RESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the animal performance, commercial cuts, and their yields within the production system, and economics of sheep production, of lambs finished in feedlots and fed with or without biodiesel co-products. A total of 40 lambs were divided into four biodiesel co-product treatment groups: a no-treatment control; peanut meal; crude glycerin; and peanut meal + crude glycerin. Animal performance did not differ (P > 0.05) among the treatment groups, where the average daily gain was close to 0.26 kg/day. Likewise, the quantitative carcass characteristics did not differ (P > 0.05) and the biological mean yield was 54.92%. Similarly, the commercial cuts and their yields did not differ (P ≥ 0.09) among the treatments. These results took into consideration the standard, age, and slaughter body weight of the animals. The economic evaluation determined that peanut meal was the best co-product for use in finishing lambs in a feedlot. Hence, all the biodiesel co-products evaluated can be used at feedlots to finish lambs without changing the variables measured.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Biocombustíveis , Dieta/veterinária , Carne/normas , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Composição Corporal , Peso Corporal , Análise Custo-Benefício , Masculino , Ovinos/fisiologiaRESUMO
The effect of mixtures of antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA) and propyl paraben (PP) on lag phase, growth rate and ochratoxin A (OTA) production by four Aspergillus section Nigri strains was evaluated on peanut meal extract agar (PMEA) under different water activities (a(w)). The antioxidant mixtures used were: BHA + PP (mM), M1 (0.5 + 0.5), M2 (1.0 + 0.5), M3 (2.5 + 0.5), M4 (0.5 + 1.0), M5 (1.0 + 1.0), M6 (2.5 + 1.0), M7 (5.0 + 2.5) and M8 (10 + 2.5). The mixture M8 completely suppressed mycelial growth for all strains. A significant stimulation in OTA production was observed with mixtures M1 to M5 mainly at the highest a(w); whereas M6, M7 and M8 completely inhibited OTA production in all strains assayed; except M6 in A. carbonarius strain (RCP G). These results could enable a future intervention strategy to minimize OTA contamination.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Aspergillus/efeitos dos fármacos , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/administração & dosagem , Ocratoxinas/metabolismo , Parabenos/administração & dosagem , Arachis , Aspergillus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Aspergillus/metabolismo , Meios de Cultura , Interações Medicamentosas , Contaminação de Alimentos/prevenção & controle , Extratos Vegetais , ÁguaRESUMO
A preliminary approach to achieve compatible simultaneous extraction of aflatoxin and residual oil from pressed oil meals was conducted to determine the minimum amount of water to be added to ethanol versus necessary time to achieve complete removal of aflatoxin. Commercial anhydrous, 96, 93 and 90°GL ethanol were utilized in trials with Soxhlet extractors. Commercial anhydrous ethanol did not remove aflatoxin completely and the extraction efficiency in minutes was directly proportional to the amount of water present in the ethanol, as expected. Although 96°GL ethanol was efficient, alcoholic strengths between 96 and 99°GL need be evaluated to improve oil extraction, provided they do not decrease aflatoxin removal efficiency.
Uma metodologia preliminar foi testada para a extração simultánea de aflatoxina e de óleo residual de tortas oleaginosas. O objetivo deste primeiro experimento foi conhecer a quantidade de água, a ser adicionada ao etamol, e o tempo, mínimos para a remoção da aflatoxina. Etanol anidro comercial e a 96, 93 e 90°GL foram utilizados em extratores de Soxhlet. O etanol anidro comercial não removeu completamente a aflatoxina, mesmo com 300 min de extração. A 96°GL a remoção foi completa aos 240 min; a 93°GL foi completa aos 210 min e a 90°GL foi completa aos 180 min. A eficiência da extração aumentou proporcionalmente à quantidade de água no etanol. Embora o etanol a 96°GL tenha sido eficiente na remoção da aflatoxina, outras graduações alcoólicas deverão ser estudadas para melhorar a extração do óleo uma vez que esta é inversamente proporcional à quantidade de água no etanol.
RESUMO
A preliminary approach to achieve compatible simultaneous extraction of aflatoxin and residual oil from pressed oil meals was conducted to determine the minimum amount of water to be added to ethanol versus necessary time to achieve complete removal of aflatoxin. Commercial anhydrous, 96, 93 and 90°GL ethanol were utilized in trials with Soxhlet extractors. Commercial anhydrous ethanol did not remove aflatoxin completely and the extraction efficiency in minutes was directly proportional to the amount of water present in the ethanol, as expected. Although 96°GL ethanol was efficient, alcoholic strengths between 96 and 99°GL need be evaluated to improve oil extraction, provided they do not decrease aflatoxin removal efficiency.
Uma metodologia preliminar foi testada para a extração simultánea de aflatoxina e de óleo residual de tortas oleaginosas. O objetivo deste primeiro experimento foi conhecer a quantidade de água, a ser adicionada ao etamol, e o tempo, mínimos para a remoção da aflatoxina. Etanol anidro comercial e a 96, 93 e 90°GL foram utilizados em extratores de Soxhlet. O etanol anidro comercial não removeu completamente a aflatoxina, mesmo com 300 min de extração. A 96°GL a remoção foi completa aos 240 min; a 93°GL foi completa aos 210 min e a 90°GL foi completa aos 180 min. A eficiência da extração aumentou proporcionalmente à quantidade de água no etanol. Embora o etanol a 96°GL tenha sido eficiente na remoção da aflatoxina, outras graduações alcoólicas deverão ser estudadas para melhorar a extração do óleo uma vez que esta é inversamente proporcional à quantidade de água no etanol.