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This study characterized a nanosupplement based on coenzyme Q10 containing guarana (Paullinia cupana) and Brazil nuts oil (Bertholetia excelsa) (G-Nut). Determined cytotoxic and oxi-immunomodulatory effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and its effect on mortality of red Californian earthworms (Eisenia fetida) and on the immune efficiency of its coelomocytes immune by in vitro exposure to yeast dead microorganism. The cytotoxic and immunomodulatory effects of G-Nut and the GN-Free extract (0.25-3 mg/mL) were determined in PBMC cultures. Apoptotic, oxidative, and inflammatory markers were determined using biochemical, immunological, and molecular protocols. The effects of G-Nut and GN-Free extracts on mortality and immune efficiency were investigated in earthworms. G-Nut and GN-Free did not induce cytotoxic events in PBMCs, triggering the decrease in apoptotic (caspases 3 and 8) gene expression, lipid and protein oxidation levels, or pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. G-Nut and GN-Free did not trigger earthworm mortality and improved coelomocyte immune efficiency by increasing Eisenia neutrophil extracellular DNA traps and brown body formation when exposed to dead yeasts. The G-Nut nanoformulation is safe and can be used as a new form of food supplement by oral or transdermal delivery.
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Bertholletia , Leucócitos Mononucleares , Nanopartículas , Oligoquetos , Paullinia , Extratos Vegetais , Ubiquinona , Animais , Oligoquetos/química , Humanos , Ubiquinona/análogos & derivados , Ubiquinona/farmacologia , Nanopartículas/química , Bertholletia/química , Leucócitos Mononucleares/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Paullinia/química , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have therapeutic potential due to their abilities of differentiation, immunomodulation, and migration to injured tissues, potentiating such effects when cells are activated. Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a tropical plant species found in South America that is known for its antioxidant, stimulant, and cicatricial effects. The guarana extract is composed of many substances and caffeine is the main component. The objective was to evaluate the effects of guarana and caffeine on MSCs. After the initial characterization, MSCs were treated with Paullinia cupana (10, 100, and 1000 μg/mL) or caffeine (0.4, 4, and 40 μg/mL) for 24 h. MSCs treatment with 1000 μg/mL guarana increased cell polarity, viability, cell migration to chemoattractant, antioxidant potential, and liberation of extracellular vesicles (EVs), while it reduced the levels of autophagy. MSCs treated with 100 and 1000 μg/mL guarana or 40 μg/mL caffeine showed a decrease of cell proliferation. No treatment affected the cellular area and cell cycle of MSCs. The study shows in vitro evidence that guarana could be a promising alternative for activating MSCs to promote better cellular products for future clinical therapies.
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The seed yield of guarana (Paullinia cupana H.B.K. var. sorbilis) is affected by weeds. Management is difficult for Amazon farmers and ranchers, owing to the hot and humid climate prevailing in the region, which makes mechanical control inefficient and leads farmers to the decision to use herbicides. Herbicide damage to this species is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate glyphosate damage to the development and quality of guarana seedlings. The treatments consisted of glyphosate doses at concentrations of 0, 126, 252, 540, 1080, 2160 and 3240 g a.e. ha-1 and were evaluated for 60 days, in two applications. Analyses were performed for biometrics, seedling development, anthracnose and Injury characteristics. Glyphosate caused symptoms of Injury in all doses applied, but lower doses did not interfere with seedling growth and development. There was a correlation between anthracnose severity and increased glyphosate dose. When applied correctly, glyphosate can be an integrated weed management tool for use in guarana crops.
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Herbicidas , Paullinia , Plântula , Sementes , GlifosatoRESUMO
The peels of guaraná (Paullinia cupana) fruit contain abundant carotenoid content, which has demonstrated health benefits. However, these compounds are unstable in certain conditions, and their application into food products can be changed considering the processing parameters. This study aimed to encapsulate the carotenoid-rich extract from guaraná peels by spray drying (SD), characterize the microparticles, investigate their influence on the pasting properties of oatmeal paste, and evaluate the effects of temperature and shear on carotenoid stability during the preparation of this product. A rheometer with a pasting cell was used to simulate the extrusion conditions. Temperatures of 70, 80, and 90 °C and shear rates of 50 and 100 1/s were the parameters evaluated. Microparticles with a total carotenoid content between 40 and 96 µg/g were obtained. Over the storage period, carotenoid stability, particle size, color, moisture, and water activity varied according to the core:carrier material proportion used. Afterward, the formulation SD1:2 was selected to be incorporated in oatmeal, and the paste viscosity was influenced by the addition of this powder. ß-carotene retention was higher than that of lutein following the treatment. The less severe treatment involving a temperature of 70 °C and a shear rate of 50 1/s exhibited better retention of total carotenoids, regardless of whether the carotenoid-rich extract was encapsulated or non-encapsulated. In the other treatments, the thermomechanical stress significantly influenced the stability of the total carotenoid. These results suggest that the addition of encapsulated carotenoids to foods prepared at higher temperatures has the potential for the development of functional and stable products.
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Abstract Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a native plant from the Amazon whose seeds contain a high concentration of caffeine. Aqueous extract of guarana is widely used in the world. In this study, the objective was to develop and validate a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method for the determination of caffeine in extracts and commercial beverages based on guarana. A sensitive, simple, and viable high performance liquid chromatographic method without the need of an analyte extraction procedure was developed and validated according to Brazilian and international requirements. The method presented high performance, fulfilling Brazilian and international requirements, in addition to allowing product compliance tests. Results confirmed high selectivity and linearity (>0.999) between 5 to 135 ug/mL, with no significant matrix effect. Detection and quantification limits were 0.02 µg/mL and 2 µg/mL, respectively. Precision was less than 4 %, and accuracy varied from 99.9-120 %. Applicability of the method was demonstrated by conducting a limited evaluation in products containing caffeine. Commercial extracts showed quite different caffeine levels, while carbonated drinks follow Brazilian and American recommendations. Our results indicate that the developed method can be used to evaluate the quality of the guarana extract and of products containing caffeine
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Sementes/classificação , Cafeína/agonistas , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Paullinia/efeitos adversos , Plantas/classificação , Bebidas/classificação , Gestão da Qualidade Total/normasRESUMO
Fruticulture in the Amazonian Rainforest is one of the main causes of deforestation, biodiversity loss, and soil erosion. Fruticulture plays a key role in the soil traits and soil organic matter (SOM) compartments by altering the soil ecosystem. Our aim was to assess the influence of Forest-Fruticulture conversion on soil traits, and SOM fractions in Brazil's Legal Amazon. The experiment was carried out in field conditions using four land uses as main treatments: Bixa orellana, Theobroma grandiflorum, Paullinia cupana, and the Amazon Rainforest. The soil physicochemical traits were analyzed using samples that were collected from 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm soil depth by using grids (10 × 10 m) with 36 sampling points. Our results showed that the Fruticulture promoted an increase in bulk density, GMD, aggregate diameter, soil porosity, gravimetric moisture, sand, clay, carbon associated with humic acid, and, the sum of bases (K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), while the Amazon Rainforest showed the highest values of silt, soil P content, SOC, p-SOC, m-SOC, carbon associated with fulvic acid, humine, and soil C stock. Overall, the fruticulture farming systems have negative effects on SOM compartments. The results of our study highlight the importance of considering fruticulture with endemic plant species by promoting soil fertility and soil aggregation.
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A previous optimization of supercritical extraction from guarana seeds was performed applying orthogonal array design (OA9(34)). The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of these extracts, as well as metabolomic profiling and correlations from the compounds by statistical analysis were determined. Extracts 1 (40% ethanol; 20 min; 40 °C and 100 bar), 2 (40% methanol; 60 min; 40 °C and 200 bar), and 8 (40% methanol; 40 min; 60 °C and 100 bar) had the highest combined values of antioxidant capacity for the DPPH, FRAP, ABTS and xanthine oxidase system methods, and were identified by chemometric analysis. Similar chemical profiles of the extracts were obtained by LC-DAD-MS, and were identified: methyl-xanthine, (epi)catechin and dimers and trimers of type A and B proanthocyanidins. The heat map analysis showed positive correlation between antioxidant methods DPPH, FRAP and ABTS and with flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins. Extract 3 was active against Gram-negative and -positive bacteria and Candida tropicalis.
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Guarana is one of the most popular functional foods in the Amazon and widely used in the world. This work aimed to study the chemical composition of guarana produced by the main producing states and try to associate their geographical origin. We report an untargeted metabolomic analytical method performed by UHPLC-ESI-IT-MS and multivariate analysis (chemometrics) of guarana seeds, which was able to separate the samples according to their geographical origin. Previously, full chromatogram range was analyzed, and it could be observed that the two main compounds, catechin and epicatechin, have introduced large data variance in PCA analysis not related to the geographical origin of samples. After exclusion of the corresponding peaks, it was possible to obtain three main clusters corresponding to samples from Amazonas, Bahia and Mato Grosso. Thirteen dimers and trimers of procyanidins type A and B were identified by PCA and UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS, as chemical markers of geographic origin.
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Paullinia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Extratos Vegetais , Sementes , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
In this work, a method was developed for the determination of Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, S, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu by ICP OES and caffeine and epicatechin by HPLC-DAD in industrialized guarana-based beverages. The acid digestion in microwave oven was optimized by constrained mixture design. The optimum volumes found for the reagents were 2.60 mL (HNO3), 1.80 mL (H2O2), and 0.60 mL (HCl) for a final volume of 10 mL, resulting in a final digestate with residual acidity of 0.8 mol L-1 and 9% for residual carbon content. The detection limits found for the studied elements were between 0.0010 and 0.050 mg L-1. Precision (%RSD) was always below 6%. Accuracy was assessed by analyzing a certified reference material and addition and recovery tests. PCA and HCA were applied to caffeine, epicatechin and elemental concentrations aiming to evidence latent information.
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Catequina , Paullinia , Cafeína , Análise de Dados , Digestão , Peróxido de Hidrogênio , Micro-OndasRESUMO
Paullinia cupana Kunth., commonly named Guaraná, is a plant from Brazil used as stimulant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of extracts and tannins-rich and methylxanthines-free fraction from guaraná in the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect in vitro. Extract 1 obtained good yields of tannins and methylxanthines and was used to identify a type-A procyanidin trimer by LC-ESI-MS. Fraction 4 was rich in tannins and absent of methylxanthines. The extracts and fraction exhibited strong capacity for scavenging DPPH radical with IC50 between 5.88 and 42.75-µg/mL and inhibited TNF-α release by LPS-activated THP-1 cells when compared with control cells and did not present toxicity to THP-1 cells. The fraction 4, rich in tannins, was highly active, with IC50 5.88 µg/mL by DPPH method and inhibited TNF-α release in 83.50% at 90 µg/mL. These results reinforced potential anti-inflammatory of guaraná and data for new therapeutic approaches.
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Antioxidantes/química , Paullinia/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , Brasil , Cafeína/química , Linhagem Celular , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia de Fase Reversa , Humanos , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Monócitos/citologia , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Monócitos/metabolismo , Paullinia/metabolismo , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Sementes/química , Sementes/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Teobromina/química , Teofilina/química , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Abstract Guarana, the fruit of Paullinia cupana, is known for its stimulating and medicinal properties by the Amazonian indigenous population and communities. However, it presents serious phytopathological problems, such as anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. The objective of this study was to verify if C. siamense, a mycovirus-carrying endophytic fungus, could protect guarana seedlings, by reducing or by eliminating characteristic disease symptoms. Other physiological changes in the plant caused by the presence of this endophyte were also evaluated. The cuttings of the Cereçaporanga cultivar were dipped in a biological control suspension and planted in a specific substrate. After four months in the greenhouse, the seedlings were sprayed with a suspension of phytopathogen conidia, and a portion of these seedlings received the fungicide indicated for the crop to be compared with the control seedlings. After 28 days, the number of lesions, morphophysiological and macro characteristics, and leaf micronutrients were evaluated. The seedlings treated with C. siamense showed a lower percentage of lesions and an increased aerial part and root system compared to the other treatments. There were no significant differences between treatments regarding the percentage of macronutrients and micronutrients.
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Colletotrichum/virologia , Paullinia , Micovírus , Ecossistema AmazônicoRESUMO
The Brazilian Food Supplement Law recently recognized that guarana (Paullinia cupana) contains bioactive substances, hence supporting its role as a functional food ingredient. The health benefits of guarana are associated, at least in part, to its phenolic compounds. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no literature addressing the presence of phenolic compounds in the fraction containing insoluble-bound compounds and its contribution in terms of alpha-glucosidase inhibition. The concentration of phenolic extracts released from the insoluble-bound fraction required to inhibit 50% of alpha-glucosidase (IC50) activity was 5.8-fold lower than that present in the soluble counterpart. Both fractions exhibited a mixed inhibition mode. Fourteen proanthocyanidins (dimers to tetramers) present in the insoluble-bound fraction were tentatively identified by MALDi-TOF-MS. Future studies aiming at increasing the concentration of the soluble counterpart are deemed necessary. The results presented here enhance the phenolic database of guarana and have a practical impact on the procurement of nutraceuticals and functional ingredients related to the prevention and/or management of type 2 diabetes. The Brazilian normative on food supplements has been recently revised. This study lends support to the future inclusion of guarana powder in the list of sources of proanthocyanidins for the industry of food supplements.
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Cafeína/farmacologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Glicosídeo Hidrolases/farmacologia , Polifenóis/farmacologia , Proantocianidinas/farmacologia , Teobromina/farmacologia , Teofilina/farmacologia , Brasil , Cafeína/química , Suplementos Nutricionais , Humanos , Medicina Tradicional/métodos , Paullinia/química , Compostos Fitoquímicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Teobromina/química , Teofilina/química , alfa-Glucosidases/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Paullinia cupana Kunth, commonly known as guarana, is a native Brazilian plant species from the Amazon area that presents various biological effects, including antimicrobial action. The aim of this study was to chemically analyse the semipurified aqueous extract (AqF) of the plant and to evaluate the activity of crude (CE), ethyl-acetate (EAF), and AqF extracts against Helicobacter pylori. The chemical profile of AqF was determined based on solid analysis 13C-NMR, direct infusion mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and MALDI-TOF. The 13C-NMR spectrum showed characteristics of flavan-3-ol and oligomeric proanthocyanidins. ESI-MS revealed the presence of procyanidin, caffeic acid and its derivatives. MALDI-TOF analysis detected procyanidins of up to 6 units and profisetinidins of up to 5 units. Whereas CE and EAF showed inhibitory activity against H. pylori, CE, EAF, and AqF presented not high inhibitory activity against urease. The results demonstrate the potential of P. cupana to control and prevent H. pylori infection.
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Helicobacter pylori/efeitos dos fármacos , Paullinia/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Brasil , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Infecções por Helicobacter/prevenção & controle , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Proantocianidinas/farmacologia , Urease/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
The effects of guarana seed and pitanga leaf extracts on the physical-chemical and sensory characteristics, and oxidative stability of modified atmosphere-packaged lamb patties with fat replacement during storage (2⯰C) were investigated. Four treatments were prepared: control (without antioxidant); with BHT (10â¯mg/kg); with 250â¯mg/kg guarana extract (G250); with 250â¯mg/kg pitanga extract (P250). Analysis included the proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat, and ash) and sensory acceptance (day 0); pH, color (L*, a*, b*), TBARs, carbonyl content, DPPH, and visual sensory assessment (0, 6, 12, and 18â¯days); fatty acid profile and volatile compounds (0 and 18â¯days). G250 and P250 did not alter the centesimal composition and the acceptance of the lamb burgers on day 0. The extracts also delayed discoloration of the burgers, endowed the reddest intensity, and retarded lipid and protein oxidation throughout storage time, particularly P250, which presented the lowest TBARs levels (6.92â¯mg MDA/kg) and carbonyl values (5.59â¯nmol carbonyl/mg), and the highest antioxidant activity (249.48⯵g Trolox/g), at day 18. The MUFA, SFA, and PUFA levels, AI, TI, and h/H ratio were comparable between treatments; only the n-6/n-3 ratio was higher in P250 treatment but within the recommended levels. More volatile compounds were derived from lipid oxidation in the control and BHT treatments than G250 and P250 treatments. As a result, both G250 and P250 groups are effective against color deterioration, and lipid and protein oxidation, without impairing the sensorial characteristics, representing a promising alternative to replace synthetic antioxidants by natural products in lamb burger.
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Antioxidantes/química , Eugenia , Armazenamento de Alimentos/métodos , Paullinia , Extratos Vegetais/química , Óleos de Plantas/química , Carne Vermelha/análise , Cor , Emulsões , Qualidade dos Alimentos , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Folhas de Planta/química , Salvia/química , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
Actinobacteria are known by their ability to produce several antimicrobial compounds of biotechnological interest. Thus, in this study, we isolated and identified by partial 16S RNA sequencing â¼100 actinobacteria isolates from guarana (Paullinia cupana) bulk soil. Besides, we isolated from the actinobacteria Streptomyces morookaense AM25 a novel cyclic peptide, named gloeosporiocide, molecular formula C44H48N11O7S3 (calculated 938.2901), and characterized by the presence of cyclized cysteins to form three thiazols. The novel compound had activity against the plant pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, assayed by the paper disk diffusion method (42.7% inhibition, 0.1 mg disk-1) and by the microdilution assay (1.25 g L-1). Our results reveal the potential of the actinobacteria from the Amazon rhizospheric soils as biocontrol agents as well as producers of new compounds with antifungal activity. Thus, this work constitutes a step forward in the development of the biotechnology of actinobacteria in the production of compounds of agronomic interest.
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Antibiose , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Peptídeos Cíclicos/isolamento & purificação , Peptídeos Cíclicos/farmacologia , Microbiologia do Solo , Streptomyces/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Peptídeos Cíclicos/química , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Plants are colonized by diverse microorganisms that can substantially impact their health and growth. Understanding bacterial diversity and the relationships between bacteria and phytopathogens may be key to finding effective biocontrol agents. We evaluated the bacterial community associated with anthracnose symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves of guarana, a typical tropical crop. Bacterial communities were assessed through culture-independent techniques based on extensive 16S rRNA sequencing, and cultured bacterial strains were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum sp. as well as for enzyme and siderophore production. The culture-independent method revealed that Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum, but many sequences were unclassified. The emergence of anthracnose disease did not significantly affect the bacterial community, but the abundance of the genera Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Klebsiella were significantly higher in the symptomatic leaves. In vitro growth of Colletotrichum sp. was inhibited by 11.38% of the cultured bacterial strains, and bacteria with the highest inhibition rates were isolated from symptomatic leaves, while asymptomatic leaves hosted significantly more bacteria that produced amylase and polygalacturonase. The bacterial isolate Bacillus sp. EpD2-5 demonstrated the highest inhibition rate against Colletotrichum sp., whereas the isolates EpD2-12 and FD5-12 from the same genus also had high inhibition rates. These isolates were also able to produce several hydrolytic enzymes and siderophores, indicating that they may be good candidates for the biocontrol of anthracnose. Our work demonstrated the importance of using a polyphasic approach to study microbial communities from plant diseases, and future work should focus on elucidating the roles of culture-independent bacterial communities in guarana anthracnose disease.
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Antibiose/fisiologia , Agentes de Controle Biológico/isolamento & purificação , Colletotrichum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Paullinia/microbiologia , Proteobactérias/isolamento & purificação , Acinetobacter/classificação , Acinetobacter/genética , Acinetobacter/isolamento & purificação , Amilases/metabolismo , Antracose/microbiologia , Bacillus/classificação , Bacillus/genética , Bacillus/isolamento & purificação , Klebsiella/classificação , Klebsiella/genética , Klebsiella/isolamento & purificação , Microbiota , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Folhas de Planta/microbiologia , Poligalacturonase/metabolismo , Proteobactérias/classificação , Proteobactérias/genética , Pseudomonas/classificação , Pseudomonas/genética , Pseudomonas/isolamento & purificação , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Floresta Úmida , Sideróforos/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Maternal obesity can program the offspring, increasing the risk of overweight and obesity in adult life. Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is a Brazilian plant that has weight-reducing effects. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of Guarana on metabolic and inflammatory parameters in mice programmed by maternal obesity. METHODS: Swiss female mice were divided into two groups: control and high fat (HF), who received a standard diet or a high-fat diet (HFD), respectively, for 8 weeks prior to mating, gestation, and lactation. After post-natal day (PN) 21, the offspring of the HF group were subdivided into three groups: HF without treatment; HF early treatment, offspring treated with Guarana (1 g/kg bodyweight) in PN25-PN30; HF late treatment, offspring treated with Guarana (1 g/kg bodyweight) in PN65-PN75. Basal energy expenditure, the lipid profile and fasting glucose levels were determined. Body composition was evaluated by dissecting adipose tissue depots. Gene expression was analyzed using real-time PCR. RESULTS: During mating, the weight of HF females increased; after lactation, their adipose tissue depots and fasting glycemic levels also increased. The offspring of the HF group showed an increased body weight at PN21. At PN80, in the mice treated with Guarana (with both treatments), VO2 and energy expenditure increased, adipose tissue depots decreased, and the expression of leptin, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 decreased compared with that in the HF group. CONCLUSIONS: Guarana treatment at both stages of life reversed some of the alterations developed by the offspring of HF animals in adult life.
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Inflamação/metabolismo , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Obesidade/metabolismo , Paullinia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/metabolismo , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/metabolismo , GravidezRESUMO
Ziprasidone (ZIP) is an effective antipsychotic with low side effects than other second-generation antipsychotics. Despite this, there are reports of adverse events and previous studies associating the use of ZIP the inflammatory response. It is possible to infer that bioactive molecules present in some foods could attenuate peripheral inflammatory and oxidative stress potentially triggered ZIP. This is the case of guaraná xanthine-catechin chemical matrix (XC-Mix) that presents caffeine, theobromine, and catechin. The in vitro protocols using murine RAW 264.7 cell macrophages were ZIP-exposure in culture medium supplemented with chemical isolated and admixture of Caf, The, and Cat. Main results showed that supplementation with isolated and XC-mix had a lowering effect on 72 h macrophages proliferation. XC-mix with 1:1:1 proportion at 25 µg/mL of each caffeine, theobromine, and catechin, molecules present lowering effect on nitric oxide levels, oxidative stress markers (DNA oxidation quantified by 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine), lipoperoxidation, and protein carbonylation. XC-mix also decreased protein levels and downregulated genes of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α). At contrary, XC-Mix increased levels and upregulated gene of anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine. The results suggest that XC-matrix could present some beneficial action on peripheral proinflammatory effects ZIP-triggered. Complementary in vivo studies could be useful to confirm these in vitro findings described here.
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Misturas Complexas/farmacologia , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Ativação de Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Tiazóis/farmacologia , Animais , Antipsicóticos/farmacologia , Cafeína , Catequina , Proliferação de Células , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Macrófagos/citologia , Camundongos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Paullinia , Células RAW 264.7 , Teobromina , XantinaRESUMO
Floral scent is an important component of the trait repertoire of flowering plants, which is used to attract and manipulate pollinators. Despite advances during the last decades about the chemicals released by flowers, there is still a large gap in our understanding of chemical communication between flowering plants and their pollinators. We analyzed floral scents of guarana (Paullinia cupana, Sapindaceae), an economically important plant of the Amazon, using chemical analytical approaches, and determined the attractiveness of the scent to its nocturnal bee pollinators using behavioral assays in the field. Pollen loads of attracted bees were also analyzed. Inflorescences of guarana emit strong scents, both during day and at night, with some semi-quantitative differences between day- and night-time scents. Synthetic scent mixtures containing some of the identified floral scent components, including the most abundant ones, i.e., linalool and (E)-ß-ocimene, successfully attracted the nocturnal Megalopta bee pollinators. Pollen analyses revealed that many of the attracted bees had pollen grains from previous visits to guarana flowers on their bodies. Overall, our data show that guarana flowers attract nocturnal bee visitors by their strong scents and suggest that the chemical communication between this plant and its pollinators is a key component in crop production of this economically important plant species.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of guarana on mitochondrial biogenesis in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. C57BL6J mice were divided in two groups: high-fat diet HFD and high-fat diet + guarana (HFD-GUA). Both groups received HFD and water ad libitum and the HFD-GUA group also received a daily gavage of guarana (1 g/kg weight). Body weight and food intake was measured weekly. Glycemic, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels were determined. VO2 and energy expenditure (EE) were determined by indirect calorimetry. Gene expression was evaluated by real-time PCR and protein content by western blotting. The HFD-GUA group presented lower body weight, subcutaneous, retroperitoneal, visceral, and epididyimal adipose tissue depots, and glycemic and triglyceride levels, with no change in food intake and cholesterol levels. Furthermore, the HFD-GUA group presented an increase in VO2 and basal energy expenditure (EE), as well as Pgc1α, Creb1, Ampka1, Nrf1, Nrf2, and Sirt1 expression in the muscle and brown adipose tissue. In addition, the HFD-GUA group presented an increase in mtDNA (mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid) content in the muscle when compared to the HFD group. Thus, our data showed that guarana leads to an increase in energetic metabolism and stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis, contributing to control of weight gain, even when associated with high-fat diet.