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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of high-fidelity simulation of pediatric emergencies compared to case-based discussion on the development of self-confidence, theoretical knowledge, clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership in undergraduate medical students. Methods: 33 medical students were allocated to two teaching methods: high-fidelity simulation (HFS, n = 18) or case-based discussion (CBD, n = 15). Self-confidence and knowledge tests were applied before and after the interventions and the effect of HFS on both outcomes was estimated with mixed-effect models. An Objective Structured Clinical Examination activity was conducted after the interventions, while two independent raters used specific simulation checklists to assess clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership. The effect of HFS on these outcomes was estimated with linear and logistic regressions. The effect size was estimated with the Hedge'sg. Results: Both groups had an increase in self-confidence (HFS 59.1 × 93.6, p < 0.001; CDB 50.5 × 88.2, p < 0.001) and knowledge scores over time (HFS 45.1 × 63.2, p = 0.001; CDB 43.5 × 56.7, p-value < 0.01), but no difference was observed between groups (group*time effect in the mixed effect models adjusted for the student ranking) for both tests (p = 0.6565 and p = 0.3331, respectively). The simulation checklist scores of the HFS group were higher than those of the CBD group, with large effect sizes in all domains (Hedges g 1.15 to 2.20). Conclusion: HFS performed better than CBD in developing clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership in undergraduate medical students in pediatric emergency care, but no significant difference was observed in self-confidence and theoretical knowledge.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of high-fidelity simulation of pediatric emergencies compared to case-based discussion on the development of self-confidence, theoretical knowledge, clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership in undergraduate medical students. METHODS: 33 medical students were allocated to two teaching methods: high-fidelity simulation (HFS, n = 18) or case-based discussion (CBD, n = 15). Self-confidence and knowledge tests were applied before and after the interventions and the effect of HFS on both outcomes was estimated with mixed-effect models. An Objective Structured Clinical Examination activity was conducted after the interventions, while two independent raters used specific simulation checklists to assess clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership. The effect of HFS on these outcomes was estimated with linear and logistic regressions. The effect size was estimated with the Hedge's g. RESULTS: Both groups had an increase in self-confidence (HFS 59.1 × 93.6, p < 0.001; CDB 50.5 × 88.2, p < 0.001) and knowledge scores over time (HFS 45.1 × 63.2, p = 0.001; CDB 43.5 × 56.7, p-value < 0.01), but no difference was observed between groups (group*time effect in the mixed effect models adjusted for the student ranking) for both tests (p = 0.6565 and p = 0.3331, respectively). The simulation checklist scores of the HFS group were higher than those of the CBD group, with large effect sizes in all domains (Hedges g 1.15 to 2.20). CONCLUSION: HFS performed better than CBD in developing clinical reasoning, communication, attitude, and leadership in undergraduate medical students in pediatric emergency care, but no significant difference was observed in self-confidence and theoretical knowledge.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine factors associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and noninvasive diagnostic angiography among children presenting to the emergency department (ED) with acute ischemic stroke. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a cross-sectional study using data from >50 US children's hospitals. We included children 29 days through 17 years old hospitalized from the ED with an International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification, diagnosis code for acute ischemic stroke between October 1, 2015, and November 30, 2022. We excluded children with a principal diagnosis code of trauma/external injury, without neuroimaging on day of presentation, and into-ED transfers. Our outcomes were defined as acquisition of MRI (vs computed tomography only) and angiography (vs no angiography) on day of presentation. We performed generalized linear mixed modeling with hospital as a random effect to determine the association of demographics, known comorbidities, and treatment factors with each outcome. RESULTS: We included 1601 children. In multivariable analysis, younger age, mechanical ventilation, and Black race were associated with lower odds of MRI acquisition, whereas history of moyamoya disease and sickle cell disease were associated with greater odds. Younger age, mechanical ventilation, Hispanic ethnicity, Black race, other races, history of metabolic disease, and history of seizures were associated with lower odds of angiography. CONCLUSIONS: Younger and non-White children experienced lower odds of MRI and angiography, which may be driven by health system limitations or provider implicit biases or both. Our results expose risk factors for underdiagnosis of ischemic stroke and provide opportunities to tailor institutional pathways reflective of underlying pathophysiology.

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Introducción: La anafilaxia es una reacción multisistémica potencialmente mortal; su reconocimiento temprano y abordaje oportuno son fundamentales. La variabilidad de presentación y gravedad requieren la utilización de criterios diagnósticos para la mejora de la atención en urgencias. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, criterios de diagnóstico y tratamiento de los pacientes con anafilaxia atendidos en un Departamento de Emergencias Pediátricas (DEP). Materiales y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva, descriptiva, de casos ingresados en el DEP de enero 2015 a diciembre 2020. Los criterios diagnósticos fueron aplicados por dos observadores emergentólogos evaluando la concordancia con el índice к de Cohen. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva: proporciones, medianas y rango intercuartílico. Resultados: Se aplicaron los criterios NIAID/FAAN a 65 historias clínicas con diagnóstico de egreso de anafilaxia encontrándose una concordancia de 0,64 (IC 95%: 0,41-0,88). De ellos, 35 (54%) cumplieron los criterios diagnósticos. El 66% (23/35) recibió adrenalina. La mediana de edad fue de 7 años (RIC: 3-11,5). Antecedente de asma en 9/35, atopia en 7/35 y anafilaxia previa en 7/35. Como factor desencadenante se constató consumo de medicamentos en 16/35, alimentos en 8/35. La estadía hospitalaria tuvo una mediana de 18 horas (RIC: 12-24). Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren una brecha entre identificación precisa de los casos de anafilaxia y el tratamiento oportuno con adrenalina cuando se utilizan criterios estandarizados.

Introduction: Anaphylaxis is a potentially fatal multisystem reaction; early recognition and timely approach are essential. The variability in its presentation and severity requires the use of diagnostic criteria to improve emergency care. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria and treatment of patients with anaphylaxis treated in a Pediatric Emergency Department (PED). Materials and methods: This was a retrospective and descriptive review of cases admitted to the PED from January 2015 to December 2020. The diagnostic criteria were applied by two emergentologist observers; Cohen's к index was used to evaluate their agreement. Descriptive statistics were used: proportions, medians and interquartile range. Results: The NIAID/FAAN criteria were applied to 65 medical records with a discharge diagnosis of anaphylaxis, finding an agreement of 0.64 (95% CI: 0.41-0.88). Of these, 35 (54%) met the diagnostic criteria. 66% (23/35) received adrenaline. The median age was 7 years (IQR: 3-11.5). 9/35 had a history of asthma, 7/35 had atopy and previous anaphylaxis was noted in 7/35. As a triggering factor, medication consumption was found in 16/35, and food in 8/35. The hospital stay had a median of 18 hours (IQR: 12-24). Conclusions: The results suggest a gap between accurate recognition of anaphylaxis cases and timely treatment with adrenaline when standardized criteria are used.

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Resumen Introducción : Las cefaleas son la segunda causa de consultas neurológicas en la sala de emergencia pediá trica. Muchos pacientes realizan varias visitas al año por este mismo problema, debemos conocer el tratamiento basado en evidencia. Métodos : Se realizó una búsqueda de publicaciones realizadas en los últimos 5 años en diferentes bases de datos. Discusión : Se presentan recursos para investigar sistemáticamente signos de alarma, recomendaciones para el uso racional de estudio de imágenes. Las cefaleas primarias son causa frecuente de consulta en la sala de emergencia. Se presenta tratamiento que cumple el res paldo científico para su utilización en pacientes con ce faleas primarias de tipo migraña en sala de emergencia.

Abstract Introduction : Headache is the second most frequent cause of neurological consultations in the pediatric emergency department. Patients become frequent visi tors per year due to headaches, evidence-based treat ment should be used. Methods : A search of publications within the last 5 years was conducted in different databases. Discussion : Strategies for a systematic approach in the evaluation of red flags, and recommendations for a rational use in neuroimaging studies are presented. Primary headaches are frequently seen in the emergency department. Migraine evidence-based treatment in the emergency department is reviewed.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of infants aged 29-90 days who are febrile discharged from the pediatric emergency department (ED). STUDY DESIGN: This was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of infants aged 29-90 days who visited any of the 7 Clalit Health Services pediatric EDs in Israel between January 1, 2019, and March 31, 2022. Infants who were febrile discharged from the ED after having blood and urine cultures taken were included. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of return visit (RV) to an ED. Secondary outcome measures were the incidence of invasive bacterial infection, urinary tract infection, pediatric intensive care unit admissions, and deaths. We assessed variables associated with the primary outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1647 infants were included. Their median (IQR) age at ED visit was 58.5 (47.7, 72.7) days, 53.1% were male. A total of 329 patients (20%) returned to the ED within 120 hours. Overall, 7.8% of discharged infants had a positive urine culture, 4 (0.2%) had a positive blood culture, and none had meningitis. One patient was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit, and there was no death. Abnormal C-reactive protein was associated with RV among 61- to 90-day-old infants. CONCLUSIONS: Infants aged 29-90 days who were febrile and discharged following a protocol-driven pathway from the pediatric ED had a relatively high RV rate. However, the rate of urinary tract infection was relatively low, and rate of invasive bacterial infection was extremely low. There were no deaths or serious sequelae.

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INTRODUCTION: Headache is the second most frequent cause of neurological consultations in the pediatric emergency department. Patients become frequent visitors per year due to headaches, evidence-based treatment should be used. METHODS: A search of publications within the last 5 years was conducted in different databases. DISCUSSION: Strategies for a systematic approach in the evaluation of red flags, and recommendations for a rational use in neuroimaging studies are presented. Primary headaches are frequently seen in the emergency department. Migraine evidence-based treatment in the emergency department is reviewed.

Introducción: Las cefaleas son la segunda causa de consultas neurológicas en la sala de emergencia pediátrica. Muchos pacientes realizan varias visitas al año por este mismo problema, debemos conocer el tratamiento basado en evidencia. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de publicaciones realizadas en los últimos 5 años en diferentes bases de datos. Discusión: Se presentan recursos para investigar sistemáticamente signos de alarma, recomendaciones para el uso racional de estudio de imágenes. Las cefaleas primarias son causa frecuente de consulta en la sala de emergencia. Se presenta tratamiento que cumple el respaldo científico para su utilización en pacientes con cefaleas primarias de tipo migraña en sala de emergencia. Palabras clave: signos de alarma, migraña, tratamiento basado en evidencia, Sala de emergencia pediátrica.

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BACKGROUND: Penetrating arrow injuries of the head and neck are exceedingly rare in pediatric patients. This pathology has high morbidity and mortality because of the presence of vital organs, the airway, and large vessels. Therefore, the treatment and removal of an arrow is a challenge that requires multidisciplinary management. CASE SUMMARY: A 13-year-old boy was brought to the emergency room after an arrow injury to the frontal region. The arrowhead was lodged in the oropharynx. Imaging studies showed a lesion of the paranasal sinuses without compromising vital structures. The arrow was successfully removed by retrograde nasoendoscopy without complications, and the patient was discharged. CONCLUSION: Although rare, maxillofacial arrow injuries have high morbidity and mortality and require multidisciplinary management to preserve function and aesthetics.

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Abstract Background: High-fidelity (HF) pediatric patient simulators are expensive. This randomized study aimed to compare the quality and educational impact of a full-scale simulation workshop with an HF infant simulator (SimBaby™, Laerdal) or with a low-cost (LC) simulator composed of an inert infant manikin with SimBaby™ software that displays respiratory/hemodynamic parameters on a monitor for medical education in pediatric difficult airway management. Methods: After written informed consent, anesthetists and emergency or ICU physicians participated in teams (4 to 6 participants) in a training session that included direct participation and observation of two difficult intubation scenarios. They were randomized into two groups (HF group, n = 65 and LC group, n = 63). They filled out a simulation quality score (SQS, 0 to 50), self-evaluated their anesthetists' non-technical skills (ANTS) score (15 to 60), and an educational quality score (EQS, 0 to 60) immediately (T0, main criteria), as well as 3 (T3) and 6 (T6) months after the training session. Results: We enrolled 128 physicians. Direct participation SQS (39 ± 5 HF group versus 38 ± 5 LC group), observation SQS (41 ± 4 H F group versus 39 ± 5 LC group), ANTS scores (38 ± 4 HF group versus 39 ± 6 LC group), T0 SQS (44 ± 5 HF group versus 43 ± 6 LC group), T3 and T6 SQS were not different between groups. Conclusion: Our low-cost simulator should be suggested as a less expensive alternative to an HF simulator for continuing medical education in pediatric difficult airway management.

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Introducción En comparación con ciencias clínicas básicas o aplicadas, la bioética es considerada una disciplina secundaria y subutilizada en la práctica diaria. Sin embargo, el razonamiento ético es indispensable para la calidad del cuidado. Existen pocos estudios sobre bioética en unidades de emergencia pediátrica. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la percepción sobre la importancia y la suficiencia del conocimiento teórico adquirido y la aplicación de los principios bioéticos en casos estandarizados. Métodos Realizamos un estudio descriptivo transversal en profesionales médicos y de enfermería que se desempeñan en unidades de emergencia pediátrica de Puerto Montt. Mediante una encuesta, evaluamos la percepción de la importancia y suficiencia del conocimiento bioético obtenido y la aplicación de los principios bioéticos en casos hipotéticos, pero probables, en la atención de urgencias pediátricas. Resultados De una población total de 50 médicos y 53 enfermeras, participaron en nuestro estudio 30 médicos (60%) y 20 enfermeras (37,7%). La mayoría reportó formación ética en pregrado (84%). Una minoría reportó formación durante la práctica (20%). Sin embargo, sólo 60% percibía tener conocimientos suficientes de bioética y 72% la consideraba importante para la práctica diaria. Además, al aplicar los principios de Beauchamp y Childress a casos clínicos estandarizados, el 82,7% no reconoció el principio de justicia y solo 50% reconoció los principios de autonomía y no maleficencia. Conclusión Aunque la mayoría de los profesionales de la salud tienen formación en bioética, el aprendizaje muchas veces se considera insuficiente y no se incorpora a la práctica diaria en las unidades de emergencia pediátrica.

Background Compared to basic or applied clinical sciences, bioethics is frequently considered as a secondary discipline and underutilized in daily practice. However, ethical reasoning is indispensable for the quality of care. There are few studies on bioethics in pediatric emergency units. Our objective was to evaluate the perception of the acquired bioethical knowledge and the application of bioethical principles in standardized cases. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study in medical and nursing professionals working at pediatric emergency units in Puerto Montt. Through a survey, we assessed the perception of the sufficiency of the acquired bioethics knowledge and the application of bioethical principles on hypothetical, but probable cases in emergency pediatric care. Results Of a total population of 50 physicians and 53 nurses, 30 physicians (60.0%) and 20 nurses (38.7%) participated in our study. The majority reported ethics training in undergraduate education: 84%. A minority reported training during practice: 20%. However, only 60.0% perceived having sufficient knowledge of bioethics and 72.0% considered it important for daily practice. Further, when applying the principles of Beauchamp and Childress to standardized clinical cases, 82.7% did not recognize the justice principle and only 50.00% the principles of autonomy and nonmaleficence. Conclusion Although most health professionals undergo bioethics training, learning is often considered insufficient and not incorporated into daily practice at pediatric emergency units.

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INTRODUCTION: The exponential growth of telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic led to the implementation of a telemedicine care service in a tertiary university pediatric hospital. It brought the need to develop a training aimed at remote care within the pediatric emergency rotation program. OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation of a telemedicine training for pediatric residents and present the preliminary results. METHODS: Descriptive prospective study (pre and post), with 40 resident physicians of the first year of pediatrics. Reaction Assessments were applied before and after training, in addition to a resident physician perception questionnaire at the end of the training. RESULTS: There was a significant difference in the resident's perception of experience and safety after initial training. Most rated the proposal as good or excellent, considered teaching telemedicine relevant and that this experience contributed to their learning on the subject. CONCLUSION: This study describes an innovative proposal for training in telemedicine. The preliminary results were encouraging, demonstrating the program's potential in training future pediatricians.

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BACKGROUND: High-fidelity (HF) pediatric patient simulators are expensive. This randomized study aimed to compare the quality and educational impact of a full-scale simulation workshop with an HF infant simulator (SimBaby™, Laerdal) or with a low-cost (LC) simulator composed of an inert infant manikin with SimBaby™ software that displays respiratory/hemodynamic parameters on a monitor for medical education in pediatric difficult airway management. METHODS: After written informed consent, anesthetists and emergency or ICU physicians participated in teams (4 to 6 participants) in a training session that included direct participation and observation of two difficult intubation scenarios. They were randomized into two groups (HF group, n = 65 and LC group, n = 63). They filled out a simulation quality score (SQS, 0 to 50), self-evaluated their anesthetists' non-technical skills (ANTS) score (15 to 60), and an educational quality score (EQS, 0 to 60) immediately (T0, main criteria), as well as 3 (T3) and 6 (T6) months after the training session. RESULTS: We enrolled 128 physicians. Direct participation SQS (39 ± 5 HF group versus 38 ± 5 LC group), observation SQS (41 ± 4 H F group versus 39 ± 5 LC group), ANTS scores (38 ± 4 HF group versus 39 ± 6 LC group), T0 SQS (44 ± 5 HF group versus 43 ± 6 LC group), T3 and T6 SQS were not different between groups. CONCLUSION: Our low-cost simulator should be suggested as a less expensive alternative to an HF simulator for continuing medical education in pediatric difficult airway management.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The exponential growth of telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic led to the implementation of a telemedicine care service in a tertiary university pediatric hospital. It brought the need to develop a training aimed at remote care within the pediatric emergency rotation program. Objective: To describe the implementation of a telemedicine training for pediatric residents and present the preliminary results. Methods: Descriptive prospective study (pre and post), with 40 resident physicians of the first year of pediatrics. Reaction Assessments were applied before and after training, in addition to a resident physician perception questionnaire at the end of the training. Results: There was a significant difference in the resident's perception of experience and safety after initial training. Most rated the proposal as good or excellent, considered teaching telemedicine relevant and that this experience contributed to their learning on the subject. Conclusion: This study describes an innovative proposal for training in telemedicine. The preliminary results were encouraging, demonstrating the program's potential in training future pediatricians.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: in Brazil, trauma is responsible for 40% of deaths in the age group between 5 and 9 years old, and 18% between 1 and 4 years, and bleeding is the leading cause of preventable death in the traumatized child. Conservative management of blunt abdominal trauma with solid organs injury - started in the 60s - is the current world trend, with studies showing survival rates above 90%. The objective was to assess the efficacy and safety of conservative treatment in children with blunt abdominal trauma treated at the Clinical Hospital of the University of Campinas, in the last five years. Methods: retrospective analysis of medical records of patients classified by levels of injury severity, in 27 children. Results: only one child underwent surgery for initial failure of conservative treatment (persistent hemodynamic instability), resulting in a 96% overall success rate of the conservative treatment. Five other children (22%) developed late complications that required elective surgery: a bladder injury, two cases of infected perirenal collections (secondary to injury of renal collecting system), a pancreatic pseudocyst and a splenic cyst. Resolution of the complications was attained in all children, with anatomical and functional preservation of the affected organ. There were no deaths in this series. Conclusion: the conservative initial approach in the treatment of blunt abdominal trauma was effective and safe with high resolution and low rate of complications leading to a high preservation rate of the affected organs. Level of evidence III - prognostic and therapeutic study.

RESUMO Introdução: no Brasil, o trauma é responsável por 40% dos óbitos na faixa etária entre 5 e 9 anos, e 18% entre 1 e 4 anos, e o sangramento é a principal causa de prevenção morte na criança traumatizada. O manejo conservador de trauma abdominal contuso com lesão de órgãos sólidos - iniciado na década de 60 - é a tendência mundial atual, com estudos mostrando taxas de sobrevivência acima de 90%. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia e segurança do tratamento conservador em crianças com trauma abdominal contuso tratado no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de Campinas, nos últimos cinco anos. Métodos: análise retrospectiva de prontuários de pacientes classificados por níveis de gravidade da lesão, em 27 crianças. Resultados: apenas uma criança foi submetida a cirurgia por falha inicial do tratamento conservador (instabilidade hemodinâmica persistente), resultando em uma taxa de sucesso global de 96% do tratamento conservador inicial. Outras cinco crianças (22%) desenvolveram complicações tardias que exigiram cirurgias eletivas: lesão na bexiga, dois casos de coleção perirenal infectada (secundária à lesão de sistema de coleta renal), um pseudocisto pancreático e um cisto esplênico. Resolução da complicação foi atingida em todas as crianças, com preservação anatômica e funcional do órgão afetado. Não houve mortes nesta série. Conclusão: a abordagem inicial conservadora no tratamento de trauma abdominal contundente foi eficaz e segura com alta resolução e baixa taxa de complicações levando a uma alta taxa de preservação dos órgãos afetados. Nível de evidência III - estudo prognóstico e terapêutico.

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La valoración pediátrica de urgencias tiene características especiales respecto al resto de la atención pediátrica. El diagnóstico final será una prioridad secundaria. Es una evaluación clínica, cuyo intento principal es la identificación de aspectos anatómicos y fisiológicos anormales, la estimación de la gravedad de la enfermedad o lesión y la determinación de la necesidad de tratamiento urgente. El objetivo de esta colaboración es brindar una sistemática clara, con una secuencia de valoraciones y acciones que sirvan de base para la toma de decisiones clínicas orientadas a la estabilización del paciente y a evitar situaciones que pueden amenazar la vida en poco tiempo. El triángulo de evaluación pediátrica, la secuencia ABCDE, una breve anamnesis y examen enfocado que identifique el motivo de consulta de mayor prioridad, signos de alarma que pueden cambiar la prioridad y las reevaluaciones frecuentes serán los pilares de la actuación médica. Con el propósito de respetar el derecho del niño al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud, de garantizar la calidad asistencial y la seguridad de los pacientes pediátricos con entidades agudas o traumatismos, el grupo nacional de pediatría desarrolló y aprobó la guía de valoración pediátrica de urgencias en Cuba. Mediante la aplicación de esta guía se puede optimizar el proceso de valoración pediátrica de urgencias de forma que los pacientes de este segmento de edad reciban el nivel de cuidados médicos más apropiado para su situación clínica(AU)

The pediatric emergency assessment has special characteristics with respect to the rest of pediatric care. The final diagnosis will be a secondary priority. It is a clinical evaluation, and the main purpose of it is the identification of abnormal anatomical and physiological aspects, the estimation of the severity of the disease or injury and the determination of the need for urgent treatment. The objective of this collaboration is to provide a clear system, with a sequence of assessments and actions that serve as a basis for clinical decision-making aimed at stabilizing the patient and avoiding life-threatening situations in a short time. The pediatric assessment triangle, the ABCDE sequence, a brief history and focused examination that identifies the highest priority reason for consultation, warning signs that may change priority and frequent re-evaluations will be the pillars of medical action. To respect the right of the child to have access to the highest possible level of health, to guarantee the quality of care and its safety in the face of acute conditions or trauma, the National Group of Pediatrics developed and approved the guide for pediatric emergency assessment in Cuba. Through its application, the pediatric emergency evaluation process can be optimized so that patients of this age segment receive the most appropriate level of medical care for their clinical situation(AU)

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We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of patients with croup seen during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Approximately 50% underwent testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. During the Delta wave, 2.8% of those tested were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; this increased to 48.2% during the Omicron wave, demonstrating a strong correlation between the Omicron variant and croup.

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Abstract Objective: In Brazil, telemedicine was allowed as an exception during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite its recognized value and availability, telemedicine is not universally used, suggesting that some barriers prevent its adoption and acceptance within the community. This study aims to describe the implementation of a low-cost telemedicine service in a pediatric hospital in Brazil. Method: Retrospective descriptive study reporting the first three months (April to June 2020) of the experience of implementing a low-cost telemedicine emergency care program in a public tertiary hospital. The service was available to patients up to 18 years of age enrolled in this hospital. A tool for assessing the severity of the patient was developed, the aim of standardizing the procedure, while maintaining quality and safety. Guardian's satisfaction was assessed with a questionnaire sent after teleconsultations. Results: 255 teleconsultations were carried out with 140 different patients. Of the total consultations, 182 were from 99 patients that had performed the Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test for the new coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) or had direct contact with a person known to be positive for COVID-19. Only 26 (14%) were referred to an in-person consultation. No deaths, adverse events or delayed diagnosis were recorded. 86% of the patients who answered the satisfaction questionnaire were satisfied and 92% would use telemedicine again. Conclusion: This study presents an innovative implementation of a telemedicine program in a public and exclusively pediatric tertiary service, serving as a reference for future implementation in other public services in Brazil and developing countries.

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We report 3 adolescents with cannabis hyperemesis syndrome and recurrent hypophosphatemia complicating their clinical course with potential for significant consequences. They serve as reminders for providers to consider the diagnosis of cannabis hyperemesis syndrome and to monitor serum electrolytes closely in the setting of adolescent hyperemesis.

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OBJECTIVE: In Brazil, telemedicine was allowed as an exception during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite its recognized value and availability, telemedicine is not universally used, suggesting that some barriers prevent its adoption and acceptance within the community. This study aims to describe the implementation of a low-cost telemedicine service in a pediatric hospital in Brazil. METHOD: Retrospective descriptive study reporting the first three months (April to June 2020) of the experience of implementing a low-cost telemedicine emergency care program in a public tertiary hospital. The service was available to patients up to 18 years of age enrolled in this hospital. A tool for assessing the severity of the patient was developed, the aim of standardizing the procedure, while maintaining quality and safety. Guardian's satisfaction was assessed with a questionnaire sent after teleconsultations. RESULTS: 255 teleconsultations were carried out with 140 different patients. Of the total consultations, 182 were from 99 patients that had performed the Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) test for the new coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) or had direct contact with a person known to be positive for COVID-19. Only 26 (14%) were referred to an in-person consultation. No deaths, adverse events or delayed diagnosis were recorded. 86% of the patients who answered the satisfaction questionnaire were satisfied and 92% would use telemedicine again. CONCLUSION: This study presents an innovative implementation of a telemedicine program in a public and exclusively pediatric tertiary service, serving as a reference for future implementation in other public services in Brazil and developing countries.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: to evaluate a pediatric risk evaluation and classification service in the aspects of structure, process, and outcome. Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive, and exploratory study in which qualitative data complement the results. Data collection by non-participant observation, interview, and consultation of medical records. Results: we observed two hundred and four visits. The service works in a makeshift room and without privacy. The nurses did not use various materials/equipment available for evaluation, rarely performed a physical examination, used the interview most of the time, and did not consult the protocol. Parents/companions received no information, and medical records showed incomplete records. Nurses classified 69.1% of the children as non-emergency. The most frequent outcome of the visits was discharge. Conclusions: the service showed weaknesses in the physical structure, in the risk classification process, and the outcomes, but it presents a good resolution in the assistance. We recommend a revision in the protocol used and sensitize nurses about the work process and communication with parents/companions.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar un servicio de evaluación y clasificación de riesgo pediátrico en los aspectos de estructura, proceso y resultado. Métodos: estudio transversal, descriptivo y exploratorio, en que datos cualitativos complementan los resultados. Datos recogidos por observación no participante, entrevista y consulta a prontuarios. Resultados: observados 204 atenciones. Servicio funciona en sala improvisada y sin privacidad. Enfermeros no usaron varios materiales/equipos disponibles a la evaluación, raramente realizaron examen físico, usaron la entrevista casi siempre y no consultaron el protocolo. Padres/acompañantes no recibieron información, y los prontuarios mostraron registros incompletos. Enfermeros clasificaron 69,1% de los niños como no urgencia. Desfecho de las atenciones más frecuente fue la alta. Conclusiones: servicio mostró fragilidades en la estructura física, en el proceso de clasificación de riesgo y resultados, pero presenta buena resolutiva en las atenciones. Recomienda la revisión del protocolo usado y sensibilización de los enfermeros cuanto al proceso de trabajo y comunicación con padres/acompañantes.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar um serviço de avaliação e classificação de risco pediátrico nos aspectos de estrutura, processo e resultado. Métodos: estudo transversal, descritivo e exploratório, em que dados qualitativos complementam os resultados. Dados coletados por observação não participante, entrevista e consulta a prontuários. Resultados: foram observados 204 atendimentos. O serviço funciona em sala improvisada e sem privacidade. Os enfermeiros não usaram vários materiais/equipamentos disponíveis para a avaliação, raramente realizaram exame físico, usaram a entrevista quase sempre e não consultaram o protocolo. Pais/acompanhantes não receberam informação, e os prontuários mostraram registros incompletos. Os enfermeiros classificaram 69,1% das crianças como não urgência. O desfecho dos atendimentos mais frequente foi a alta. Conclusões: o serviço mostrou fragilidades na estrutura física, no processo de classificação de risco e nos resultados, mas apresenta boa resolutividade nos atendimentos. Recomenda-se a revisão do protocolo usado e sensibilização dos enfermeiros quanto ao processo de trabalho e comunicação com pais/acompanhantes.