin. The objective of the present work is to carry out a bibliographic review in relation to the changes that the dental pulp, dentine and cement have in relation to the aging process and its possible consequences in the endodontic treatment; without forgetting how it can infer in the success of the treatment the possible systemic pathologies that patients present as a result of age (AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence from a clinical viewpoint that the bacteria persisting within the root canal system do not have a significant impact on the treatment outcome as long as an adequate apical sealing is performed. METHODS: A total of 42 patients with pulp necrosis and a periapical index (PAI) score of 5. Root canal treatment was performed in which the root canal filling was limited to the apical third of the root. In the control group, the root canal filling was performed up to the canal orifice. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test and the χ2 or the Fisher exact test (when appropriate). RESULTS: All cases presented clinical success, absence of pain, swelling, sinus tract, tenderness to palpation or percussion and presented normal tooth mobility. Fifteen months were enough for all cases of both groups to be classified with a PAI score of ≤2. There was no statistical difference between the cases that ended the study with a PAI-1 or PAI-2 score. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, no significant differences in healing rates after complete obturation or only apical third obturation were observed. An adequate apical sealing can improve periapi-cal healing, thus intracanal remnant bacteria apparently have no significant impact, at least for the first 15 months of follow-up.

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Cyst-like periapical lesions should be treated initially with conservative nonsurgical procedures. In this case series, we describe the clinical and radiographic outcomes of large cyst-like lesions that were treated by orthograde decompression and long-term intracanal use of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] mixed with 2% chlorhexidine digluconate. Ten cases of cyst-like periapical lesions involving 15 teeth from 10 patients were selected. Maximal radiographic diameters of the lesions ranged from 11 to 28 mm. Nonsurgical procedures were performed, including apical patency, orthograde puncture of cyst-like exudates, chemomechanical preparation, and placement of intracanal Ca(OH)2/CHX dressings, which were periodically replaced during 6-10 months. The root canals were then filled with gutta-percha and sealer. The follow-up periods ranged from 6 to 24 months, and the outcome was classified as healed, healing, or failure. Nine lesions drained copious exudates after canal patency. One lesion only drained bloody serous exudate after periapical overinstrumentation. In 9 patients, intracanal exudation ceased in the first follow-up visit. At the 24-month follow-up, 6 lesions (60.0%) had healed, and 3 lesions (30.0%) were healing, with the corresponding patients being without clinical signs or symptoms. The case of treatment failure was submitted to surgical treatment. Microscopically, the lesion appeared to be an apical cyst with exuberant extraradicular bacterial biofilms attached to the sectioned root apex. This case series supports the use of nonsurgical methods to resolve larger cyst-like periapical lesions.

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