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O piolho da espécie Felicola subrostratus é um inseto mastigador responsável por causar a pediculose em felinos e, apesar de ser cosmopolita, tem sua ocorrência pouco descrita na rotina clínica. A transmissão ocorre através do contato direto entre os animais ou por fômites contaminados. Os gatos parasitados podem ser assintomáticos quando em baixa parasitemia, porém em altas infestações podem apresentar prurido, alopecia, dermatites e possibilitar a ocorrência de infecções secundárias. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a infestação por piolhos da espécie Felicola subrostratus em um felino domiciliado no município de Parnaíba, Piauí. O animal era um macho castrado, de dois anos de idade, sem raça definida (SRD), que foi atendido em uma clínica veterinária da cidade, apresentando como queixa principal uma dermatite por lambedura no membro posterior direito, além de prurido, alopecia, apatia, diminuição de apetite e perda de peso. No exame físico, observou-se a dermatite no membro, sendo realizado raspado cutâneo e coleta de pelos da região, verificando a presença de ectoparasitos. Os insetos foram colocados em recipientes com álcool 70ºGL e enviados ao Laboratório de Parasitologia da Universidade Federal do Piauí, que por meio da morfologia revelou ser piolhos da espécie Felicola subrostratus, confirmando o diagnóstico primário de pediculose felina, sendo essencial um diagnóstico precoce para direcionar a um tratamento adequado.(AU)

The lice from the Felicola subrostratus species is a chewing insect responsible for causing pediculosis in felines and, despite being cosmopolitan, its occurrence has been little described in the clinical routine. Transmission occurs through direct contact between animals or through contaminated fomites. The parasitized cats can be asymptomatic when in low parasitemia, but in high infestations, they can present pruritus, alopecia, dermatitis and allow the occurrence of secondary infections. The purpose of this study was to report the infestation by lice of the Felicola subrostratus species in a feline domiciled in the municipality of Parnaíba, in the state of Piauí, Brazil. The animal was a neutered male, two years old, of mixed breed, which was treated at a veterinary clinic in the city, presenting as main complaint a lick dermatitis on the right hind limb, in addition to pruritus, alopecia, apathy, decreased appetite and weight loss. On physical examination, dermatitis was observed on the limb. Skin scraping was performed and fur was collected from the region, verifying the presence of ectoparasites. The insects were placed in recipients with 70ºGL alcohol and sent to the Parasitology Laboratory at the Federal University of Piauí, which through morphology revealed to be lice of the Felicola subrostratus species, confirming the primary diagnosis of feline pediculosis, being essential an early diagnosis to guide the appropriate treatment.(AU)

El piojo de la especie Felicola subrostratus es un insecto masticador responsable de causar pediculosis en felinos y, a pesar de ser cosmopolita, su ocurrencia ha sido poco descrita en la rutina clínica. La transmisión ocurre a través del contacto directo entre animales o por fómites contaminados. Los gatos parasitados pueden ser asintomáticos cuando están en baja parasitemía, pero en altas infestaciones pueden presentar prurito, alopecia, dermatitis y permitir la aparición de infecciones secundarias. El objetivo de este trabajo fue relatar la infestación por piojos de la especie Felicola subrostratus en un felino domiciliado en el municipio de Parnaíba, Piauí. El animal era un macho castrado, de dos años de edad, sin raza definida (SRD), que fue atendido en una clínica veterinaria de la ciudad, presentando como principal síntoma una dermatitis por lamido en el miembro posterior derecho, además de prurito, alopecia, apatía. disminución del apetito y pérdida de peso. En el examen físico se observó dermatitis en la extremidad, se realizó raspado de piel y se recolectó cabello de la región, verificando la presencia de ectoparásitos. Los insectos fueron colocados en recipientes con alcohol 70ºGL y enviados al Laboratorio de Parasitología de la Universidad Federal de Piauí, que por morfología reveló ser piojos de la especie Felicola subrostratus, confirmando el diagnóstico primario de pediculosis felina, siendo fundamental un diagnóstico precoz para orientar el tratamiento adecuado.(AU)

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Productivity in small ruminants can be compromised due to lice infestations. This pest infestation is controlled by the administration of insecticides, and their excessive use causes resistance. New control alternatives are being investiga-ted, especially the use of phytotherapeutics. Research using the oil from Carapa guianensis (andiroba) has shown insecticidal action on feline and goat lice specimens. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of C. guianensis seed oil, in vitro, on Damalinia (Bovicola) ovis.Nine hundred specimens of D. (Bovicola) ovis were randomly assigned into groups and were subjected to different treatments: (G1) 1,000 to 15.6 mg/mL of C. guianensis oil; (G2) 3% Tween 80 (negative control); and (G3) amitraz 1.25 g/mL (positive control). Data presentation was expressed as mean efficacy ± standard deviation using the statistical program SPSS version 23.0 and statistical differences of the experimental groups were obtained by Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman. Probit Regression was performed to obtain CI50 and CI90, with a significance level of p < 0.05. The oil with a concentration of 1,000 mg/mL had an efficacy of 94% after 24 hours of exposure, differing statistically from the positive and negative control (p < 0.05). The IC50 and IC90 values were 439.21 mg/mL and 807.09 mg/mL, respectively. The action of the oil on the specimens was independent whether it was an adult female, male, or nymph. It is concluded that C. guianensis oil showed in vitro insecticidal effect against D. (Bovicola) ovis.

A produtividade em pequenos ruminantes pode ser comprometida devido as infestações por piolhos. O controle dessa infestação é realizado com a administração de inseticidas e seu uso excessivo causam resistências. Novas alternativas de controle estão sendo estudadas, destacando-se o uso de fitoterápicos. Pesquisas realizadas usando o óleo da Carapa guianensis(andiroba) mostraram ação inseticida sobre espécimes de piolhos de felinos e caprinos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do óleo da semente de C. guianensis, in vitro, sobre Damalinia (Bovicola) ovis. 900 exemplares de D. (Bovicola) ovis foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos e submetidos a diferentes tratamentos: (G1) 1.000 a 15,6 mg/ml de óleo de C. guianensis; (G2) Tween 80 a 3% (controle negativo), e: (G3) Amitraz 1,25 g/mL (controle positivo). A apresentação dos dados foi expressa em eficácia média ± desvio padrão usando o programa estatístico SPSS versão 23.0 e diferenças estatísticas dos grupos experimentais foram obtidas por Kruskal-Wallis e Friedman. Para obtenção da CI50 e CI90 foi realizada Regressão de Probit, com nível de significância de p< 0,05. O óleo com concentração de 1.000 mg/ml teve uma eficácia de 94%, após 24 horas de exposição, diferindo estatisticamente do controle positivo e negativo (p< 0,05). Os valores da CI50 e CI90 foram de 439,21 mg/mL e 807,09 mg/mL, respectivamente. A ação do óleo sobre os espécimes foi independente se era adulto fêmea, macho ou ninfa. Conclui-se que o óleo de C. guianensis apresentou efeito inseticida in vitro contra D. (Bovicola) ovis.

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Productivity in small ruminants can be compromised due to lice infestations. This pest infestation is controlled by the administration of insecticides, and their excessive use causes resistance. New control alternatives are being investiga-ted, especially the use of phytotherapeutics. Research using the oil from Carapa guianensis (andiroba) has shown insecticidal action on feline and goat lice specimens. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of C. guianensis seed oil, in vitro, on Damalinia (Bovicola) ovis.Nine hundred specimens of D. (Bovicola) ovis were randomly assigned into groups and were subjected to different treatments: (G1) 1,000 to 15.6 mg/mL of C. guianensis oil; (G2) 3% Tween 80 (negative control); and (G3) amitraz 1.25 g/mL (positive control). Data presentation was expressed as mean efficacy ± standard deviation using the statistical program SPSS version 23.0 and statistical differences of the experimental groups were obtained by Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman. Probit Regression was performed to obtain CI50 and CI90, with a significance level of p < 0.05. The oil with a concentration of 1,000 mg/mL had an efficacy of 94% after 24 hours of exposure, differing statistically from the positive and negative control (p < 0.05). The IC50 and IC90 values were 439.21 mg/mL and 807.09 mg/mL, respectively. The action of the oil on the specimens was independent whether it was an adult female, male, or nymph. It is concluded that C. guianensis oil showed in vitro insecticidal effect against D. (Bovicola) ovis.(AU)

A produtividade em pequenos ruminantes pode ser comprometida devido as infestações por piolhos. O controle dessa infestação é realizado com a administração de inseticidas e seu uso excessivo causam resistências. Novas alternativas de controle estão sendo estudadas, destacando-se o uso de fitoterápicos. Pesquisas realizadas usando o óleo da Carapa guianensis(andiroba) mostraram ação inseticida sobre espécimes de piolhos de felinos e caprinos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do óleo da semente de C. guianensis, in vitro, sobre Damalinia (Bovicola) ovis. 900 exemplares de D. (Bovicola) ovis foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos e submetidos a diferentes tratamentos: (G1) 1.000 a 15,6 mg/ml de óleo de C. guianensis; (G2) Tween 80 a 3% (controle negativo), e: (G3) Amitraz 1,25 g/mL (controle positivo). A apresentação dos dados foi expressa em eficácia média ± desvio padrão usando o programa estatístico SPSS versão 23.0 e diferenças estatísticas dos grupos experimentais foram obtidas por Kruskal-Wallis e Friedman. Para obtenção da CI50 e CI90 foi realizada Regressão de Probit, com nível de significância de p< 0,05. O óleo com concentração de 1.000 mg/ml teve uma eficácia de 94%, após 24 horas de exposição, diferindo estatisticamente do controle positivo e negativo (p< 0,05). Os valores da CI50 e CI90 foram de 439,21 mg/mL e 807,09 mg/mL, respectivamente. A ação do óleo sobre os espécimes foi independente se era adulto fêmea, macho ou ninfa. Conclui-se que o óleo de C. guianensis apresentou efeito inseticida in vitro contra D. (Bovicola) ovis.(AU)

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O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a eficácia inseticida in vitro do óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis sobre Bovicolaovis. Os espécimes (n = 900) de B.ovis foram coletados de ovinos naturalmente infestados, distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos, e submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos: (G1) 1.000 a 15,6 mg/ml óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis; (G2) Tween 80 a 3% (controle negativo), e: (G3) Amitraz 1,25 g/mL (controle positivo). Realizou-se 4 réplicas (25 piolhos por réplica) para cada tratamento. A viabilidade dos piolhos foi avaliada nos tempos de 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 e 72 h. Os dados foram expressos em eficácia média ± desvio padrão (SPSS versão 23.0) e diferenças estatísticas dos grupos experimentais foram obtidas por Kruskal-Wallis e Friedman. Para obtenção da CI50e CI90 foi realizada Regressão de Probit, com nível de significância de p< 0,05. O óleo essencial de L. gracilis nas concentrações de 100 a 62,5 mg/mL apresentaram eficácia de 100%, 1 h pós-exposição. Os valores de CI50 e CI90 foram 18,1 mg/mL e 44,9 mg/mL, respectivamente. Dessa forma, concluímos que o óleo essencial de L. gracilis apresentou eficácia sobre B.ovis in vitro.

The objective of this work is to evaluate the in vitro insecticidal efficacy of the essential oil of Lippia gracilis against Bovicolaovis. The specimens (n = 900) of B.ovis were collected from naturally infested sheep, randomly distributed in groups, and subjected to different treatments: (G1) 1,000 to 15.6 mg/ml essential oil of Lippia gracilis; (G2) 3% Tween 80 (negative control), and: (G3) Amitraz 1.25 g/mL (positive control). 4 replicates (25 lice per replica) were performed for each treatment. Louse viability was assessed at 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h. The data were expressed as mean efficacy ± standard deviation (SPSS version 23.0) and statistical differences in the experimental groups were obtained by Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman. Probit regression was performed to obtain the IC50 and CI90, with a significance level of p <0.05. The essential oil of L. gracilis at concentrations of 100 to 62.5 mg/mL showed 100% efficacy, 1 h post-exposure. The IC50 and CI90 values were 18.1 mg/mL and 44.9 mg/mL, respectively. Thus, we conclude that L. gracilis essential oil is effective on B. ovis.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a eficácia inseticida in vitro do óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis sobre Bovicolaovis. Os espécimes (n = 900) de B.ovis foram coletados de ovinos naturalmente infestados, distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos, e submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos: (G1) 1.000 a 15,6 mg/ml óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis; (G2) Tween 80 a 3% (controle negativo), e: (G3) Amitraz 1,25 g/mL (controle positivo). Realizou-se 4 réplicas (25 piolhos por réplica) para cada tratamento. A viabilidade dos piolhos foi avaliada nos tempos de 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 e 72 h. Os dados foram expressos em eficácia média ± desvio padrão (SPSS versão 23.0) e diferenças estatísticas dos grupos experimentais foram obtidas por Kruskal-Wallis e Friedman. Para obtenção da CI50e CI90 foi realizada Regressão de Probit, com nível de significância de p< 0,05. O óleo essencial de L. gracilis nas concentrações de 100 a 62,5 mg/mL apresentaram eficácia de 100%, 1 h pós-exposição. Os valores de CI50 e CI90 foram 18,1 mg/mL e 44,9 mg/mL, respectivamente. Dessa forma, concluímos que o óleo essencial de L. gracilis apresentou eficácia sobre B.ovis in vitro.

The objective of this work is to evaluate the in vitro insecticidal efficacy of the essential oil of Lippia gracilis against Bovicolaovis. The specimens (n = 900) of B.ovis were collected from naturally infested sheep, randomly distributed in groups, and subjected to different treatments: (G1) 1,000 to 15.6 mg/ml essential oil of Lippia gracilis; (G2) 3% Tween 80 (negative control), and: (G3) Amitraz 1.25 g/mL (positive control). 4 replicates (25 lice per replica) were performed for each treatment. Louse viability was assessed at 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h. The data were expressed as mean efficacy ± standard deviation (SPSS version 23.0) and statistical differences in the experimental groups were obtained by Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman. Probit regression was performed to obtain the IC50 and CI90, with a significance level of p <0.05. The essential oil of L. gracilis at concentrations of 100 to 62.5 mg/mL showed 100% efficacy, 1 h post-exposure. The IC50 and CI90 values were 18.1 mg/mL and 44.9 mg/mL, respectively. Thus, we conclude that L. gracilis essential oil is effective on B. ovis.

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Pediculosis is a worldwide disease affecting school-aged children produced by the presence of the head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, an obligate ectoparasite on the human scalp feeding exclusively on blood. Transmission occurs primarily through direct physical head-to-head contact. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a variant of the coronavirus. Therefore, on March 18, 2020, the Argentinean government established mandatory isolation for an indefinite period. This obligatory isolation interrupted regular classes avoiding direct contact between children, thus affecting the dispersal route of individuals and the evolution of head louse populations. In this study, we evaluated through an online survey how confinement affected the prevalence of lice during lockdown compared to the situation prior to confinement. The survey allowed to discriminate the different control strategies, the number of treatments, and the amount of insects recorded by parents. Data of 1118 children obtained from 627 surveys were analyzed. As the main result, it was observed that prevalence of lice decreased significantly from before (69.6%) to during (43.9%) COVID-19 lockdown. Moreover, head lice infestation was more effectively controlled in households with up to 2 children in comparison to households with 3 or more children. This is the first study that analyzed the prevalence of head lice during COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, this work demonstrated the impact of social distance in the population dynamics of head lice and how it could affect the control strategies in the future.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a eficácia inseticida in vitro do óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis sobre Bovicolaovis. Os espécimes (n = 900) de B.ovis foram coletados de ovinos naturalmente infestados, distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos, e submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos: (G1) 1.000 a 15,6 mg/ml óleo essencial de Lippia gracilis; (G2) Tween 80 a 3% (controle negativo), e: (G3) Amitraz 1,25 g/mL (controle positivo). Realizou-se 4 réplicas (25 piolhos por réplica) para cada tratamento. A viabilidade dos piolhos foi avaliada nos tempos de 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 e 72 h. Os dados foram expressos em eficácia média ± desvio padrão (SPSS versão 23.0) e diferenças estatísticas dos grupos experimentais foram obtidas por Kruskal-Wallis e Friedman. Para obtenção da CI50e CI90 foi realizada Regressão de Probit, com nível de significância de p< 0,05. O óleo essencial de L. gracilis nas concentrações de 100 a 62,5 mg/mL apresentaram eficácia de 100%, 1 h pós-exposição. Os valores de CI50 e CI90 foram 18,1 mg/mL e 44,9 mg/mL, respectivamente. Dessa forma, concluímos que o óleo essencial de L. gracilis apresentou eficácia sobre B.ovis in vitro.(AU)

The objective of this work is to evaluate the in vitro insecticidal efficacy of the essential oil of Lippia gracilis against Bovicolaovis. The specimens (n = 900) of B.ovis were collected from naturally infested sheep, randomly distributed in groups, and subjected to different treatments: (G1) 1,000 to 15.6 mg/ml essential oil of Lippia gracilis; (G2) 3% Tween 80 (negative control), and: (G3) Amitraz 1.25 g/mL (positive control). 4 replicates (25 lice per replica) were performed for each treatment. Louse viability was assessed at 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h. The data were expressed as mean efficacy ± standard deviation (SPSS version 23.0) and statistical differences in the experimental groups were obtained by Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman. Probit regression was performed to obtain the IC50 and CI90, with a significance level of p <0.05. The essential oil of L. gracilis at concentrations of 100 to 62.5 mg/mL showed 100% efficacy, 1 h post-exposure. The IC50 and CI90 values were 18.1 mg/mL and 44.9 mg/mL, respectively. Thus, we conclude that L. gracilis essential oil is effective on B. ovis.(AU)

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Pediculosis by Pediculus humanus capitis is still an important health issue in school-age students worldwide. Although pediculicidal agents effectively kill head lice, the re-infestation rate is still high. This study was conducted to provide a summary of evidence about the prevalence of pediculosis capitis among school-age students worldwide. Different databases including MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for publications related to pediculosis capitis in school-age students from 1977 to 2020. All peer-reviewed original research articles describing pediculosis capitis among school-age students were included. Statistical heterogeneity of the different years among studies was assessed using the standard chi squared and I2 tests. Due to the significant heterogeneity, a random effect model was adopted to estimate the pooled, continent, and gender-specific prevalence of pediculosis. Two hundred and one papers met the inclusion criteria of this review and entered into the meta-analysis including 1,218,351 individuals. Through a random effect model, the prevalence of pediculosis capitis among school students was estimated as 19% (CI 95% = 0.18-0.20%, I2 = 99.89%). The prevalence of pediculosis capitis among boys was 7% (CI 95% = 0.05-0.10) compared to 19% (CI 95% = 0.15-0.24) in girls. The highest prevalence was in Central and South America (33%, CI 95% = 0.22-0.44, I2 = 99.81%) and the lowest was in Europe (5%, CI 95% = 4-6, I2 = 99.28%). Relatively high pediculosis capitis prevalence among school-age students observed in this study emphasizes the need for implementing screening and prophylaxis tailored to the local context.

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Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de la pediculosis a variables socio-nutricionales en los alumnos del 1° y 2° grado de primaria de la Escuela 22318 Pampa de Tate en Pachacutec, Ica ­ octubre 2019. Materiales y métodos:Estudio realizado en 184 alumnos de una población de 252 alumnos de 1° y 2° grado de primaria de la Escuela 22318 Pampa de Tate en Pachacutec, a quienes se les lavó el cabello con Champú Nopucid 1 sachet por 2 niños y se usó un peine chino por niño por ser ello es de uso personal. La identificación de los piojos se realizó en el lavatorio y en el peine chino con la ayuda de una lupa en los casos de duda. Resultados: La prevalencia de pediculosis en estudiantes del 1° y 2° de primaria de la Escuela 22318 Pampa de Tate en Pachacutec, Ica en octubre del 2019 fue de 58.7% con un IC95%: (65.3% ­ 51.6%). La proporción de desnutridos fue de 9.8%, de bajo peso de 14.1%, de normo peso 73.9% y de sobrepeso de 2.2%. La pediculosis está asociada (valor de p= 0.000089) al sexo siendo más frecuente en las mujeres. La pediculosis está asociada al grado de estudios (valor de p= 0.007038) siendo más frecuente en los de 2° grado. No existe asociación entre pediculosis y estado nutricional (valor de p= 0.1377071). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de pediculosis fue de 58.7% con un IC95%: (65.3% ­ 51.6%), asociada al sexo femenino, al 2° grado de estudios. (AU)

Objective: To determine the association of pediculosis with socio-nutritional variables in students of the 1st and 2nd grade of primary school 22318 Pampa de Tate in Pachacutec, Ica - October 2019. Materials and methods: Study carried out on 184 students from a population of 252 1st and 2nd grade primary school students at School 22318 Pampa de Tate in Pachacutec, who had their hair washed with Nopucid Shampoo 1 sachet for 2 children and used a Chinese comb per child because it is for personal use . The identification of the lice was carried out in the lavatory and in the Chinese comb with the help of a magnifying glass in cases of doubt. Results: The prevalence of pediculosis in students of the 1st and 2nd grade of the School 22318 Pampa de Tate in Pachacutec, Ica in October 2019 was 58.7% with a 95% CI: (65.3% - 51.6%). The proportion of malnourished was 9.8%, underweight 14.1%, normal weight 73.9% and overweight 2.2%. Pediculosis is associated (p value = 0.000089) with sex, being more frequent in women. Pediculosis is associated with the degree of studies (p value = 0.007038), being more frequent in those of the 2nd degree. There is no association between pediculosis and nutritional status (p value = 0.1377071). Conclusions: The prevalence of pediculosis was 58.7% with a 95% CI: (65.3% - 51.6%), associated with the female sex, at the 2nd degree of studies. (AU)

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ABSTRACT Epidermal parasitic skin diseases encompass scabies, pediculosis, cutaneous larva migrans, myiasis, and tungiasis. Tungiasis is probably the most neglected of all Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD). It occurs in South America, the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa and affects marginalized populations where people live in extreme poverty. In endemic communities the prevalence can be up to 30% in general population and 85% in children. Over time, chronic pathology develops characterized by hyperkeratosis, edema around the nail rim, fissures, ulcers, deformation and loss of nails. This leads to a pattern of disabilities, eventually resulting in impairment of mobility.Dimeticones are a family of silicon oils with a potential to kill parasites located on top or inside the epidermis by a physical mode of action. They are considered the treatment of choice for pediculosis capitis and pediculosis pubis. With regard to tungiasis, the so called rear abdominal cone of the parasites has been identified as a target for treatment with dimeticones. NYDA®, a mixture of two dimeticones with different viscosity, is the only dimeticone product for which data on the mode of action, efficacy and safety with regard to tungiasis exists. The product has been shown highly effective against embedded sand fleas, even in very intense infection with more than 500 parasites situated on top of each other. A randomized controlled trial showed that seven days after a targeted application of NYDA® 97% (95% CI 94-99%) of the embedded sand fleas had lost all signs of viability.Comprehensive toxicological investigations on the dimeticones contained in NYDA® showed that there is practically no risk of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, teratogenicity, and other toxicity. The safety of dimeticones was also demonstrated in clinical trials with a total of 106 participants with tungiasis, in which not a single adverse event was observed.

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Epidermal parasitic skin diseases encompass scabies, pediculosis, cutaneous larva migrans, myiasis, and tungiasis. Tungiasis is probably the most neglected of all Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD). It occurs in South America, the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa and affects marginalized populations where people live in extreme poverty. In endemic communities the prevalence can be up to 30% in general population and 85% in children. Over time, chronic pathology develops characterized by hyperkeratosis, edema around the nail rim, fissures, ulcers, deformation and loss of nails. This leads to a pattern of disabilities, eventually resulting in impairment of mobility. Dimeticones are a family of silicon oils with a potential to kill parasites located on top or inside the epidermis by a physical mode of action. They are considered the treatment of choice for pediculosis capitis and pediculosis pubis. With regard to tungiasis, the so called rear abdominal cone of the parasites has been identified as a target for treatment with dimeticones. NYDA®, a mixture of two dimeticones with different viscosity, is the only dimeticone product for which data on the mode of action, efficacy and safety with regard to tungiasis exists. The product has been shown highly effective against embedded sand fleas, even in very intense infection with more than 500 parasites situated on top of each other. A randomized controlled trial showed that seven days after a targeted application of NYDA® 97% (95% CI 94-99%) of the embedded sand fleas had lost all signs of viability. Comprehensive toxicological investigations on the dimeticones contained in NYDA® showed that there is practically no risk of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, teratogenicity, and other toxicity. The safety of dimeticones was also demonstrated in clinical trials with a total of 106 participants with tungiasis, in which not a single adverse event was observed.

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Introduction: Pediculosis Capitis (head lice infestation) is the most common disease of the bloodsucking insect which affects approximately six to twenty million cases and results considerable economic burden annually. In this study we aim to investigate some medieval Persian views on the role of non-pharmacological treatment strategies for prevention and control of pediculosis and compare their prescriptions with current findings. Materials and methods: In this qualitative study, we reviewed some well-known Persian medicine (PM) textbooks based on the selected keywords (Shepesh, Reshk, Ghamal and Seyban) to collect the viewpoint of PM scholars for pediculosis and its treatments. Also, we searched in the databases such as PubMed, Science direct and Scopus about the topic. Results: Persian medicine scientists believed that there are six essential health principles (SetteZaroorieh), which can affect human health and prevent diseases including air, nutrition, exercise, sleep and wakefulness, exertion of unnecessary materials from the body and finally psychological concepts. Proper management of these essential factors can improve lifestyle of people affected with pediculosis and also play a key role in prevention of head lice infestation. Conclusion: There are several suitable recommendations for prevention and control of pediculosis according to essential health principles in PM which can consider beside current drug treatments and the individual health recommendations for complete control of the disease

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The infestation with the human ectoparasite, Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer), is a common public health problem affecting schoolchildren worldwide. In Chile, the main active ingredients present in the over-the-counter pediculicides contain pyrethroids. Despite the extended use of these products, there is no evidence of the insecticide resistance status of the head lice geographically located in Chile. The most extended resistant mechanism of pyrethroids consists of the target site insensitivity (Kdr) determined by the presence of mutations linked to insecticide-binding sites in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel. T917I is recognized as the main mutation in head lice, and detection is considered to be a biomarker of resistance. The goal of the present study was to detect the presence and distribution of T917I mutation in five geographic locations of Chile. All five geographically selected louse populations had a frequency of pyrethroid resistance genes that ranged from 36 to 77%, and 94.9% of the collected head lice had one or two T917I mutant alleles. Moreover, the frequency of the aggregate resistant alleles was 50.5%. This is the first evidence that head lice in Chile had the mutations commonly associated with the resistance to pyrethroids. Moreover, the overrepresentation of heterozygotes in the studied populations suggests that head lice in Chile are currently under active selective pressure.

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OBJETIVO. Determinar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de la pediculosis capitis en padres de niños de 5 a 12 años del Centro educativo Academia Franciscana del Distrito Educativo 01-03, Barahona, República Dominicana, en el periodo enero a mayo 2018. DISEÑO. Se realizó un estudio de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal, donde la unidad de análisis fueron los Padres y Madres de escolares entre 5 a 12 años del Centro educativo Academia Franciscana, en el distrito educativo 0103 Barahona, República Dominicana. Se tomó un universo de 50 padres, se obtuvo autorización para la realización de este estudio por las autoridades del centro educativo y se les notificó a todos los participantes mediante un consentimiento informado. RESULTADOS. El 73 % de las personas reconocen que ha habido algún caso de pediculosis de la cabeza en su familia, evidenciando que la pediculosis es muy frecuente en la población. Más de la mitad de los padres consideran que los piojos se contagian cuando vuelan de cabeza a cabeza así como que falta de higiene favorece el contagio por piojos; estos datos evidencian la falta de información sobre la pediculosis capitis. CONCLUSIÓN. La mayoría de los casos tenían poco conocimientos sobre el tema, también se destacó el estigma social que supone para algunas personas estar frente a una infestación por Pediculosis capitis y el uso de productos de elaboración casera es una de las prácticas más realizadas

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Scalp itch is a frequent complaint in the dermatological setting. It is common for the dermatologist to encounter patients with no evident cause of scalp pruritus, making it a distressing situation for both the clinician and the patient. The aim of this paper is to propose a systematic approach to scalp itch, which classifies scalp pruritus into two types: (1) with or (2) without dermatological lesions, and presence or absence of hair loss. Also, it is important to think first about the most common causes and then rule out other, less common etiologies. The acronym SCALLP and the five steps for scalp evaluation (listen, look, touch, magnify, and sample) are useful tools to keep in mind for an assertive approach in these patients.

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Based on the importance of pediculosis by Polyplax spinulosa for rodents, this study evaluated two treatments against this louse in naturally infested Wistar rats. 21 adult male rats were randomly distributed into three groups (n = 7): T1 = treated with the association of cypermethrin (5%), dichlorvos (45%) and piperidine butoxide (25%) administered topically by spraying; T2 = treated with fipronil 1 mg. Kg-1 administered topically by spot on; T3 = untreated animals (control). In the initial phase, animals were housed in cages and wrapped in white cotton fabrics for evaluating 4, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-treatment (HPT) to count the number of lice present in the external environment. In the second phase, the groups were transferred to polypropylene boxes for antiparasitic evaluation 7, 14 and 21 days post-treatment (DPT) by direct inspection of eggs and lice presence in the animals. The results showed higher lice counts 4 HPT, representing 41% of the total, and these findings were strongly influenced by the control animals with 20.51%. However, rats treated with fipronil had the highest counts with 24 HPT, representing 14.36% of lice. No variation in lice counts was observed in T1 (pharmacological association). The efficacy study in the animals revealed absence of lice and presence of eggs in treated animals (T1 and T2) at 7 and 14 DPT. In the 21st day, rats treated with the pharmacological association presented lice whereas fipronil treated rats remained only with eggs not hatched. However, this study demonstrated that Fipronil at 1 mg.kg-1via spot on is an effective option for the control of P. spinulosa in Wistar rats, while treatment with the association of cypermethrin (5%), dichlorvos (45%) and piperidine butoxide (25%) was not effective against eggs viability and hatching, resulting in the return of parasitic infestation.

Baseado na importância da pediculose por Polyplax spinulosa em roedores, este estudo avaliou dois tratamentos para controle deste piolho em ratos Wistar naturalmente infestados. Para tal, 21 ratos adultos machos foram distribuídos em três grupos (n=7): T1= tratados com associação farmacológica cipermetrina (5%), diclorvos (45%) e butóxido de piperolina (25%), via tópica por pulverização; T2= tratados com fipronil 1 mg. Kg-1 via tópica por “Spot on”; T3= animais não tratados (controle). Na fase inicial do estudo, os animais foram acondicionados em gaiolas e envolvidos em tecidos de algodão branco para avaliação 4, 12, 24 e 48 horas pós-tratamento (HPT) do número de piolhos presentes no tecido (ambiente externo). Na segunda etapa, os grupos foram transferidos para caixas de polipropileno para avaliação antiparasitária 7, 14 e 21 dias pós-tratamento (DPT) por inspeção direta da presença de ovos e piolhos nos animais. Os resultados revelaram maiores contagens de piolho 4 HPT, representando 41% do total, sendo estes achados fortemente influenciados pelos animais controles com 20,51%. Entretanto, ratos tratados com fipronil apresentaram as maiores contagens com 24 HPT representando 14, 36% dos piolhos. Não se observou variações nas contagens de piolho em animais do grupo T1 (associação de fármacos). O estudo de eficácia nos animais revelou ausência de piolhos e presença de ovos nos animais tratados (T1 e T2) no 7 e 14° DPT. Na avaliação realizada 21° DPT, ratos tratados com a associação farmacológica apresentaram piolhos enquanto ratos tratados com fipronil permaneceram somente com ovos não eclodidos. Contudo, este estudo demonstrou que o fipronil via “Spot on” em dose única na concentração de 1mg.kg-1 é uma opção eficaz para o controle de P. spinulosa em ratos Wistar, enquanto o tratamento com a associação de cipermetrina (5 %), diclorvos (45%) e butóxido de piperolina (25%) não se mostrou eficaz contra a viabilidade e...

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RESUMO

Based on the importance of pediculosis by Polyplax spinulosa for rodents, this study evaluated two treatments against this louse in naturally infested Wistar rats. 21 adult male rats were randomly distributed into three groups (n = 7): T1 = treated with the association of cypermethrin (5%), dichlorvos (45%) and piperidine butoxide (25%) administered topically by spraying; T2 = treated with fipronil 1 mg. Kg-1 administered topically by spot on; T3 = untreated animals (control). In the initial phase, animals were housed in cages and wrapped in white cotton fabrics for evaluating 4, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-treatment (HPT) to count the number of lice present in the external environment. In the second phase, the groups were transferred to polypropylene boxes for antiparasitic evaluation 7, 14 and 21 days post-treatment (DPT) by direct inspection of eggs and lice presence in the animals. The results showed higher lice counts 4 HPT, representing 41% of the total, and these findings were strongly influenced by the control animals with 20.51%. However, rats treated with fipronil had the highest counts with 24 HPT, representing 14.36% of lice. No variation in lice counts was observed in T1 (pharmacological association). The efficacy study in the animals revealed absence of lice and presence of eggs in treated animals (T1 and T2) at 7 and 14 DPT. In the 21st day, rats treated with the pharmacological association presented lice whereas fipronil treated rats remained only with eggs not hatched. However, this study demonstrated that Fipronil at 1 mg.kg-1via spot on is an effective option for the control of P. spinulosa in Wistar rats, while treatment with the association of cypermethrin (5%), dichlorvos (45%) and piperidine butoxide (25%) was not effective against eggs viability and hatching, resulting in the return of parasitic infestation.(AU)

Baseado na importância da pediculose por Polyplax spinulosa em roedores, este estudo avaliou dois tratamentos para controle deste piolho em ratos Wistar naturalmente infestados. Para tal, 21 ratos adultos machos foram distribuídos em três grupos (n=7): T1= tratados com associação farmacológica cipermetrina (5%), diclorvos (45%) e butóxido de piperolina (25%), via tópica por pulverização; T2= tratados com fipronil 1 mg. Kg-1 via tópica por “Spot on”; T3= animais não tratados (controle). Na fase inicial do estudo, os animais foram acondicionados em gaiolas e envolvidos em tecidos de algodão branco para avaliação 4, 12, 24 e 48 horas pós-tratamento (HPT) do número de piolhos presentes no tecido (ambiente externo). Na segunda etapa, os grupos foram transferidos para caixas de polipropileno para avaliação antiparasitária 7, 14 e 21 dias pós-tratamento (DPT) por inspeção direta da presença de ovos e piolhos nos animais. Os resultados revelaram maiores contagens de piolho 4 HPT, representando 41% do total, sendo estes achados fortemente influenciados pelos animais controles com 20,51%. Entretanto, ratos tratados com fipronil apresentaram as maiores contagens com 24 HPT representando 14, 36% dos piolhos. Não se observou variações nas contagens de piolho em animais do grupo T1 (associação de fármacos). O estudo de eficácia nos animais revelou ausência de piolhos e presença de ovos nos animais tratados (T1 e T2) no 7 e 14° DPT. Na avaliação realizada 21° DPT, ratos tratados com a associação farmacológica apresentaram piolhos enquanto ratos tratados com fipronil permaneceram somente com ovos não eclodidos. Contudo, este estudo demonstrou que o fipronil via “Spot on” em dose única na concentração de 1mg.kg-1 é uma opção eficaz para o controle de P. spinulosa em ratos Wistar, enquanto o tratamento com a associação de cipermetrina (5 %), diclorvos (45%) e butóxido de piperolina (25%) não se mostrou eficaz contra a viabilidade e...(AU)

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Abstract Introduction: Pediculosis capitis is a skin disease that affects the hair and scalp, and is caused by the Pediculus humanus capitis ectoparasite. High levels of infestation are reported worldwide, affecting especially children. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and the variables that are associated with pediculosis capitis in kindergarten children in Popayán, Colombia. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study based on a sample of148 children aged between 1 and 5 years of age. Only the head was examined. Nits, nymphs and adult lice were mechanically removed using lice combs and wetting the hair, covering the frontotemporal, parietooccipital, mastoid and nuchal regions. An informed consent and a structured survey were filled out by each parent or guardian. Results: The prevalence of pediculosis capitis in the studied population was 11.5%. The variables associated with ectoparasitosis were female sex, long hair (>3 cm) and scalp pruritus. Conclusions: Pediculosis capitis is present and perpetuated in children from Popayán. Promotion, prevention and pediculicide treatment campaigns are strongly recommended.

Resumen Introducción. La pediculosis capitis es una dermatosis que afecta el pelo y el cuero cabelludo; esta es causada por el ectoparásito Pediculus humanus capitis. La infestación presenta una distribución mundial y en su mayoría afecta a la población infantil. Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia y las variables asociadas a la pediculosis capitis en un hogar infantil de Popayán, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 148 niños entre 1 y 5 años. Solo se examinó la cabeza y se realizó la remoción mecánica de liendres, ninfas y piojos adultos por medio de peines liendrera con el pelo húmedo siguiendo las áreas frontotemporal, parietooccipital, región mastoidea y nuca. Cada padre de familia o tutor a cargo diligenció un consentimiento informado y respondió una encuesta estructurada. Resultados. La prevalencia de pediculosis capitis en la población infantil estudiada fue del 11.5%. Las variables asociadas a la ectoparasitosis fueron sexo femenino, pelo largo (>3cm) y prurito del cuero cabelludo. Conclusiones. La pediculosis capitis está presente y se perpetúa en niños de Popayán. Se recomienda realizar campañas de promoción, prevención y desparasitación.

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The use of pyrethroids to control the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Anoplura: Pediculidae), has suffered considerable loss of efficacy due to the evolution of resistance. Thus, the development of efficiently insecticide delivery systems is imperative for the control of head lice. We studied the insecticidal activity of ivermectin-loaded lipid nanocapsules (IVM-LNC) against permethrin-resistant head lice from Argentina. The LNC, prepared by a phase inversion procedure, were characterized in terms of size, surface potential, and physical stability. These nanoparticles were nearly spherical with mean diameters of 55 nm and narrow size distribution (PI ≤ 0.2). The KT50 mortality values of head lice after exposure to two IVM-LNC formulations (0.11 and 0.28%) were significantly smaller (5 and 3 h, respectively) compared to those exposed only to LNC control group (8 h). This investigation showed the effectiveness in the encapsulation of ivermectin (IVM) into stable LNC dispersion with a potential clinical activity against head lice.

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