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INTRODUCTION: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease mainly affecting children. Similarly, Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an inflammatory skin disease, but unlike AD it results from direct exposure to an external agent. Theoretically, the impaired skin barrier facilitates the penetration of potential allergens. Therefore, AD patients are at risk for an associated ACD, exacerbating their skin condition. Because eczema is similar, performing a patch test (PT) for the differential diagnosis is essential. METHODS: In this cross-sectional transversal study, we performed a PT with 30 sensitizers in 26 children with AD, selected according to established criteria for suspected ACD, and treated at an AD center of a pediatric university hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Clinical presentation, patient profile, main sensitizers, and frequency of ACD caused by therapeutic skincare products were evaluated. RESULTS: In all, 23 (88.5%) patients reacted to at least one allergen, 21 (80.7%) had a relevant positive patch test, and 15 (57.7%) were polysensitized. The main positive sensitizers were nickel (38.5%), blue disperse (30.8%), fragrance mix (30.8%), and neomycin (23.1%). Nineteen (73%) patients reacted to substances present in therapeutic or skincare products. CONCLUSION: Our data underscore the importance of performing a PT in AD children whose eczema has atypical distribution. The expressive percentage of positive tests, especially of allergens in skincare products, indicates the constant need to review the proposed treatments. Therefore, we recommend a specific and expanded PT battery for pediatric AD patients, including a negative control, to increase sensitivity for diagnosing ACD.

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BACKGROUND: Quinine is an alkaloid with antipyretic and anti-infective properties, and also an ingredient in tonic waters. Adverse reactions have been reported with this product, such as photosensitivity, vasculitis, and contact dermatitis. CASE REPORT: A 31-year-old male patient who, after 3-4 hours of consuming "Schweppes®" gin with tonic water, manifested ulcers on the lips and oral cavity, and a fixed erythematous lesion on the second phalanx of the hand, 24 hours later. Skin tests with aeroallergens and food were negative, and 48-hour patch tests were positive (quinine [++] and "Schweppes®" [++]). Based on the test findings, the diagnosis of an adverse reaction to quinine, contained in the tonic water, will be established. CONCLUSIONS: Quinine can be found in other types of foods or medications, so it is important to establish an accurate diagnosis and offer adequate recommendations to the patient with the consumption of this product.

ANTECEDENTES: La quinina es un alcaloide con propiedades antipiréticas, antiinfecciosas y, además, un ingrediente del agua tónica. Se han descrito reacciones adversas con este producto, como fotosensibilidad, vasculitis y dermatitis de contacto. REPORTE DE CASO: Paciente masculino de 31 años, que luego de 3-4 horas de consumir ginebra con agua tónica "Schweppes®" manifestó úlceras en los labios y la cavidad bucal, y una lesión eritematosa fija en la segunda falange de la mano, 24 horas después. Las pruebas cutáneas con aeroalérgenos y alimentos resultaron negativas, y las pruebas epicutáneas de 48 horas positivas (quinina [++] y "Schweppes®" [++]). Con base en los hallazgos de las pruebas, se estableció el diagnóstico de reacción adversa por quinina, contenida en el agua tónica. CONCLUSIÓN: La quinina puede encontrarse en diferentes alimentos o medicamentos, por lo que es importante establecer el diagnóstico preciso y ofrecer recomendaciones adecuadas por el consumo de este producto.

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INTRODUCTION: Multiform exudative erythema is a rare delayed hypersensitivity reaction associated with medications. The manifestations caused by hydroxychloroquine are exceptional; however, due to the increase in its prescription due to the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, adverse reactions have been exacerbated. CASE REPORT: A 60-year-old female patient, who attended the Emergency Department for a picture of erythematous rash of one week of evolution, with involvement of the trunk, face and palms of the hands. Laboratory studies reported: leukocytosis with neutrophilia and lymphopenia, without eosinophilia or abnormal liver enzymes. The lesions continued to descend towards her extremities, with subsequent desquamation. She was prescribed prednisone 15 mg/24 h for three days, tapering to 10 mg/24 h, until her new assessment, in addition to antihistamines. Two days later, new macular lesions appeared in the presternal area and on the oral mucosa. Control laboratory studies did not show alterations. Skin biopsy reported: vacuolar interface dermatitis with spongiosis and parakeratosis, compatible with erythema multiforme. Epicutaneous tests were carried out with meloxicam and 30% hydroxychloroquine in water and vaseline, occluded for two days and interpreted at 48 and 96 hours, with a positive result for the latter. The diagnosis of multiform exudative erythema due to hydroxychloroquine was established. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the efficacy of patch tests in patients with delayed hypersensitivity reactions to hydroxychloroquine.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El eritema exudativo multiforme es una reacción de hipersensibilidad retardada poco frecuente asociada con medicamentos. Las manifestaciones provocadas por hidroxicloroquina son excepcionales; sin embargo, debido al incremento de su prescripción, por la reciente pandemia de SARS-CoV-2, las reacciones adversas se han exacerbado. REPORTE DE CASO: Paciente femenina de 60 años, que acudió al servicio de Urgencias por un cuadro de exantema eritematoso de una semana de evolución, con afectación hacia el tronco, la cara y las palmas de las manos. Los estudios de laboratorio informaron: leucocitosis con neutrofilia y linfopenia, sin eosinofilia ni alteración de las enzimas hepáticas. Las lesiones continuaron descendiendo hacia las extremidades, con posterior descamación. Se le indicó prednisona 15 mg/24 h durante tres días, con disminución a 10 mg/24 h, hasta su nueva valoración, además de antihistamínicos. Dos días posteriores aparecieron nuevas lesiones maculares en la zona preesternal y en la mucosa oral. Los estudios de laboratorio de control no mostraron alteraciones. La biopsia cutánea informó: dermatitis de interfase vacuolar con espongiosis y paraqueratosis, compatible con eritema multiforme. Se llevaron a cabo pruebas epicutáneas con meloxicam e hidroxicloroquina al 30% en agua y vaselina, ocluidos dos días e interpretados a las 48 y 96 horas, con resultado positivo para esta última. Se estableció el diagnóstico de eritema exudativo multiforme por hidroxicloroquina. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio confirma la eficacia de las pruebas epicutáneas en pacientes con reacciones de hipersensibilidad retardada a hidroxicloroquina.

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Summary: Background. Contact dermatitis is characterized by pruritic skin lesions with high prevalence rates. Our objective is to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of a population with suspected contact dermatitis who underwent to a patch testing using an adapted Latin American baseline series.Methods. Observational, descriptive, analytical clinical study with prospective data collection was performed. 208 participants who underwent patch testing using an adapted Latin American baseline series containing 40 allergens were analyzed. The prevalence of contact allergies was compared with data from the literature. Pearson's chi-square test was used for qualitative variables. Quantitative variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. The significance of the regression parameters was tested using the Wald statistical test. Results. A total of 69.7% had one or more positive tests. Among those, 82.8% were women (OR 1.371; p = 0.398). The hands were the most commonly affected site at 43%. An occupational history was detected in 19.2%. The most common allergens were nickel sulfate (32.2%), sodium tetrachloropalladate (19.7%), fragrance mix I (15.4%), and methylisothiazolinone (13.5%). In multivariate logistic regression models, nickel was significantly related to female sex, as well as palladium. Fragrance mix I was related to a family history of allergy (p less than 0.05). Methylisothiazolinone was statistically significantly related to face and hand lesions. Conclusions. This study demonstrated a detailed profile of a population with suspected allergic contact dermatitis. Our patch test results, using an adapted Latin American baseline series, represent a significant update of this important diagnostic tool.

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Food allergens are capable of producing adverse reactions through multiple mechanisms of an allergic or non-allergic nature, and through different routes of exposure; generally by ingestion or contact, as in protein contact dermatitis or contact urticaria, including inhalation. Food allergy reactions, in turn, can be mediated by immediate hypersensitivity mechanisms, delayed hypersensitivity or mixed immediate-delayed mechanisms. The reference diagnostic method in food allergy is the double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge test (DBPCFC), but skin and serological tests are important in the clinical context. The diagnosis of immediate food allergy depends on well-standardized allergological tests, such as the skin prick test (SPT) or specific IgE dosing, which are ideally tested by food challenge testing. However, the diagnosis of delayed mechanism food allergy and mixed allergies, which combine both immune mechanisms, is more complex. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions are evaluated with the epicutaneous patch test, or patch testing, for the diagnosis of contact dermatitis. The atopy patch test is initially used for the investigation of inflammatory reactions, which may be linked to food allergens in patients with atopic dermatitis. It was later applied in other diseases, whose pathogenesis is mainly mediated by a mechanism of delayed hypersensitivity to protein allergens: eosinophilic esophagitis, enterocolitis induced by food proteins, protein contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, among other disorders.

Los alergenos alimentarios son capaces de producir reacciones adversas por múltiples mecanismos de naturaleza alérgica o no, y mediante distintas vías de exposición; generalmente por ingestión o por contacto, como en la dermatitis por contacto a proteínas o urticaria por contacto, incluso por inhalación. Las reacciones de alergia alimentaria, a su vez, pueden ser mediadas por mecanismos de hipersensibilidad inmediata, hipersensibilidad retardada o mecanismos mixtos inmediato-retardados. El método diagnóstico de referencia en alergia alimentaria es la prueba de desafío con alimentos a doble ciego controlado con placebo (DBPCFC), pero las pruebas cutáneas y serológicas son importantes en el contexto clínico. El diagnóstico de alergia alimentaria inmediata depende de pruebas alergológicas bien estandarizadas, como la prueba de prick (skin prick test-SPT) o la dosificación de IgE específica, que idealmente se comprueban mediante la prueba de provocación con alimentos. Sin embargo, el diagnóstico de alergia alimentaria de mecanismo retardado y alergias mixtas, que combinan ambos mecanismos inmunes, resulta más complejo. Las reacciones de hipersensibilidad retardada se evalúan con la prueba de parche epicutáneo, o patch testing, para el diagnóstico de las dermatitis por contacto. La prueba de parche de atopia se utiliza, inicialmente, para la investigación de reacciones inflamatorias, que pueden vincularse con alergenos alimentarios en pacientes con dermatitis atópica. Posteriormente fue aplicada en otras enfermedades, cuya patogenia es principalmente mediada por un mecanismo de hipersensibilidad retardada a alérgenos proteicos: esofagitis eosinofílica, enterocolitis inducida por proteínas alimentarias, dermatitis por contacto a proteínas, urticaria por contacto, entre otras alteraciones.

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Objetivos: própolis é a substância resinosa que as abelhas coletam de plantas para a construção de suas colmeias. O objetivo dessa revisão foi ressaltar a importância do diagnóstico de dermatite de contato relacionada com própolis e aspectos clínicos relevantes dessa doença. Métodos: revisão narrativa da literatura realizada através da pesquisa nas bases de dados National Library of Medicine (PubMed) e Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO). Resultados: foram encontrados 246 artigos e, após o processo de seleção e leitura, foram incluídas 32 publicações. Conclusões: a hipersensibilidade tardia ao própolis é de extrema importância pois a prevalência dessa alergia é crescente em diversas partes do mundo. Precisamos de estudos nacionais para avaliar nossa realidade. A comprovação de alta prevalência em nosso meio permitirá a inclusão desta substância em outras baterias de testes de contato em nosso país

Aims: propolis is the resinous substance that bees collect from plants to build their hives. The aim of this review was to highlight the importance of diagnosing propolis-related contact dermatitis and relevant clinical aspects of this disease. Methods: narrative literature review carried out by searching the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases. Results: a total of 246 articles were found and, after the selection and reading process, 32 publications were included. Conclusions: delayed-type hypersensitivity to propolis is extremely important because the prevalence of this allergy is increasing in various parts of the world. We need national studies to assess our reality. Proof of the high prevalence in our country will allow this substance to be included in other patch tests series in our country

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SUMMARY: Topical treatments in ophthalmologic therapy are significant for the development of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in the periorbital region. Preservatives, antibiotics, glucocorticoids, and beta-blocker eye drops are defined as drugs with the highest sensitizing potential. The unavailability of patch test batteries containing substances of ophthalmological use makes it difficult for this diagnosis. In the present report, we describe six patients who developed ACD induced by different agents presenting in eye drops, confirmed with the cutaneous patch tests. The ACD diagnosis due to ophthalmic medications can be challenging, since many different agents can cause it, and the sensitivity of these cutaneous tests is low. Thus, early diagnosis is essential to avoid the complications of ACD on the skin and ocular disorders related to chronic periorbital eczema.

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BACKGROUND: Because Myroxylon pereirae (MP), or balsam of Peru, is nowadays almost not used "as such," and fragrance mix 1 (FM1) apparently is more sensitive in detecting fragrance allergy, the usefulness of testing MP in baseline series was recently questioned. OBJECTIVES: Identification of the number of clinically relevant patch test reactions to MP not detected by FM1. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 12 030 patients patch tested with MP and FM1 for contact dermatitis between January 2018 and December 2019 in 13 Italian dermatology clinics. RESULTS: Four hundred thirty-nine patients (3.6%) had a positive patch test reaction to MP; 437 (3.6%) had a positive patch test reaction to FM1. Positive reactions to both MP and FM1 were observed in 119 subjects (1.0%), 310 (2.6%) reacted to MP only, 304 (2.5%) to FM1 only, 5 to MP and sorbitan sesquioleate (SSO), 9 to FM1 and SSO, and 5 to MP, FM1, and SSO. Single sensitizations were clinically relevant in 75.2% of cases for MP (62.9% current, 12.3% past) and 76.3% for FM1 (70.1% current, 6.2% past). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, MP appears to be still worth testing along with FM1 in baseline series, because it allows detection of a remarkable number of fragrance allergies, often relevant, which would be otherwise missed.

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RESUMO: Dermatite alérgica de contato é uma doença cutânea inflamatória, não infecciosa, cuja base do tratamento é a identificação e eliminação do agente causal. Cocoamidopropil betaína é um surfactante muito utilizado nos produtos de uso pessoal, notadamente de uso capilar. Essa substância não está presente na bateria padrão brasileira. Neomicina é um antibiótico usado em preparações tópicas. Objetivamos mostrar paciente que desenvolveu alergia no couro cabeludo e que fez erroneamente automedicação com produto que continha substância a qual era ainda mais sensível. O caso é de uma mulher, 36 anos, evoluindo há dois meses com eczema pruriginoso, em áreas de implantação capilar e nuca. Relatava progressiva piora. Diante da suspeita de dermatite de contato, foi realizado teste de contato, utilizando-se da bateria padrão Latino-Americana. Com 96 horas (D4) evidenciou-se positividade leve (+) para cocoamidopropil betaína e forte (++) para neomicina. O resultado positivo para a neomicina foi intrigante, uma vez que a observação do rótulo dos produtos de uso pessoal não a continha. Diante do resultado do teste, após ser questionada novamente, ela confirmou a omissão da automedicação diária com pomada de neomicina. Em conclusão, mostramos a alergia a produtos de uso capilar. Reforçamos a necessidade de se fazer um teste de contato com bateria padrão atualizada. Por fim, alertamos sobre o risco da automedicação. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammatory, non-infectious skin disease. The treatment is based on the identification and elimination of the causal agent. Cocamidopropyl betaine is a surfactant widely used in products for personal use, especially capillary use. This substance is not present in the Brazilian baseline series. Neomycin is an antibiotic used in topical preparations. We aimed to show a patient who developed na allergy in the scalp and mistakenly self-medicated with a product that contained a substance to which it was even more sensitive. The case is of a woman, 36 years old, evolving for 2 months with pruritic eczema, in areas of capillary and nape implantation. She reported progressive worsening. When contact dermatitis was suspected, a contact test was performed using the Latin American baseline series. At 96 hours (D4) there was mild positivity (+) for cocamidopropyl betaine and strong (++) for neomycin. The positive result for neomycin was intriguing, since the observation of the label of products for personal use did not contain it. In view of the test result, after being questioned again, she confirmed the omission of daily self-medication with neomycin ointment. In conclusion, we showed the allergy to hair products. We reinforced the need for an updated baseline series patch test. Finally, we warned about the risk of self-medication. (AU)

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A metilisotiazolinona (MI) é um conservante presente em produtos químicos de limpeza e cosméticos na forma isolada ou associada à metilclorotiazolinona (MCI/MI). Seu uso tem sido associado ao aumento progressivo de casos de dermatite alérgica de contato (DAC) no mundo, constituindo uma das principais causas dessa entidade. O diagnóstico padrão-ouro de DAC a essa substância é realizado pelo teste de contato. No Brasil, a bateria padrão contempla apenas o composto MCI/MI, não avaliando isoladamente a MI. Relatamos caso clínico de uma paciente com eczema crônico predominante em mãos, que possuía nexo ocupacional com utilização de produtos de limpeza, tendo apresentado teste de contato, através da bateria Latino-Americana, fortemente positivo (+++) à MI 0,2% e negativo para MCI/MI. Objetivamos demonstrar a importância da inclusão da metilisotiazolinona, de forma isolada, na bateria padrão brasileira para maior sensibilidade diagnóstica, além da necessidade de especificação da presença desse conservante em produtos de limpeza.

Methylisothiazolinone (MI) is a preservative present in cleaning and cosmetic products, in the isolated form or associated to methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI/MI). Its use has been associated with the progressive increase in cases of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in the world, constituting one of the main causes of this entity. The gold standard diagnosis of ACD for this substance is performed by the patch test. In Brazil, the baseline series only includes the MCI / MI compound, not evaluating the MI alone. We case report of a patient with predominant chronic eczema on the hands, who had an occupational nexus with the use of cleaning products, having presented a patch test, through the Latin American series, extremely positive for 0.2% MI (+++) and negative for the MCI/MI. We aim to demonstrate the importance of including methylisothialzoninone, in isolation, in the Brazilian baseline series for greater diagnostic sensitivity, in addition to the need to specify the presence of this preservative in products.

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OBJETIVO: Dermatite de contato é doença inflamatória cutânea, não infecciosa, prevenível, que afeta a qualidade de vida do indivíduo, ocorrendo após exposição de substâncias prejudiciais à pele. Pode ser alérgica ou irritativa. É a principal causa de doença cutânea ocupacional. A pandemia de Covid-19 afeta as pessoas de diferentes maneiras mexendo com paradigmas laborais e recreacionais. Objetivamos alertar que importantes alergias inaparentes podem se manifestar pela alteração da rotina individual transformando hobby em atividade ocupacional decorrente da epidemia global causada pelo SARS-CoV-2. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Relatamos um caso do sexo masculino que desenvolveu há 8 meses, intenso eczema de mãos após mudança de hábito relacionado ao isolamento social. Negava atopia. Clinicamente apresentava marcada dermatite com hiperemia, fissuras, erosões, num padrão conhecido como de pinçamento. Ele que exercia atividade laboral extradomiciliar, passou a ficar recluso trocando sua atividade anteriormente de lazer para atividade ocupacional. Feito teste de contato, utilizando-se da bateria padrão Latino-Americana, constatou-se forte reação em 48 e 96 horas para a resina epóxi de bisfenol A. CONCLUSÃO: Mostramos que a pandemia do Covid-19, mesmo indiretamente, é capaz de revelar alergias ocultas pela alteração das atividades ocupacionais desempenhadas pelos indivíduos.

AIMS: Contact dermatitis is a non-infectious, preventable skin inflammatory disease that affects the quality of life of the individual, occurring after exposure to substances harmful to the skin. It can be allergic or irritating. It is the main cause of occupational skin disease. The Covid-19 pandemic affects people in different ways by messing with occupational and recreational paradigms. We aim to warn that important unapparent allergies can manifest themselves by the alteration of the individual routine transforming hobby into occupational activity due to the global epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report a male case that developed eigth months ago, severe hand eczema after a habit change related to social isolation. He denied atopy. Clinically he presented marked dermatitis with hyperemia, cracks, erosions, in a pattern known as clamping. He, who exercised extradomic labor activity, became a recluse changing his previous activity from leisure to occupational activity. A patch test, using the Latin American baseline series, showed a strong reaction in 48 and 96 hours for the bisphenol A epoxy resin. CONCLUSION: We have shown that the Covid-19 pandemic, even indirectly, can reveal hidden allergies due to altered occupational activities performed by individuals.

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In winemaking, a large amount of grape pomace is produced that is rich in polyphenolics and highly beneficial for human health, as phenols are useful for skin ultraviolet (UV) protection. In this investigation, we evaluated the safety and clinical efficacy of a sunscreen system containing a grape pomace extract from Vitis vinifera L. as a bioactive ingredient. The recovery of phenolics in the waste was performed by percolation. Nine emulsions were developed using a factorial design and two were evaluated clinically: Formulation E, containing only UV filters (butylmethoxydibenzoyl methane, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA), and F, with the extract at 10.0% w/w + UV filters. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH assay and the in vitro efficacy was established by sun protection factor (SPF) measurements (Labsphere UV-2000S). Clinical tests were performed to determine safety (human repeated insult patch test) and to confirm efficacy (photoprotective effectiveness in participants). The results showed a synergistic effect between the sunscreen system and the extract on UVB protection and antioxidant activity. Both samples were considered safe. Formulation F was 20.59% more efficient in protecting skin against UVB radiation, taking approximately 21% more time to induce erythema compared to the extract-free sample.

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BACKGROUND: Notwithstanding that concomitant exposure to different isothiazolinone derivatives may result in concomitant sensitization, clinical and animal studies have suggested cross-reactivity between these derivatives, notably between methylisothiazolinone (MI) and octylisothiazolinone (OIT). OBJECTIVE: To investigate if patients sensitized to MI show cross-reactions to OIT and/or to benzisothiazolinone (BIT) by applying the concept of the re-test method. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From March to October 2019 consecutive patients were patch tested with MI 0.2% aqueous in duplicate at the two lower corners of both shoulder blades. Patients sensitized to MI, but not to OIT 0.1% petrolatum (pet.) nor to BIT 0.1% pet., were re-tested, 2 months later, with the latter two derivatives at the skin sites where the MI reactions had fully disappeared. RESULTS: Of 116 patients, 15 (13%) were sensitized to MI, eight of these not sensitized to BIT nor to OIT. Of these, seven patients, all (very) strongly sensitized to MI, were re-tested: five patients showed positive patch test reactions to OIT 0.1% pet.; one patient to OIT 0.1% pet. and BIT 0.1% pet.; and one other patient showed no reactions. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that patients primarily and strongly sensitized to MI may show immunologic cross-reactions to OIT, and to a far lesser extent to BIT.

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Objetivos: Investigar o papel do patch test na avaliação da sensibilização por alimentos e no diagnóstico de alergia alimentar em pacientes com dermatite atópica (DA) e comparar duas distintas apresentações do teste. Métodos: Esse estudo prospectivo envolveu 20 crianças (mediana de idade de 8,4 anos) com dermatite atópica moderada ou grave que foram submetidas ao teste cutâneo de hipersensibilidade tardia (patch test ) com alimentos frescos e extratos comerciais, seguidos de teste de provocação oral (TPO) nos casos de resultado positivo, no intuito de avaliar a correlação clínica. Resultados: Entre os 20 pacientes avaliados, somente 4 (20%) apresentaram resultados positivos para o patch test, com maior positividade para os extratos comerciais (3/4), em comparação aos alimentos in natura. Não se observou concordância dos resultados obtidos entre as duas apresentações comparadas. Do total de 7 TPO realizados, 4 foram positivos (soja e milho para um paciente e amendoim para outros dois), com piora das lesões da DA (valor preditivo positivo de 57%). Apenas uma criança apresentou efeito adverso mais significativo. Conclusões: Embora tenha sido encontrada baixa sensibilização aos alérgenos alimentares na população estudada e discordância entre os resultados dos patch tests com alimentos frescos e extratos comerciais, o teste mostrou-se seguro. Para uma melhor análise estatística, recomenda-se estudo em população maior.

Objective: To evaluate the use of patch testing in determining food sensitization and allergy in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and compare two distinct assays. Method: Twenty children (median age, 8.4 years) with moderate-to-severe AD were prospectively evaluated by atopy patch test with commercial extracts and fresh food allergens. Positive results were further investigated by oral food challenge (OFC). Results: Only 4/20 patients (20%) had positive patch results, mostly to commercial extracts (3/4) compared to fresh food. There was no agreement between the results of the two presentations tested. Four of seven OFCs were positive (one patient to soy and corn, two others to peanut), with worsening AD eczema (positive predictive value of 57%). One child had a more significant side effect. Conclusion: In spite of poor sensitization rates in the study population and no observed correlation between the two presentations tested, atopy patch testing was safe. Studies with a broader population are needed for better conclusions.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the positivity rates of atopy patch tests for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae and Blomia tropicalis in patients with respiratory diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis with or without atopic dermatitis. METHODS: The patients' clinical histories were collected, and the patients were subjected to skin prick and patch tests with the three different house dust mites on the same day. The patch tests were examined 48 hours later, and then patients were divided into two groups: I- patients with respiratory diseases, such as asthma and/or rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis and II-patients with only respiratory diseases. A total of 74 patients ranging in age from 2 to 60 years were included in this study; 16 patients were included in group I and 58 were included in group II. This study was approved by the human ethics committee of the Faculty of Medical Science and Health SUPREMA (number 2.007.135), and written informed consent was collected from each patient or their parents prior to enrollment. RESULTS: In the skin prick tests, the most prevalent mite that evoked a reaction was Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, followed by Dermatophagoides farinae and Blomia tropicalis. Regarding the atopy patch tests, the mite that most frequently induced a positive reaction was Dermatophagoides farinae (78.4%), followed by Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (77%) and Blomia tropicalis (52.7%). A comparison of the skin prick and atopy patch tests revealed that 53 patients (71.6%) were positive on both tests, and 30 (56.6%) patients were positivite for the same mite. We found six patients (8%) who had a positive clinical history of allergy and only exhibited positivity on the atopy patch test. DISCUSSION: Most studies have been performed with atopic dermatitis patients, but in this study, most of the patients had respiratory conditions. Blomia tropicalis is a mite that is prevalent in tropical areas, such as Brazil, and only two publications include these three mites, wich are present in Brazil. The APT may produce positive results in concordance with the SPT resuts, but may also be the only positive test ( 8%) as we observed in our study. These results suggest that the mite atopy patch test is relevant and should be considered as an additional test for patients with clinical histories of allergic respiratory disease who have negative prick test results. CONCLUSION: The APT should be considered as an additional test when the SPT and specific serum IgE tests are negative in patients with clinical histories of allergies.

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BACKGROUND: The food atopy patch (APT) test has been used in previous studies to help the diagnosis of non-IgE mediated food allergies (FA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different cow's milk APT preparations to predict oral tolerance in children with previous non-IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy (CMA) diagnosis. METHODS: Thirty-two patients non-IgE-mediated CMA diagnosed by oral food challenge (OFC) were enrolled to perform APT with three different cow's milk preparations (fresh, 2% in saline solution, 2% in petrolatum) and comparing with a new OFC after at least three months of diet exclusion. RESULTS: Only six (18.7%) subjects presented positive OFC to cow's milk. No differences in gender, onset symptoms age, OFC age, Z-score, and exclusion period were found between positive and negative OFC patients. Preparations using fresh milk and powdered milk in petrolatum presented sensitivity equal to zero and specificity 92.3% and 96.1%. The preparation using powdered milk in saline solution showed sensitivity and specificity of 33.3% and 96.1%. Two patients presented typical IgE symptoms after OFC. CONCLUSION: Cow's milk APT presented a low efficacy to predict tolerance in patients with previous non-IgE-mediated CMA and should not be used in clinical routine. The presence of typical IgE reactions after OFC hallmark the necessity of previous IgE-mediated investigation for this patient group.

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La dermatitis de contacto ocupacional representa una de las patologías laborales de mayor frecuencia y sin embargo por el difícil diagnóstico y determinación de la relación de causalidad al trabajo existen subregistros de la misma en todo el mundo. Corresponde a una condición que se puede cronificar y que llega a incapacitar de forma recurrente a muchos trabajadores, lo cual se traduce en pérdidas económicas tanto para el empleado como para el empleador. El diagnóstico tardío o incorrecto lleva a un mal control de la enfermedad y a escasa instauración de medidas de prevención en el ámbito laboral por lo que debe ser identificada y tratada oportunamente.

Occupational contact dermatitis is one of the most frequent occupational diseases and yet the difficult diagnosis and determination of being work-related causes underreporting worldwide. This condition can turn into a chronic issue and recurrently incapacitate a worker, which results in economic losses for both the employee and the employer. Incorrect or late diagnosis leads to poor management of the disease and few preventive measures in the workplace which is why it should be identified and treated promptly.

Assuntos

RESUMO

La dermatitis de contacto (DC) es una respuesta inflamatoria de la piel, como resultado del contacto de la misma con múltiples factores externos, frecuentemente contenidos en cosméticos. Las pruebas del parche son el pilar diagnostico. Se evaluó la prevalencia de la dermatitis alérgica de contacto por cosméticos, determinando las relaciones epidemiológicas como: edad, sexo, localización, ocupación y sensibilización. El 70% de los pacientes estudiados fueron DAC y el 30% fuerondermatitis irritativas por contacto (DIC). El 57% de las dermatitis alérgicas estaban asociadas a cosméticos,predominando en el sexo femenino.

Contact dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory response of the skinas a result of contact with multiple external factors, often containedin cosmetics. Patch tests are the diagnostic pillar. Prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis to cosmetics was evaluatedby determining the epidemiological relationships as age, sex, location, occupation and awareness.70% of the patients studied were DAC and 30% were irritant contact dermatitis (ICD).57% of allergic dermatitis were associated with cosmetics, predominantly in females.

Assuntos

RESUMO

La Dermatitis de Contacto secundaria a metales tiene una alta prevalencia en Chile y el mundo, sin embargo estas reacciones han sido poco estudiadas, pese a que podrían verse hasta en un21 por ciento de personas previamente sensibilizadas. Níquel, Cobalto y Cromo son los metales mayormente implicados. La mayoría corresponde a reacciones eccematosas. Test de parche es el gold standard para el estudio de alergia a metales, no obstante, rara vez se utiliza debido principalmente al bajo índice de sospecha de estas reacciones y a la dificultad para disponer de la aleación exacta del metal utilizado. El tratamiento muchas veces consiste en retirar el implante, puesto que el cuadro se torna inmanejable. Se presenta un caso clínico altamente sospechoso de alergia a implantes metálicos, al que se le realizó el estudio completo de alergia a metales, si bien esta no se demostró. Se realiza una revisión de la literatura existente.

Contact dermatitis secondary to metals has a high prevalence in Chile and around the world. Nevertheless, these reactions have been slightly studied, even though they might be found inpreviously sensitized people, with a percentage of 21 percent. Nickel, cobalt and chromium are the most involved metals. The majority of them correspond to eczematous reactions. Patch test is the gold standard for the study of metal allergies; however, specific tests to the implant material are rarely performed, mainly because of the low index of suspicion for these reactions and the difficulty to have the exact alloy of the metal used. Treatment often consists on removing the implant, since the situation becomes unmanageable. A highly suspicious clinical case of allergy to metallic implants is presented, a complete study of allergy to metals was made, although it couldn’t be demonstrated. A review of the existing literature was conducted.

Assuntos