RESUMO

The aim of this work is the application of pectin coatings containing Cryptococcus laurentii as a method of biocontrol of Penicillium expansum for postharvest protection of apples. For this purpose, the yeast was incorporated into a pectin matrix, and its viability and biocontrol activity in vitro and in vivo against P. expansum was evaluated over time. In addition, the influence of the sterilization process on coating thickness was studied. Results showed that pectin coating with C. laurentii enhanced mycelial growth inhibition in vitro studies, while no significant differences were observed in disease incidence and severity reduction in vivo studies. The sterilization process reduced the viscosity of the pectin solution, resulting in coating thicknesses ranging from 0.5 to 1 µm. As a general evaluation, in vitro and in vivo, biocontrol assays were useful in demonstrating better postharvest protection of the yeast at 7 °C concerning 25 °C.

RESUMO

Apples (Malus domestica) are one of the most consumed fruits globally. It is a relevant crop in Argentina and Spain, and one of the main fruits for export and industrialization in these countries. Quality control of apples, fundamentally in the postharvest stage, is critical to prevent fungal diseases. The blue mould, caused by Penicillium expansum, is responsible for great economic losses due to the deterioration of the fruit and mycotoxin production. Many studies have characterized this pathogen; however, little is known about the differences between populations from distant geographical origins. The objective of the present study was to characterize two P. expansum populations, from Argentina and Spain, through morphological, metabolomic and molecular approaches, and to evaluate the existence of differences related to their geographical source. A total of 103 isolates, 53 from Argentina and 50 from Spain were studied. Their morphological features were consistent with the species description. The secondary metabolite profiles revealed low chemical diversity. All 103 isolates shared the production of 13 compounds, namely andrastins, aurantioclavine, chaetoglobosins, communesins, expansolides, roquefortine C and patulin. Penostatins and citrinin were produced by 102 and 101 isolates, respectively. A region of the ß-tubulin gene was selected to analyse the diversity of the P. expansum isolates. No substantial differences were observed between isolates of different geographical origins through morphology, patulin accumulation, secondary metabolite profiles and phylogenetic analysis. However, the analysis of polymorphisms revealed 29 haplotypes with a relative separation between isolates of both populations; 13 haplotypes contained Argentinean isolates, while Spanish isolates were separated into 16 haplotypes. The diversity indices of Shannon (H'=2.075; H'=2.402) and Simpson (SiD = 0.850; SiD = 0.895) for isolates from Argentina and Spain, respectively, indicated that the diversity of P. expansum is greater in Spain than in Argentina. This distribution could be explained both by the existence of haplotype exchange between both countries, with the ancestral haplotypes originating in Spain, and the subsequent adaptation to the environmental conditions or apples varieties grown in each region.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In the present work, we evaluated the effects of a mixture of biocontrol agents against two toxigenic strains of Penicillium expansum isolated in Argentine Patagonia from pome fruits. The two strains, INTA-5 and INTA-10, were previusly selected among ten strains coming from the Alto Valle (Rio Negro-Argentina) for their high production of patulin. For the biocontrol, Kosakonia radicincitans, Cryptococcus laurentii, and Rhodosporidium fluviale were tested in vitro experiments on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) dishes against the INTA-5 and INTA-10 strains. The bacterium K. radicincitans and the yeast C. laurentii were selected to be used in a mixture due to their capacity to control the fungus and reduce the mycotoxin severely. In vitro assays with the mixture showed a high antagonism against P. expansum INTA-5 and INTA-10, at 21 d of incubation at 25 °C and a patulin reduction of 98%. The mixture of microorganisms was also effective in apples stored at 25 °C for 10 d and 4 °C for 30 d. At cold storage, the mixture controlled moderately the development of rot and decreased patulin concentration. At 25 °C, the pathogen's optimal growth temperature, the mixture of Biological Control Agent (BCAs) assured both the control of rot and decrease of patulin concentration. The combination of two microorganisms, with different requirements and abilities, resulted in a mix with a strong antagonism against P. expansum with the capability to decrease the patulin concentration. Treatment with the selected mixture could be a good option for controlling strains with different behaviours and in different environmental conditions.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Bacteria and molds may spoil and/or contaminate apple juice either by direct microbial action or indirectly by the uptake of metabolites as off-flavours and toxins. Some of these microorganisms and/or metabolites may remain in the food even after extensive procedures. This study aim to identify the presence of molds (including heat resistant species) and Alicyclobacillus spp., during concentrated apple juice processing. Molds were isolated at different steps and then identified by their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics after cultivation on standard media at 5, 25 and 37 °C, during 7 days. Among the 19 isolated found, 63% were identified as Penicillium with 50% belonging to the P. expansum specie. With regards to heat resistant molds, the species Neosartorya fischeri, Byssochlamys fulva and also the genus Eupenicillium sp., Talaromyces sp. and Eurotium sp. were isolated. The thermoacidophilic spore-forming bacteria were identified as A. acidoterrestris by a further investigation based on 16S rRNA sequence similarity. The large contamination found indicates the need for methods to eliminate or prevent the presence of these microorganisms in the processing plants in order to avoid both spoilage of apple juice and toxin production.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Bacteria and molds may spoil and/or contaminate apple juice either by direct microbial action or indirectly by the uptake of metabolites as off-flavours and toxins. Some of these microorganisms and/or metabolites may remain in the food even after extensive procedures. This study aim to identify the presence of molds (including heat resistant species) and Alicyclobacillus spp., during concentrated apple juice processing. Molds were isolated at different steps and then identified by their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics after cultivation on standard media at 5, 25 and 37ºC, during 7 days. Among the 19 isolated found, 63% were identified as Penicillium with 50% belonging to the P. expansum specie. With regards to heat resistant molds, the species Neosartorya fischeri, Byssochlamys fulva and also the genus Eupenicillium sp., Talaromyces sp. and Eurotium sp. were isolated. The thermoacidophilic spore-forming bacteria were identified as A. acidoterrestris by a further investigation based on 16S rRNA sequence similarity. The large contamination found indicates the need for methods to eliminate or prevent the presence of these microorganisms in the processing plants in order to avoid both spoilage of apple juice and toxin production.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Bacteria and molds may spoil and/or contaminate apple juice either by direct microbial action or indirectly by the uptake of metabolites as off-flavours and toxins. Some of these microorganisms and/or metabolites may remain in the food even after extensive procedures. This study aim to identify the presence of molds (including heat resistant species) and Alicyclobacillus spp., during concentrated apple juice processing. Molds were isolated at different steps and then identified by their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics after cultivation on standard media at 5, 25 and 37ºC, during 7 days. Among the 19 isolated found, 63% were identified as Penicillium with 50% belonging to the P. expansum specie. With regards to heat resistant molds, the species Neosartorya fischeri, Byssochlamys fulva and also the genus Eupenicillium sp., Talaromyces sp. and Eurotium sp. were isolated. The thermoacidophilic spore-forming bacteria were identified as A. acidoterrestris by a further investigation based on 16S rRNA sequence similarity. The large contamination found indicates the need for methods to eliminate or prevent the presence of these microorganisms in the processing plants in order to avoid both spoilage of apple juice and toxin production.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O bolor azul, causado por Penicillium expansum, é responsável por grandes perdas nos frutos de maçã armazenados. Buscando medidas alternativas aos tratamentos convencionais, avaliou-se o efeito de ácidos fenólicos (cinâmico, ferúlico, gálico, salicílico e vanílico) sobre Penicillium expansum e sobre a podridão ocasionada nos frutos. Em lâminas de microscopia escavadas, foram avaliados a porcentagem de germinação e o comprimento do tubo germinativo do fungo, empregando-se os fenólicos a 1, 2,5 e 5 mM. In vivo, avaliou-se a intensidade da podridão de Penicillium a partir da imersão dos frutos em soluções fenólicas a 2,5, 5 e 10 mM. Em todos os experimentos, o delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com 4 repetições, sendo a parcela experimental representada por uma gota em lâmina escavada (bioensaios in vitro) ou 4 frutos no interior de uma bandeja plástica (bioensaios in vivo). Dentre os fenólicos, os ácidos cinâmico e salicílico inibiram completamente a germinação do fungo a 2,5 mM, mas somente o ácido salicílico controlou a doença causada por Penicillium expansum quando misturado à suspensão de esporos, reduzindo a incidência do bolor azul em 80%. Desta forma o ácido salicílico apresenta potencial para o tratamento fitossanitário de frutos de maçã em pós-colheita.

The blue mold, caused by Penicillium expansum, is responsible for great losses in stored apple fruit. Searching alternatives measures to conventional treatment, the effect of phenolic acids (cinnamic, ferulic, gallic, vanillic and salicylic acid) on Penicillium expansum and on blue mold intensity were evaluated. In vitro, the percentage of germination and the germ tube length of the fungus were assessed, using the phenolics at 1, 2,5 and 5 mM. In vivo, we evaluated the severity of Penicillium decay in fruits immersed on phenolic solutions at 2,5, 5 and 10 mM. In all experiments, the experimental design was completely randomized with four replications, and the experimental plot was represented by a drop on a microscope slide cavity or by 4 fruits inside a plastic tray. Cinnamic and salicylic acids completely inhibited the germination of the fungus at 2,5 mM, but only salicylic acid controlled the disease caused by Penicillium expansum when it was mixed with a spore suspension, reducing the incidence of blue mold by 80%. Thus salicylic acid has potential to control post-harvest decays.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A part of apples destined to juice production is generally of poor quality. Apples from cold storage or recently harvest (ground harvested or low quality apples) are stored under ambient conditions until they are processed. Since Penicillium expansum and P. griseofulvum are the principal fungal species isolated from stored apples in Brazil, the objective of this study was to investigate the ability of these strains to produce patulin in apples and report the consequences of this type of storage in loss of quality. The toxin was quantified using thin layer chromatography and charge-coupled device camera (TLC-CCD). The rate and quantities that P. expansum and P. griseofulvum can grow and produce patulin are highly dependent on the fungal strain and time. Lesion diameter resulted to be independent of the strain considered. The maximum period of time which apples were kept at cold storage (4 ºC) without patulin accumulation was 27 days. When these apples were kept at 25 ºC during 3 days, both factors lesion diameter and patulin production increased significantly. These results confirm that time in which apples are taken out from cold storage room before juice production is critical in order to prevent patulin accumulation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A part of apples destined to juice production is generally of poor quality. Apples from cold storage or recently harvest (ground harvested or low quality apples) are stored under ambient conditions until they are processed. Since Penicillium expansum and P. griseofulvum are the principal fungal species isolated from stored apples in Brazil, the objective of this study was to investigate the ability of these strains to produce patulin in apples and report the consequences of this type of storage in loss of quality. The toxin was quantified using thin layer chromatography and charge-coupled device camera (TLC-CCD). The rate and quantities that P. expansum and P. griseofulvum can grow and produce patulin are highly dependent on the fungal strain and time. Lesion diameter resulted to be independent of the strain considered. The maximum period of time which apples were kept at cold storage (4 °C) without patulin accumulation was 27 days. When these apples were kept at 25 °C during 3 days, both factors lesion diameter and patulin production increased significantly. These results confirm that time in which apples are taken out from cold storage room before juice production is critical in order to prevent patulin accumulation.

RESUMO

Considerable losses during apple fruit storage occur due to microbiological diseases, mainly caused by Penicillium expansum, which in addition to fruit pulp deterioration produces patulin, a mycotoxin with carcinogenic and teratogenic activity. Biological control of post-harvest disease by antagonist yeasts focused on killer toxins is an appreciable alternative to the chemical fungicides, due to the low possibility of toxic residues demonstrated during fermentative processes. Twenty out of 44 yeasts (16 isolated from fruits, 10 from corn silage and 18 from laboratory anthill), showed antagonism against spores of P. expansum. The assay in solid medium pointed the strongest nutrient competition antagonism by D. hansenii strain C1 (31 mm inhibition diameter), while D. hansenii strain C7 (15 mm) showed higher antibiosis and parasitism pattern. In the following step the extracellular activity was tested performing the assay with culture supernatant in Yeast Medium agar, where C. guilliermondii P3 was more effective against conidia germination (inhibition rate of 58.15%) while P. ohmeri showed better inhibition on micelial growth (66.17%). The antibiosis showed by both yeasts could suggest probable mechanism associated with killer phenomenon, once both strains were killer positive against sensitive reference strains (S. cerevisiae NCYC 1006 and P. kluyveri CAY-15). In order to enhanc

As perdas consideráveis no armazenamento de maçãs decorrem principalmente de desordens microbiológicas, causadas por Penicillium expansum, que além de colonizar o fruto e causar dano à polpa, produz a patulina, micotoxina teratogênica e cancerígena. Entre as alternativas ao tradicional tratamento químico de doenças pós-colheita de frutos, enfoca-se o biocontrole por leveduras antagonistas, com ênfase em linhagens killer, em função da baixa possibilidade de resíduos tóxicos e com ampla inocuidade demonstrada nos processos fermentativos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o potencial antagônico de leveduras no controle de P. expansum, mediante antifungigrama em meio sólido e líquido. Do total de 44 leveduras isoladas (16 de frutas, 10 de silagem de milho e 18 de formigueiro de laboratório), 20 apresentaram antagonismo perante esporos de P. expansum em ágar Meio Para Levedura, sendo Debaryomyces hansenii C1 responsável por maior atividade associada à competição por nutrientes (zona de inibição de 31 mm) e D. hansenii C7 por antibiose/hiperparasitismo (15 mm). Entretanto, o ensaio realizado com o sobrenadante de cultivo reduziu o número de cepas ativas em cinco, sendo Pichia ohmeri 158 e Candida guilliermondii P3 as de maior atividade antagônica. No antifungigrama em meio líquido (caldo MPL) o sobrenadante do cultivo de C. guilliermondii (25ºC/72 horas) inibiu 58,15% da germina

RESUMO

Considerable losses during apple fruit storage occur due to microbiological diseases, mainly caused by Penicillium expansum, which in addition to fruit pulp deterioration produces patulin, a mycotoxin with carcinogenic and teratogenic activity. Biological control of post-harvest disease by antagonist yeasts focused on killer toxins is an appreciable alternative to the chemical fungicides, due to the low possibility of toxic residues demonstrated during fermentative processes. Twenty out of 44 yeasts (16 isolated from fruits, 10 from corn silage and 18 from laboratory anthill), showed antagonism against spores of P. expansum. The assay in solid medium pointed the strongest nutrient competition antagonism by D. hansenii strain C1 (31 mm inhibition diameter), while D. hansenii strain C7 (15 mm) showed higher antibiosis and parasitism pattern. In the following step the extracellular activity was tested performing the assay with culture supernatant in Yeast Medium agar, where C. guilliermondii P3 was more effective against conidia germination (inhibition rate of 58.15%) while P. ohmeri showed better inhibition on micelial growth (66.17%). The antibiosis showed by both yeasts could suggest probable mechanism associated with killer phenomenon, once both strains were killer positive against sensitive reference strains (S. cerevisiae NCYC 1006 and P. kluyveri CAY-15). In order to enhanc

As perdas consideráveis no armazenamento de maçãs decorrem principalmente de desordens microbiológicas, causadas por Penicillium expansum, que além de colonizar o fruto e causar dano à polpa, produz a patulina, micotoxina teratogênica e cancerígena. Entre as alternativas ao tradicional tratamento químico de doenças pós-colheita de frutos, enfoca-se o biocontrole por leveduras antagonistas, com ênfase em linhagens killer, em função da baixa possibilidade de resíduos tóxicos e com ampla inocuidade demonstrada nos processos fermentativos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o potencial antagônico de leveduras no controle de P. expansum, mediante antifungigrama em meio sólido e líquido. Do total de 44 leveduras isoladas (16 de frutas, 10 de silagem de milho e 18 de formigueiro de laboratório), 20 apresentaram antagonismo perante esporos de P. expansum em ágar Meio Para Levedura, sendo Debaryomyces hansenii C1 responsável por maior atividade associada à competição por nutrientes (zona de inibição de 31 mm) e D. hansenii C7 por antibiose/hiperparasitismo (15 mm). Entretanto, o ensaio realizado com o sobrenadante de cultivo reduziu o número de cepas ativas em cinco, sendo Pichia ohmeri 158 e Candida guilliermondii P3 as de maior atividade antagônica. No antifungigrama em meio líquido (caldo MPL) o sobrenadante do cultivo de C. guilliermondii (25ºC/72 horas) inibiu 58,15% da germina

RESUMO

A part of apples destined to juice production is generally of poor quality. Apples from cold storage or recently harvest (ground harvested or low quality apples) are stored under ambient conditions until they are processed. Since Penicillium expansum and P. griseofulvum are the principal fungal species isolated from stored apples in Brazil, the objective of this study was to investigate the ability of these strains to produce patulin in apples and report the consequences of this type of storage in loss of quality. The toxin was quantified using thin layer chromatography and charge-coupled device camera (TLC-CCD). The rate and quantities that P. expansum and P. griseofulvum can grow and produce patulin are highly dependent on the fungal strain and time. Lesion diameter resulted to be independent of the strain considered. The maximum period of time which apples were kept at cold storage (4 ºC) without patulin accumulation was 27 days. When these apples were kept at 25 ºC during 3 days, both factors lesion diameter and patulin production increased significantly. These results confirm that time in which apples are taken out from cold storage room before juice production is critical in order to prevent patulin accumulation.

RESUMO

A part of apples destined to juice production is generally of poor quality. Apples from cold storage or recently harvest (ground harvested or low quality apples) are stored under ambient conditions until they are processed. Since Penicillium expansum and P. griseofulvum are the principal fungal species isolated from stored apples in Brazil, the objective of this study was to investigate the ability of these strains to produce patulin in apples and report the consequences of this type of storage in loss of quality. The toxin was quantified using thin layer chromatography and charge-coupled device camera (TLC-CCD). The rate and quantities that P. expansum and P. griseofulvum can grow and produce patulin are highly dependent on the fungal strain and time. Lesion diameter resulted to be independent of the strain considered. The maximum period of time which apples were kept at cold storage (4 ºC) without patulin accumulation was 27 days. When these apples were kept at 25 ºC during 3 days, both factors lesion diameter and patulin production increased significantly. These results confirm that time in which apples are taken out from cold storage room before juice production is critical in order to prevent patulin accumulation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The patulin, (4hydroxy-4furo[3,2-c]pyran(6H)-1),, is a thermal resistent mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi are common in plants, mainly in derivatives and apples. Studies on the toxicity in animals have shown that mycotoxin has character teratogenic, and carcinogenic in mice immunotoxic. Its biosynthesis is well understood involving a series of reactions of condensation and oxiredução, many catalyzed by enzymes. The danger of contamination of food with patulin, warning about the need for a more rigorous control. Recent research aimed their removal and degradation as well as increase the sensitivity of the tests, making them faster and at less cost. The removal of patulin of food is made with composite adsorbents, with inconvenience to diminish the quality of the product by adsorbs other components desirable. The degradation is made with sulfur compounds, which are not allowed in food in many countries, and the growth of yeasts, such as the production of cider. Many yeasts have resistance against patulin and produce compounds capable degrade it. Here, we reviewed research on patulin with emphasis on its influence in food industry, incidence of patulin in apple juice and other foods, maximum permissible concentrations, health effects, biosynthesis, removal, degradation and most widely used methods for its detection and quantification.

A patulina, 4hidroxi-4furo[3,2-c] pirano(6H)-1, micotoxina termo-resistente, é produzida por várias espécies de fungos, comuns em vegetais, produtos derivados e principalmente em maçãs. Estudos sobre a toxicidade em animais demonstraram esta micotoxina possui caráter teratogênico, cancerígeno e imunotóxico em camundongos. Sua biossíntese é bem compreendida envolvendo uma série de reações de condensação e de oxiredução, muitas catalisadas por enzimas. O perigo da contaminação de alimentos com patulina, alerta sobre a necessidade de um controle mais rigoroso. Pesquisas recentes objetivam sua remoção e degradação, bem como aumentar a sensibilidade das análises, tornando-as mais rápidas e com menores custos. A remoção de patulina de alimentos é feita com compostos adsorventes, com inconveniente de diminuir a qualidade do produto por adsorver outros componentes desejáveis. A degradação é feita com compostos sulfurados, os quais não são permitidos em alimentos em muitos países, e pelo crescimento de leveduras, como no caso da produção de sidras. Muitas leveduras apresentam resistência contra a patulina e produzem compostos capazes de degradá-la. Aqui, foram revisadas pesquisas sobre patulina com ênfase sobre sua influência na indústria de alimentos, incidência de patulina em suco de maçã e outros alimentos, concentrações máximas permitidas, efeitos na saúde, biossíntese, remoção, deg

RESUMO

The patulin, (4hydroxy-4furo[3,2-c]pyran(6H)-1),, is a thermal resistent mycotoxin produced by several species of fungi are common in plants, mainly in derivatives and apples. Studies on the toxicity in animals have shown that mycotoxin has character teratogenic, and carcinogenic in mice immunotoxic. Its biosynthesis is well understood involving a series of reactions of condensation and oxiredução, many catalyzed by enzymes. The danger of contamination of food with patulin, warning about the need for a more rigorous control. Recent research aimed their removal and degradation as well as increase the sensitivity of the tests, making them faster and at less cost. The removal of patulin of food is made with composite adsorbents, with inconvenience to diminish the quality of the product by adsorbs other components desirable. The degradation is made with sulfur compounds, which are not allowed in food in many countries, and the growth of yeasts, such as the production of cider. Many yeasts have resistance against patulin and produce compounds capable degrade it. Here, we reviewed research on patulin with emphasis on its influence in food industry, incidence of patulin in apple juice and other foods, maximum permissible concentrations, health effects, biosynthesis, removal, degradation and most widely used methods for its detection and quantification.

A patulina, 4hidroxi-4furo[3,2-c] pirano(6H)-1, micotoxina termo-resistente, é produzida por várias espécies de fungos, comuns em vegetais, produtos derivados e principalmente em maçãs. Estudos sobre a toxicidade em animais demonstraram esta micotoxina possui caráter teratogênico, cancerígeno e imunotóxico em camundongos. Sua biossíntese é bem compreendida envolvendo uma série de reações de condensação e de oxiredução, muitas catalisadas por enzimas. O perigo da contaminação de alimentos com patulina, alerta sobre a necessidade de um controle mais rigoroso. Pesquisas recentes objetivam sua remoção e degradação, bem como aumentar a sensibilidade das análises, tornando-as mais rápidas e com menores custos. A remoção de patulina de alimentos é feita com compostos adsorventes, com inconveniente de diminuir a qualidade do produto por adsorver outros componentes desejáveis. A degradação é feita com compostos sulfurados, os quais não são permitidos em alimentos em muitos países, e pelo crescimento de leveduras, como no caso da produção de sidras. Muitas leveduras apresentam resistência contra a patulina e produzem compostos capazes de degradá-la. Aqui, foram revisadas pesquisas sobre patulina com ênfase sobre sua influência na indústria de alimentos, incidência de patulina em suco de maçã e outros alimentos, concentrações máximas permit

RESUMO

A Região Sul do Brasil é grande produtora de maçã, sendo 80 por cento destinada ao consumo in natura. As micotoxinas são metabólitos secundários de fungos presentes na cadeia alimentar como contaminantes, causando diversos efeitos toxicológicos e imunológicos. Considerando que a patulina seja uma micotoxina produzida por Penicillium expansum, principal contaminante da maçã propôs-se investigar a ação de extratos aquoso e oleoso de Nim (Azadirachta indica) em maçã artificialmente contaminada. Foram testados dois tipos de extratos: o extrato aquoso obtido de maceração de folhas de Nim nas concentrações de 5, 10, 20 e 30 por cento, e o extrato oleoso comercial (DalNeem®), obtido de sementes de Nim, nas concentrações de 0,125, 0,25, 0,5, 1, 2 e 5 por cento. Os extratos aquosos não alteram a produção da patulina em maçãs contaminadas artificialmente por P. expansum, mas o extrato oleoso obtido das sementes da planta diminuiu acentuadamente a produção de patulina, inclusive em concentrações inferiores a 0,5 por cento.

The South region of Brazil is a major apple producer, where 80 percent is destined to the "in natura" consumption. The mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites present as contaminants in the food chain, causing several toxicological and immunological effect. Patulin is a mycotoxin mainly produced by Penicillium expansum and well known as the main contaminant in apples. Due to this contamination, the aim of this work was to access the effect of Neem extract (Azadirachta indica) on artificially contaminated apples. Two types of Neem extracts were tested: the aqueous extracts of Neem leafs at 5, 10, 20 and 30 percent concentrations, and commercial seed oil of Neem (DalNeem®) at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 percent in water. Although the addition of Neem aqueous extracts in artificially contaminated apples with P. expansum was unable to affect the patulin production, the Neem seed oil extract at concentrations as lower as 0.5 percent, caused a pronounced diminution over patulin production.

RESUMO

Taking into account the preliminary antagonistic/biodegradation property showed by Pichia membranifaciens and Sporobolomyces roseus, which decreased the initial patulin concentration of 588.4 to 290.0 mug/mL, ability of P. ohmeri 158 in biocontrol against Penicillium expansum and patulin decrease in vitro was performed. The culture supernatant of P. ohmeri 158 was effective against 66.17 percent micelial growth, indicating antibiosis related with the killer phenomenon. The initial patulin concentration of 223 mug in the presence of P. ohmeri 158 cells was decreased over 83 percent of the original concentration, when incubated at 25°C/2 days and > 99 percent after 5 days incubation time, with undetectable patulin level after 15 days. The initial pH 4.0 decreased to pH 3.3 along 15 days experiment, suggesting that patulin decrease was an active process and a consequence of yeast metabolism. The results suggested that P. ohmeri 158 could be a promising alternative for the inhibition of P. expansum growth and patulin degradation.

Considerando o antagonismo e degradação de patulina detectados em Pichia membranifaciens e Sporobolomyces roseus no estudo preliminar, este trabalho avaliou o efeito antagônico de Pichia ohmeri 158 no desenvolvimento de Penicillium expansum e a degradação de patulina "in vitro". O sobrenadante do cultivo de P. ohmeri 158 inibiu 66,17 por cento do desenvolvimento micelial, indicando antibiose relacionada ao fator killer. A concentração inicial de patulina (223 mug) na presença de células íntegras de P. ohmeri foi reduzida em mais de 83 por cento após dois dias de incubação a 25°C e superior a 99 por cento após 5 dias, com níveis indetectáveis no 15° dia. O decréscimo do pH 4,0 inicial para pH 3,3 sugeriu que a eliminação de patulina é um processo ativo e uma conseqüência do metabolismo da levedura. Os resultados obtidos concluem que P. ohmeri 158 é uma alternativa promissora na inibição do desenvolvimento de P. expansum e na degradação de patulina.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of microaspersion of potassium phosphite, during cold storage, on the control of postharvest decay in cv. Fuji apple fruit. The evaluated treatments were: [1] water (control); [2] potassium phosphite A 00 40- 20; [3] potassium phosphite B 00-40-20; [4] potassium phosphite B 00-30-20; [5] potassium phosphite B 00-28-26. Fruits were stored at - 0.5C and 94 ± 2% of air relative humidity. Microaspersions were performed in the cold chamber free space at the beginning of storage and each 30 days during two months. Microaspersion of phosphites did not control postharvest decay after two and three months of cold storage of cv. Fuji apple fruit.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da microaspersão de fosfitos de potássio, durante o armazenamento refrigerado, sobre o controle de podridões pós-colheita em maçãs cv. Fuji. Os tratamentos foram: [1] água (controle); [2] fosfito de potássio (FP) A 00-40-20; [3] fosfito de potássio B 00- 40-20; [4] fosfito de potássio B 00-30-20; e [5] fosfito de potássio B 00-28-26. Os frutos foram armazenados a 0,5C e 94 ± 2% de umidade relativa do ar. As microaspersões das soluções no espaço livre da câmara foram realizadas no início do armazenamento e a cada 30 dias durante dois meses. A microaspersão de fosfitos de potássio não controlou podridões póscolheita, após dois e três meses de armazenamento da maçã cv. Fuji.

RESUMO

The South region of Brazil is a major apple producer, where 80% is destined to the "in natura" consumption. The mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites present as contaminants in the food chain, causing several toxicological and immunological effect. Patulin is a mycotoxin mainly produced by Penicillium expansum and well known as the main contaminant in apples. Due to this contamination, the aim of this work was to access the effect of Neem extract (Azadirachta indica) on artificially contaminated apples. Two types of Neem extracts were tested: the aqueous extracts of Neem leafs at 5, 10, 20 and 30% concentrations, and commercial seed oil of Neem (DalNeem®) at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5% in water. Although the addition of Neem aqueous extracts in artificially contaminated apples with P. expansum was unable to affect the patulin production, the Neem seed oil extract at concentrations as lower as 0.5%, caused a pronounced diminution over patulin production.

A Região Sul do Brasil é grande produtora de maçã, sendo 80% destinada ao consumo in natura. As micotoxinas são metabólitos secundários de fungos presentes na cadeia alimentar como contaminantes, causando diversos efeitos toxicológicos e imunológicos. Considerando que a patulina seja uma micotoxina produzida por Penicillium expansum, principal contaminante da maçã propôs-se investigar a ação de extratos aquoso e oleoso de Nim (Azadirachta indica) em maçã artificialmente contaminada. Foram testados dois tipos de extratos: o extrato aquoso obtido de maceração de folhas de Nim nas concentrações de 5, 10, 20 e 30%, e o extrato oleoso comercial (DalNeem®), obtido de sementes de Nim, nas concentrações de 0,125, 0,25, 0,5, 1, 2 e 5%. Os extratos aquosos não alteram a produção da patulina em maçãs contaminadas artificialmente por P. expansum, mas o extrato oleoso obtido das sementes da planta diminuiu acentuadamente a produção de patulina, inclusive em concentrações inferiores a 0,5%.