RESUMO
(analítico) Este artículo tiene por objetivo investigar los efectos del apoyo familiar y del grupo de pares, junto con la satisfacción con la vida, sobre el uso problemático de los teléfonos celulares entre los adolescentes costarricenses. Basado en datos de la encuesta nacional Global Kids Online, se desarrollaron modelos de ecuaciones estructurales para predecir el uso problemático de teléfonos celulares de adolescentes (M = 14.8, n = 530). Los resultados muestran que el apoyo entre pares correlaciona positiva y directamente con el uso problemático del teléfono celular, mientras que la percepción de la satisfacción con la vida tiene una correlación opuesta, funcionando como un factor protector. El apoyo del grupo de pares y, más aún, el apoyo familiar, ejercen efectos indirectos sobre el uso problemático del teléfono móvil.
(analytical) This study aimed to research the effects of family support and peer group support, along with the life satisfaction, on the problematic use of cell phones among costa rican adolescents. Based on data from the national survey Global Kids Online, structural equation models were developed in order to predict the problematic use of cell phones of adolescents investigated in this study (M=14.8, n = 530). The main findings indicate that peer support has a positive and direct correlation with the problematic use of the cell phone, while the perception of the life satisfaction is correlated in the opposite direction, functioning as a protective factor. Peer and family support have an indirect protective effect against the problematic use of cell phones, stronger in the case of family support.
(analítico) Este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar os efeitos do apoio familiar e do grupo de pares, juntamente com a satisfação com a vida, no uso problemático de telefones celulares entre adolescentes costarriquenhos. Com base nos dados da pesquisa nacional Global Kids Online, foram desenvolvidos modelos de equações estruturais para prever o uso problemático de celulares dos adolescentes investigados neste estudo (13 a 17 anos; n = 530). Os principais achados indicam correlação positiva e direta do apoio dos pares com o uso problemático do celular, enquanto a perceção da satisfação com a vida está correlacionada de maneira inversa, funcionando como fator de proteção. O apoio dos pares e da família tem um efeito protetor indireto contra o uso problemático de telefones celulares, mais forte no caso do apoio familiar.
RESUMO
Este trabalho trata das expressões "sutis" de violência que ocorrem entre os jovens na convivência em grupos de pares na escola. Foi realizada uma pesquisa empírica em duas escolas do Rio de Janeiro para conhecer os atos "sutis" de violência e qual a relação destes frente às normas da escola e as normas de convivência grupal instituídas pelos próprios grupos de amigos. As análises dos resultados da pesquisa discutem o processo de naturalização das violências "sutis" e verificou-se que o revanchismo entre os grupos está intimamente relacionado às regras de convivência grupal e à inclusão ou permanência no grupo. A postura dos professores variou entre a negligência e a criminalização dos conflitos entre os estudantes, evidenciando como os adultos delimitam seus modos de intervenção junto aos jovens na escola hoje. Conclui-se que as possibilidades da geração mais nova de construir seu ethos de convivência se encontram severamente circunscritas à dinâmica de seu grupo de pares.
The object of this work is the "subtle" expressions of violence that occur among young people living in peer groups within the school. A field research was carried out in two schools in Rio de Janeiro to know what these subtle acts of violence are and their relationship between the rules established by the school and the rules in grouping instituted by their own groups of friends. The analysis of the results of this research discuss the process of naturalization of "subtle" violence and it has been noticed that the revenge between groups is closely related to simple rules for grouping and his/her inclusion or permanence in the group. It has been noticed that the posture of the teachers varied from neglecting to criminalizing these conflicts and tensions among students, showing how adults delimit their intervention on youth's social relations at school today. We can conclude that the possibilities that the young generation disposes of to construct their ethos of social conviviality is thought to be severely restricted to the dynamics of their peer group.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Grupo Associado , Instituições Acadêmicas , Estudantes , ViolênciaRESUMO
Este trabalho trata das expressões "sutis" de violência que ocorrem entre os jovens na convivência em grupos de pares na escola. Foi realizada uma pesquisa empírica em duas escolas do Rio de Janeiro para conhecer os atos "sutis" de violência e qual a relação destes frente às normas da escola e as normas de convivência grupal instituídas pelos próprios grupos de amigos. As análises dos resultados da pesquisa discutem o processo de naturalização das violências "sutis" e verificou-se que o revanchismo entre os grupos está intimamente relacionado às regras de convivência grupal e à inclusão ou permanência no grupo. A postura dos professores variou entre a negligência e a criminalização dos conflitos entre os estudantes, evidenciando como os adultos delimitam seus modos de intervenção junto aos jovens na escola hoje. Conclui-se que as possibilidades da geração mais nova de construir seu ethos de convivência se encontram severamente circunscritas à dinâmica de seu grupo de pares.(AU)
The object of this work is the "subtle" expressions of violence that occur among young people living in peer groups within the school. A field research was carried out in two schools in Rio de Janeiro to know what these subtle acts of violence are and their relationship between the rules established by the school and the rules in grouping instituted by their own groups of friends. The analysis of the results of this research discuss the process of naturalization of "subtle" violence and it has been noticed that the revenge between groups is closely related to simple rules for grouping and his/her inclusion or permanence in the group. It has been noticed that the posture of the teachers varied from neglecting to criminalizing these conflicts and tensions among students, showing how adults delimit their intervention on youth's social relations at school today. We can conclude that the possibilities that the young generation disposes of to construct their ethos of social conviviality is thought to be severely restricted to the dynamics of their peer group.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Grupo Associado , Estudantes , Violência , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
PIP: In Guatemala, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is expected to have a vast negative impact on private enterprises as employees battle the disease in themselves and in family members. In response, the Guatemalan Association for the Prevention and Control of AIDS (AGPCS) developed a program to train private sector employees in peer health education. The program began by informing employers about the potential impact of HIV/AIDS on the private sector. Then AGPCS designed a workshop consisting of 11 two-hour weekly modules to provide up to 30 participants with information on sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS, and related issues. The first business to take advantage of the program was a 7000-employee clothing factory that continues to implement HIV prevention strategies. However, concern about the loss of employee time impeded other companies from participating. AGPCS, therefore, increased its flexibility and gave employers the option of sending employees to fewer seminars on topics the employers choose. This new approach led to 31 workshops in 1997 and 28 by August 1998. Also, in 1998, one company hired AGPCS to present 20 workshops to all of their employees. Efforts are made to evaluate workshop effectiveness and to facilitate follow-up activities. Peer education is an important part of the program, and potential peer educators are provided with a manual, extra training, and follow-up help. The training has helped companies develop work-place AIDS policies, and the AGPCS project has become sustainable.^ieng
Assuntos
Educação , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Serviços de Saúde do Trabalhador , Grupo Associado , América , América Central , Comunicação , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Guatemala , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: In Brazil, GTPOS, a nongovernmental organization conducting sexuality research and interventions, held a party for two groups of peer health educators who trained adolescents to promote safer sex. One group worked with youth in a slum community, and the other trained students 14-21 years old to conduct workshops in public schools. When the two groups met, they suggested formation of a prevention network. The trained adolescents, who become "Teen Leaders," provide sex education and encourage other adolescents to fight for their rights as citizens and to intervene in their communities in a positive way. The Teen Leaders have learned to organize activities, to plan and evaluate proposals, and to work cooperatively in groups. All of this has had a positive impact on their self-esteem. Another important aspect of the program is that it has brought together youth from different socioeconomic backgrounds. One factor contributing to the success of the GTPOS project is that it has linked Teen Leaders to groups of adult leaders.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Educação em Saúde , Grupo Associado , Segurança , Comportamento Sexual , Fatores Etários , América , Comportamento , Brasil , Comunicação , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Educação , Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , População , Características da População , Saúde Pública , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: This article describes an adolescent, peer-education training program in Jamaica that was developed and operated by the Red Cross Societies of Jamaica and the US and was funded by AIDSCAP. The program aimed to develop a training system to prepare youth peer educators in preventing the spread of HIV infections and sexually transmitted diseases. The goal was to increase knowledge about, change attitudes toward, and develop prevention skills for HIV/AIDS. The initial program was to be replicated on a large scale and be sustainable over time. The program was developed in response to the 1500+ Jamaicans diagnosed with AIDS and the 20,000 or so with HIV infections. Transmission is mostly heterosexual. 15% of girls and 47% of boys are sexually active by 14 years of age, and almost 50% of syphilis and gonorrhea cases are among adolescents. The national training program relies on peer educators, aged 14-19 years, who are literate to the 6th-grade level. Training sessions are conducted for 10-21 persons/session for 27 hours over 3 weekends. Training relies on engaging games and activities. Trainees are taught how to facilitate 14 specific activities, including the correct way to use a condom. Peer educators work together in groups of twos or threes among groups of 10-15 adolescents, aged 10-15 years. By the third year of operation, most of the systems and materials were in place and the program expanded; cost-benefit analysis revealed that costs were returned. The program has continued with a variety of funds and delivery systems and new funding will likely shift the program emphasis. The program has survived with the enthusiasm and support of the trainers. Other start-up programs should ensure the involvement of youth at all stages of development.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Grupo Associado , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Educação Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Ensino , Fatores Etários , América , Região do Caribe , Comunicação , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Infecções , Jamaica , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: Preliminary research findings from Brazil and Kenya indicate that, when women are provided with female condoms and peer group support, traditional obstacles to safe sex practices can be overcome. In these countries, as well as many others, women face cultural barriers to negotiating condom use with male partners. The study, conducted by the Women's Health Initiative of Family Health International's AIDS Control and Prevention Project, involved 106 Kenyan and 103 Brazilian women. A female focus group was held at the beginning of the study, followed by two peer support group meetings, with another focus group at the end of the study. Group support was an essential element in the acceptance process. Women who were afraid or unsuccessful with initial use were encouraged by other group members to try different, non-threatening approaches to the negotiation of female condom use and given suggestions for overcoming difficulties with insertion and lubrication. Some of these strategies included laying the female condom on the bed so the male partner raises the subject of its use and telling the partner the doctor had recommended the method to avoid the negative side effects associated with the pill. When female condom use is presented as a form of pregnancy prevention, the association of condoms with infidelity is overcome.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Publicidade , Preservativos Femininos , Processos Grupais , Infecções por HIV , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Grupo Associado , Comunicação Persuasiva , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , América , Comportamento , Brasil , Comunicação , Anticoncepção , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Economia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Quênia , América Latina , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Organização e Administração , América do Sul , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The "Together We Can" Peer Education Project, organized by the Jamaica Red Cross, seeks to prepare youth leaders 14-19 years of age to teach their peers the skills and knowledge they need to avoid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Since the program's creation in 1993, 425 peer educators have undergone the 14-part training and, in turn, educated more than 4500 young people and reached over 100,000 youth and adults with awareness activities. The project was developed in response to a dramatic increase in STDs among Jamaican youth and a steady lowering of the age at first intercourse. Members of the Girl Guides, Boy Scouts, church groups, and police youth clubs were asked to nominate young leaders from their ranks to receive the training. HIV-positive individuals address each group of peer educators to dispel prejudices. To help them reach their audiences, peer educators are given a workbook containing interactional exercises (e.g., a board game that tests knowledge of how HIV is transmitted, a fictional newspaper column offering advice about sex and HIV, condom use demonstrations, assertiveness training role plays).^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Adolescente , Comunicação , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Organizações , Grupo Associado , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Fatores Etários , América , Região do Caribe , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Infecções , Jamaica , América do Norte , População , Características da População , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The AIDS Control and Prevention (AIDSCAP) Project's Women's Initiative, together with the US Agency for International Development, supported a study of the use of female condoms. 96 women in 10 focus groups in Nairobi and Sao Paulo participated in a discussion group about their experiences with the female condom designed to determine how the female condom affects women's ability to negotiate safer sex and to identify reasons for continued use and nonuse of the device. The study design allowed participants to help each other devise strategies for negotiating the use of the female condom with their partners and to sustain that use through peer support. Most of the women reported that use of the condom gave them the courage to discuss sex with their husbands and boyfriends. They remained, however, wary about occasionally denying their partners sexual intercourse. The study's design, women's networks, and men's perspective on the female condom are discussed. 55 men in six focus groups reported preferring the female condom over the tight and uncomfortable male condom, and planned to use them if made available.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Atitude , Preservativos Femininos , Infecções por HIV , Relações Interpessoais , Grupo Associado , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , América , Comportamento , Brasil , Comunicação , Anticoncepção , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Quênia , América Latina , Psicologia , América do Sul , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: JOICFP envoys observed a Profamilia one-day training session of adolescent peer health and sex educators in Santo Domingo. Recruited from their communities, the adolescent counselors were trained in an open, participatory atmosphere to teach 16-18 year old peers about sexual behavior and family planning. Participants were actively encouraged to ask questions and share information about sex. The program was established and launched to partially redress the lack of formal sex education for young people. Once trained, the youths organize activities in their communities. The Profamilia observers were particularly impressed by the teens' seriousness about the issues and their understanding of the need for adolescent health education.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Educação em Saúde , Grupo Associado , Educação Sexual , Ensino , Fatores Etários , América , Região do Caribe , Comunicação , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , República Dominicana , Educação , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da PopulaçãoRESUMO
PIP: The Central Office of AIDS Issues of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico reported in September 1992 that 26% of the island's known cases of AIDS occur in people younger than 29 years old. Since approximately 10 years are needed for an initial HIV infection to develop into AIDS, it is logical to assume that young adults of less than 29 years old. Since approximately 10 years are needed for an initial HIV infection to develop into AIDS it is logical to assume that young adults of less than 29 years with AIDS were infected during adolescence. The Executive Director of PROFAMILIA notes also the significant public health problems tied to the increase in unwanted adolescent pregnancies, the beginning of sexual activity in people younger than 12 years old, and the increase in AIDS cases among people younger than 29 years old. In response, the organization mounted a program of preventive education enabling youths and adults to use peer counseling techniques to teach young people about responsible sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and the prevention of HIV/AIDS. The AIDS Project for Adolescents is a new initiative in which young people, through peer education, learn about STDs and HIV/AIDS prevention. The design is innovative due to its departure from a model in which the adult provides sex education from an authoritative point of view. PROFAMILIA has also formed 8 Family Planning Information Centers strategically located around the island to increase residents' accessibility to family planning. These successful and well-accepted centers offer a range of medical and laboratory services, as well as affordably priced contraceptives.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Adolescente , Aconselhamento , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Centros de Informação , Grupo Associado , Gravidez na Adolescência , Educação Sexual , Comportamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Fatores Etários , Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial , América , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Comunicação , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Fertilidade , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Infecções , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Porto Rico , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The Ministry of Education in Chile has adopted a policy that guarantees the right of children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to be educated. The document, "Educational policy and sexuality," recommends incorporating sex education and AIDS prevention into the school curriculum. In San Bernardo, where one child was not accepted at school, a project, "Education for prevention and non-discrimination," was announced by municipal authorities. Students in public and private schools in the country have been trained as monitors who, in the school environment, educate other children about AIDS. In Santiago, seminars that cover fear of AIDS have begun for teachers, many of whom are afraid. Working groups are being considered for development and communication of prevention strategies in schools.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Criança , Currículo , Educação , Docentes , Medo , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Grupo Associado , Preconceito , Política Pública , Educação Sexual , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estudantes , Ensino , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , América , Comportamento , Chile , Comunicação , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Economia , Emoções , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , População , Características da População , Psicologia , Problemas Sociais , América do Sul , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: A knowledge, attitude, belief, and practices survey was given to a sample of 591 residents of St. Lucia in the fall of 1990. The survey posed a host of questions relating to whether respondents were inclined to use condoms when having sex. Respondents were sexually experienced, aged 15-60 years, and interviewed in their homes. Questions were posed and viewed as possible indicators of AIDS knowledge, cues to action, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived locus of control, normative pressure, and condom use outcome expectancies. Statistical analysis suggests that each variable is related to condom use. Analysis also indicates that perceived normative pressure to use condoms was by far the single most important determinant of condom use among the sample. The author closes by discussing the implications of these findings for designing mass media campaigns to increase condom use and strongly recommends a normative campaign.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Atitude , Preservativos , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Cultura , Infecções por HIV , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Entrevistas como Assunto , Conhecimento , Grupo Associado , América , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Comunicação , Anticoncepção , Coleta de Dados , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Psicologia , Pesquisa , Santa Lúcia , Estudos de Amostragem , Comportamento Sexual , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The Gente Joven project of the Mexican Foundation for Family Planning (MEXFAM) trains young volunteers in 19 cities to spread messages about sexually transmitted diseases and population growth to their peers. They also distribute condoms and spermicides. It also uses films and materials to spread its messages. The project would like to influence young men's behavior, but the Latin image of machismo poses a big challenge. It would like to become more responsible toward pregnancy prevention. About 50% of adolescents have sexual intercourse, but few use contraceptives resulting in a high adolescent pregnancy rate. Many of these pregnant teenagers choose not to marry. Adolescent pregnancy leads to girls leaving school, few marketable skills, and rearing children alone. Besides women who began childbearing as a teenager have 1.5 times more children than other women. Male involvement in pregnancy prevention should improve these statistics. As late as 1973, the Health Code banned promotion and sales of contraceptives, but by 1992 about 50% of women of reproductive age use contraceptives. The Center for the Orientation of Adolescents has organized 8 Young Men's Clubs in Mexico City to involve male teenagers more in family planning and to develop self-confidence. It uses a holistic approach to their development through discussions with their peers. A MEXFAM study shows that young men are not close with their fathers who tend to exude a machismo attitude, thus the young men do not have a role model for responsible sexual behavior. MEXFAM's work is cut out for them, however, since the same study indicates that 50% of the young men believe it is fine to have 1 girlfriend and 33% think women should earn more than men. A teenager volunteer reports, however, that more boys have been coming to him for contraception and information than girls in 1992 while in other years girls outnumbered the boys.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Atitude , Coito , Comunicação , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Pai , Fertilidade , Planejamento em Saúde , Relações Interpessoais , Grupo Associado , População , Gravidez na Adolescência , Comportamento Sexual , Pessoa Solteira , Voluntários , Fatores Etários , América , Comportamento , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Características da Família , Relações Familiares , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , Estado Civil , Casamento , México , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Pais , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , PsicologiaRESUMO
PIP: In Brazil, the Prostitution and Civil Rights Program works to fight against stigma and violence against sex workers and to foster self-esteem, self-determination, and greater access to civil rights. It sponsors the Brazilian Prostitutes' Network. In 1988, the Ministry of Health asked the program to join the Ministry to produce sexually transmitted disease/AIDS prevention materials. The materials were ready for distribution in early 1991 when the program began recruiting prostitutes and transvestites for its Health Education Project. The aforementioned groups and the Brazilian chapter of International Planned Parenthood Federation are working together on this project. By mid-1992, the project recruited 17 community-based health agents (15 female and 2 male prostitutes) from different prostitution areas and through a network of contacts from these areas of Rio de Janeiro. After informal training in April or June 1991, they went into their communities to inform people of their health agent role, distributed free condoms and AIDS education material, and promoted the project. Health agents maintain a weekly report of condom and education material distribution. This allows them to monitor their progress. Health agents now meet with their peers to discuss sex and health issues. The communities have opened their doors to the groups. The project is also geographically mapping the sex trade to target health care and other resources in each area. It is pursuing a reference/counterreference relationship within the existing public health system in Rio de Janeiro. Involvement of sex workers in all phases contributes to the success of the project so far. Future research is needed to determine whether the project is reducing risk of HIV transmission, however.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/prevenção & controle , Agentes Comunitários de Saúde/organização & administração , Trabalho Sexual , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Brasil , Agentes Comunitários de Saúde/educação , Agentes Comunitários de Saúde/normas , Educação em Saúde , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Negociação , Objetivos Organizacionais , Seleção de Pessoal , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento SexualRESUMO
PIP: STD prevention efforts in Latin America, particularly in the Dominican Republic, have begun to stress the need for behavioral changes. Traditionally, the professional public health community has focused on secondary prevention of STDs -- detection and treatment of the disease in order to prevent complications from developing. But in light of the AIDS epidemic, greater attention has been paid to primary prevention. Hoping to prevent the disease from occurring, primary prevention efforts target high risk groups (prostitutes and their clients and young people) with health education and promotion of behavioral change. Such changes include using condoms, seeking medical care for STDs, and decreasing the number of sex partners. An example of primary prevention programs is the Avancemos Project in the Dominican Republic. Launched in 1989 by the country's Ministry of Health and Family Health International's AIDSTECH Division, the project targets sex workers with several intervention measures. Initially, the Avancemos Project trained 16 sex workers to serve as peer educators to distribute condoms and educational materials. These 16 volunteers have in turn trained more than 300 other peer educators. Among the educational materials distributed by the peer educators are 2 comic books entitled "Martiza's Advice" and "The Triumphs of Maritza." A handsome, well dressed, and street-wise sex worker, the title character in these comic books instructs on a range of issues, including how to negotiate with clients how to use a condom. As those involved with the project attest, the comic books have become extremely popular among the target group, tapping into the women's buried feelings of self-worth.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Preservativos , Atenção à Saúde , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Educação em Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Grupo Associado , Pesquisa , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Ensino , América , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Comunicação , Anticoncepção , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , República Dominicana , Educação , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Infecções por HIV , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Infecções , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Comportamento Sexual , VirosesRESUMO
The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of multiple psychosocial and knowledge-related antecedent factors that may predict sexual and alcohol and drug use behaviors that are associated with the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus infection. Five hundred forty-four ninth-grade urban high school students were surveyed regarding knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to STDs and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Results of multiple regression analyses indicate that higher levels of STD and AIDS knowledge were associated with lower levels of STD and AIDS anxiety (R2 delta = 0.09; p less than 0.001), fewer negative attitudes toward people with AIDS (R2 delta = 0.09; p less than 0.001), stronger perceptions of self-efficacy (R2 delta = 0.03; p less than 0.01), and stronger peer affiliation (R2 delta = 0.02; p less than 0.05). Negative attitudes toward people with AIDS were inversely related to knowledge (R2 delta = 0.08; p less than 0.001), social support (R2 delta = 0.02; p less than 0.01), and perceived self-efficacy (R2 delta = 0.01; p less than 0.05). Predictors of alcohol and drug use included perceived peer norms (R2 delta = 0.08; p less than 0.001) and strong peer affiliation (R2 delta = 0.05; p less than 0.001). The best predictor of sexual risk behavior was alcohol and drug use (R2 delta = 0.07; p less than 0.001). Lower levels of knowledge (R2 delta = 0.14; p less than 0.01) and perceived peer norms (R2 delta = 0.05; p less than 0.05) predicted nonuse of condoms. Our results indicate that several factors relate to adolescent risk for STDs: the connection between peer influence and adolescent risk behaviors, the link between alcohol and drug use and sexual risk behavior, and the role of knowledge in determining nonuse of condoms.
PIP: This study evaluated the impact of psychosocial and knowledge-related antecedent factors on adolescents' sexual, alcohol-use, and drug-use behaviors associated with the transmission of STDs, including HIV. Additionally, the study examined the role of peer influences in determining STD and HIV risk behaviors, relative to knowledge and other psychosocial factors. Researchers surveyed 544 freshmen (9th graders) at 4 urban high schools, collecting the data through anonymous, self-administered questionnaires. The report provides a tabulation of the students' demographic and other characteristics. In order to analyze the data, the researchers employed a multiple regression model. The results of this analysis indicates that higher levels of STD and AIDS knowledge were associated with lower levels of STD and AIDS anxiety, fewer negative attitudes towards people with AIDS, stronger perceptions of self-efficacy in preventing infection, and stronger peer affiliation. Moreover, negative attitudes toward people with AIDS were inversely related to knowledge, social support, and perceived self-efficacy. The study also found that perceived peer norms and strong peer affiliation served as predictors of alcohol and drug use, while lower levels of knowledge and perceived peer norms served as predictors for nonuse of condoms. The findings of this study reveal several factors related to adolescents' risk of acquiring STDs: the connection between peer influence and adolescent risk behaviors, the relationship between the use of alcohol and drugs and sexual risk behavior, and the role of knowledge in determining the specific risk behavior of nonuse of condoms.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Grupo Associado , Comportamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/prevenção & controle , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/psicologia , Adolescente , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Dispositivos Anticoncepcionais Masculinos , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Educação em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Risco , São Francisco/epidemiologia , Autoimagem , Parceiros Sexuais , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/psicologia , Apoio Social , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , População UrbanaRESUMO
PIP: This article considers the epidemic proportion of AIDS in developing countries, and discusses the U.S. Agency for International Development's (USAID) reworked and intensified strategy for HIV infection and AIDS prevention and control over the next 5 years. Developing and launching over 650 HIV and AIDS activities in 74 developing countries since 1986, USAID is the world's largest supporter of anti-AIDS programs. Over $91 million in bilateral assistance for HIV and AIDS prevention and control have been committed. USAID has also been the largest supporter of the World Health Organization's Global Program on AIDS since 1986. Interventions have included training peer educators, working to change the norms of sex behavior, and condom promotion. Recognizing that the developing world will increasingly account for an ever larger share of the world's HIV-infected population, USAID announced an intensified program of estimated investment increasing to approximately $400 million over a 5-year period. Strategy include funding for long-term, intensive interventions in 10-15 priority countries, emphasizing the treatment of other sexually transmitted diseases which facilitate the spread of HIV, making AIDS-related policy dialogue an explicit component of the Agency's AIDS program, and augmenting funding to community-based programs aimed at reducing high-risk sexual behaviors. The effect of AIDS upon child survival, adult mortality, urban populations, and socioeconomic development in developing countries is discussed. Program examples are also presented.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Comunicação , Preservativos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Diagnóstico , Economia , Administração Financeira , Órgãos Governamentais , Publicações Governamentais como Assunto , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Hospitais , Mortalidade Infantil , Cooperação Internacional , Conhecimento , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Organizações , Grupo Associado , Política Pública , Pesquisa , Comportamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Ensino , Terapêutica , Tuberculose , População Urbana , Organização Mundial da Saúde , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Anticoncepção , Atenção à Saúde , Demografia , Doença , República Dominicana , Educação , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Saúde , Instalações de Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Infecções , Agências Internacionais , América Latina , Longevidade , Mortalidade , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Taxa de Sobrevida , Tanzânia , Tailândia , Uganda , Nações Unidas , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: Approximately 75 prostitutes have been working in Cuidad Juarez as peer health educators for the past 2 years, talking with other prostitutes in bars and brothels about how to prevent the spread of HIV infection and persuade customers to use condoms. Recently, however, they have begun moving beyond their regular work sites to a different section of the city where prostitutes work independently on the street and in dance halls. This project is just one of 28 efforts in 22 developing countries around the world supported since 1987 by AIDSTECH. Through the programs, approximately 600 peer educators have taught 21,000 prostitutes about AIDS. In all of the projects, the peer educators promote condom use and, in many projects, they also distribute condoms. The peer education model may be the best way to change high-risk behaviors among groups of people not easily reached through formal institutions.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Países em Desenvolvimento , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Organizações , Grupo Associado , Pesquisa , América , Comportamento , Comunicação , Doença , Educação , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , México , América do Norte , Comportamento Sexual , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The Casa de Passagem is a comprehensive project which reaches out to aid street girls in Recife, Brazil. Driven by the basic human needs of food, clothing, and shelter for daily survival, many of these youths prostitute themselves at great risk of HIV infection. Street educators work on streets frequented by prospective clients, and constitute the 1st phase of a 3-level approach. If workers succeed in making inroads with these girls, interested girls are then encouraged to partake of services offered at the Casa de Passagem. There, they are able to receive counseling, therapy, education, meals, showers, medical attention, and affection from 7 A.M. to 7 P.M. Where time permits, program staff work with the girls to develop income generation projects. In the 3rd and final phase of the program, street girls either rejoin their parents or move into 1 of 4 community houses run by the projects. There, they assume responsibility for themselves and live on their own. In addition to these program activities, the Casa de Passagem holds workshops and supports local initiatives to strengthen and unite the neighborhood. Where HIV infection and AIDS are particularly concerned, the girls' need to prostitute for daily survival makes AIDS education and behavioral change difficult. To help girls believe that HIV is real, program workers have used microscopes to reveal the existence of objects of microscopic proportions. Further measures include teaching street girls that the shrewd among them take precautions against HIV infection, counselling and providing condoms where possible, training former street girls to serve as peer educators, and holding peer group meetings to think of preventive steps.^ieng