RESUMO
AIM: To identify and analyse genes that encode pectinases in the genome of the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, evaluate the expression of these genes, and compare putative pectinases found in C. lindemuthianum with pectinases produced by other fungi and oomycetes with different lifestyles. METHODS AND RESULTS: Genes encoding pectinases in the genome of C. lindemuthianum were identified and analysed. The expression of these genes was analysed. Pectinases from C. lindemuthianum were compared with pectinases from other fungi that have different lifestyles, and the pectinase activity in some of these fungi was quantified. Fifty-eight genes encoding pectinases were identified in C. lindemuthianum. At least six types of enzymes involved in pectin degradation were identified, with pectate lyases and polygalacturonases being the most abundant. Twenty-seven genes encoding pectinases were differentially expressed at some point in C. lindemuthianum during their interactions with their host. For each type of pectinase, there were at least three isoenzyme groups. The number of pectinases present in fungi with different lifestyles seemed to be related more to the lifestyle than to the taxonomic relationship between them. Only phytopathogenic fungi showed pectate lyase activity. CONCLUSIONS: The collective results demonstrate the pectinolytic arsenal of C. lindemuthianum, with many and diverse genes encoding pectinases more than that found in other phytopathogens, which suggests that at least part of these pectinases must be important for the pathogenicity of the fungus C. lindemuthianum. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Knowledge of these pectinases could further the understanding of the importance of this broad pectinolytic arsenal in the common bean infection and could be exploited for biotechnological purposes.
Assuntos
Colletotrichum , Fabaceae , Colletotrichum/genética , Fabaceae/microbiologia , Fungos/metabolismo , Poligalacturonase/genética , Poligalacturonase/metabolismoRESUMO
En el presente trabajo se verificó la presencia de algunas enzimas relacionadas con la pared celular vegetal (poligalacturonasa, pectato liasa, proteasa y xilanasa) en raíces de clavel (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Así mismo, se determinaron los niveles de actividad de las mismas. Estos niveles se analizaron en diferentes espacios celulares: en el fluido intercelular que hace parte del apoplasto, en el simplasto y en el tejido total de las raíces de clavel (apoplasto y simplasto). Para extraer el fluido intercelular, se ensayaron dos metodologías. Para obtener el contenido intracelular (simplasto) y el extracto total (apoplasto y simplasto) en raíces de clavel se ensayaron tres metodologías que utilizaban como solución i) extractante buffer fosfato, ii) buffer fosfato con PVPP y iii) lavados con acetona a las raíces de clavel, antes de la extracción con buffer fosfatos. Los resultados mostraron el efecto de las diferentes soluciones en las actividades enzimáticas y en el contenido de proteína. Se propuso una de estas metodologías para extraer las cuatro enzimas en un único paso y realizar análisis comparativo de actividad enzimática.
The presence of some enzymes related to cell wall (polygalacturonase, the pectate lyase, protease and xylanase) in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) roots as well as the activity levels were determined. These levels were analyzed in different cellular places: the intercellular fluid that is part of the apoplast, the symplast, and the total level (apoplast and symplast) in carnation roots. Two methods were tested to extract the intercellular fluid. To obtain the intracellular content (symplast) and total extract (apoplast+symplast), three methods were tested, using as extracting solution i) phosphate buffer, ii) phosphate buffer + PVPP, iii) before the extraction with phosphate buffer, the carnation roots were washed with acetone. The results showed the effect of different extracting solutions in the enzymatic activities and in the protein content. A new only one step method is proposed to extract the four enzymes and make the comparative analysis of enzymatic activity.
No presente trabalho foi evidenciada a presença de algumas enzimas relacionadas com a parede celular vegetal: poligalacturonasa, pectato liasa, proteasa e xilanasa e se determinaram seus níveis de atividade, em raízes de cravo (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Os níveis se analisaram em diferentes espaços celulares: no fluido intercelular que faz parte do apoplasto, no simplasto e no tecido total das raízes de cravo (apoplasto e simplasto). Foram avaliadas duas metodologias para extrair o fluido intercelular. Para obter o conteúdo intracelular (simplasto) e o extrato total (apoplasto e simplasto) se avaliaram três metodologias que utilizavam como solução extratora i) buffer fosfato, ii) buffer fosfato com PVPP e iii) lavados com acetona às raízes de cravo, antes da extração com buffer fosfato. Os resultados mostraram o efeito das diferentes soluciones nas atividades enzimáticas e no conteúdo de proteína. Se propõem uma de estas metodologias para extrair as quatro enzimas num único passo e realizar a analise comparativa da atividade enzimática.
RESUMO
We report the first molecular and in silico analysis of Monilophthora perniciosa polygalacturonases (PGs). Three MpPG genes (MpPG1, MpPG2 and MpPG3) were identified and analyzed at transcriptional level, by RT-qPCR, in dikaryotic M. perniciosa mycelium grown on solid-bran based medium and on liquid medium supplemented with different fermentable and non-fermentable carbon sources. The MpPG genes presented different expression patterns suggesting different individual regulation. However, all are mainly regulated by fermentable carbon sources (galactose and mannose). The integrated analysis of PG gene expression and systems biology (using MpG1 and MpG2 orthologs in Neurospora crassa, named NCU06961 and NCU02369, respectively) allowed identifying some possible mechanism of protein regulation during the necrotrophic fungal phase. MpPG1-NCU06961 and MpPG2-NCU02369 directly or indirectly interacted with central and highly connected proteins involved in protein synthesis and protein regulation associated to post-translational modifications, in cell wall metabolism, and in cellular metabolism related to energy production. This analysis also allowed the identification of key proteins for further studies of M. perniciosa development and/or for disease management, such as MpPG2, a pectin methylesterase, an acetolactate synthase and the small ubiquitin-like modifier SMT3-like.
Assuntos
Agaricales/genética , Galactose/metabolismo , Manose/metabolismo , Poligalacturonase/genética , Poligalacturonase/metabolismo , Agaricales/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Cacau/microbiologia , DNA Fúngico/análise , Fermentação , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Micélio/genética , Micélio/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Micélio/metabolismo , Neurospora crassa/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
To investigate the role of jasmonates (JAs) in the ripening of Fragaria chiloensis fruit, two concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJA, 10 and 100 µM) were evaluated at 2, 5 and 9 d using an in vitro ripening system. Fruit quality parameters; the contents of anthocyanin, lignin and cell wall polymers; and the transcriptional profiles of several ripening-related genes were analyzed. MeJA accelerated fruit ripening by means of a transitory increase in the soluble solid content/titratable acidity ratio, anthocyanin accumulation and an increase in softening at day 5. The expression of several phenylpropanoid-related genes, primarily those associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis, was increased under MeJA treatment, which correlated with an increased accumulation of anthocyanin. MeJA also altered the expression profiles of some cell wall-modifying genes, namely, EG1 and XTH1, and these changes correlated with a transient reduction in the firmness of MeJA-treated fruits. MeJA-responsive elements were observed in the promoter region of the EG1 gene. MeJA also increased the expression of LOX, AOS and OPR3, genes involved in the biosynthesis of JAs, and these changes correlated with the transient activation of fruit ripening observed. Conversely, the expression of ethylene and lignin biosynthesis genes (ACS, ACO, CAD and POD27) increased in MeJA-treated fruits at day 9. The present findings suggest that JAs promote the ripening of non-climacteric fruits through their involvement in anthocyanin accumulation, cell wall modification and the biosynthesis of ethylene and JAs.
Assuntos
Acetatos/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/metabolismo , Fragaria/genética , Frutas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Expressão Gênica , Genes de Plantas , Oxilipinas/metabolismo , Desenvolvimento Vegetal/genética , Acetatos/farmacologia , Antocianinas/genética , Antocianinas/metabolismo , Parede Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Parede Celular/metabolismo , Ciclopentanos/farmacologia , Etilenos/biossíntese , Fragaria/efeitos dos fármacos , Fragaria/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fragaria/metabolismo , Frutas/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Lignina/biossíntese , Lignina/genética , Oxilipinas/farmacologia , Desenvolvimento Vegetal/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMO
Se estudió por ensayos in vitro la posible participación de las enzimas endopoligalacturonasa (PG) (EC.3.2.1.15) y pectato liasa (PL) (EC.4.2.2.2), consideradas factores de virulencia en el proceso de infección del clavel por el hongo Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (FOD). Los resultados muestran la inducción de la expresión de la enzima PG en presencia de los inductores artificiales, ácido poligalacturónico (APG) y pectina, y un nivel de expresión muy bajo en cultivos con pared celular (PC) de clavel de variedades resistente y susceptible. La enzima PL no presentó expresión en presencia de inductores artificiales (APG y pectina), mientras que en cultivos inducidos con pared celular de raíz presentó un alto nivel de expresión.
The Polygalacturonase (PG; EC 3.2.1.15) and the Pectate lyase (PL; EC 4.2.2.2) are considered as factor of virulence. These enzymes were studied during the infection process of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (FOD) on Carnation (Dianthus caryophillus L.) using culture medium in vitro. The results show the induction of the expression of the PG enzyme when the artificial inductors polygalacturonic acid (APG) and pectin are present. The level of expression was very low in culture with cellular wall (PC) of carnations of the resistant and susceptible varieties. The PL enzyme did not show expression in the presence of artificial inductors (APG and pectin) but in induced culture with root and cellular wall showed a high level of expression.