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At present, the success of non-surgical embryo recovery (NSER) and transfer (NSET) hinges upon the cervical passage of catheters, but penetration of the uterine cervix in ewes is problematic due to its anatomical structure (i.e., long and narrow cervical lumen with misaligned folds and rings). It is a major obstacle limiting the widespread application of NSER and NSET in sheep. While initial attempts to traverse the uterine cervix focused on adapting or re-designing insemination catheters, more recent studies demonstrated that cervical relaxation protocols were instrumental for transcervical penetration in the ewe. An application of such protocols more than tripled cervical penetration rates (currently at 90-95 %) in sheep of different breeds (e.g., Dorper, Lacaune, Santa Inês, crossbred, and indigenous Brazilian breeds) and ages/parity. There is now sufficient evidence to suggest that even repeatedly performed cervical passages do not adversely affect overall health and reproductive function of ewes. Despite these improvements, appropriate selection of donors and recipients remains one of the most important requirements for maintaining high success rates of NSER and NSET, respectively. Non-surgical ovine embryo recovery has gradually become a commercially viable method as even though the procedure still cannot be performed by untrained individuals, it is inexpensive, yields satisfactory results, and complies with current public expectations of animal welfare standards. This article reviews critical morphophysiological aspects of transcervical embryo flushing and transfer, and the prospect of both techniques to replace surgical methods for multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) programs in sheep. We have also discussed some potential pharmacological and technical developments in the field of non-invasive embryo recovery and deposition.

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In recent years, more and more scientific community, food producers, and food industry show increased interest in functional foods containing probiotics, which is a big challenge. The consumption of probiotics in the context of a balanced diet through the consumption of functional foods or through the intake of pharmaceutical preparations has proven to contribute to the improvement of human health, even contributing to the prevention of diseases. In order for probiotics to be considered suitable for consumption, they must contain a minimum concentration of viable cells, namely, at least 107 colony forming units of beneficial microbes per gram. Ensuring the viability of bacterial cells until the moment of consumption is the overriding priority of functional probiotic food manufacturers. Probiotic bacteria are subject to stress conditions not only during food manufacturing but also during gastrointestinal passage, which limit or even compromise their functionality. This paper first examines all the stressful conditions faced by probiotic cells in their production stages and related to the conditions present in the bioreactor fermentation and drying processes as well as factors related to the food matrix and storage. The stress situations faced by probiotic microorganisms during the gastrointestinal transit especially during stomach and intestinal residence are also analyzed. In order to understand the adaptation mechanisms of probiotic bacteria to gastrointestinal stress, intrinsic and adaptive mechanisms identified in probiotic strains in response to acid stress and to bile and bile acid stress are analyzed. In addition, improvement strategies for multiple stress tolerance of lactic acid bacteria through directions dealing with stress, accumulation of metabolites, use of protectants, and regulation of technological parameters are examined. Finally, the definition of postbiotics, inanimate microorganisms and/or their components conferring health benefits, is also introduced. Postbiotics include cell lysates, enzymes, and cell wall fragments derived from probiotic bacteria and may represent an alternative to the use of probiotics, when they do not tolerate stressful conditions.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of total mixed ration particle size (length) and breed of cow on intake dynamics, animal performance and CH4 emissions, comparing high yielding Holstein and low yielding Girolando cows. The experimental design was 2 × 2 Latin Square arranged as a crossover factorial scheme with two diets (short particle size, SPS and long particle size, LPS) and the two breed compositions. The design comprised two periods of 26 d each, where all data collection was performed at cow level. No influence of the particle size occurred for the passage rate, neutral detergent fiber digestibility, performance and milk composition, methane emissions or ruminal fermentation parameters. Girolando cows had greater dry matter intake (DMI) when fed SPS, while Holsteins had the same (P < 0.05). Girolando cows had lower dry matter digestibility when fed LPS compared to SPS, while Holsteins had the opposite effect (P < 0.05). Also, the digestibility of crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrates decreased in Girolando cows fed LPS, but not in Holsteins (P < 0.05). Girolando cows reduced DMI by 10.6% when fed LPS diet (P < 0.05). Girolando had an increased eating rate (+24 g of DM/min; P < 0.05) compared to Holstein cows, but Holstein cows had a lower CH4 intensity (by 29.7%: P < 0.05). Girolando cows increased the dry matter intake when fed a diet with short particle size, while the same did not happen in Holsteins. Dry matter digestibility increased in Holsteins when fed long particle size, while the opposite was observed in Girolando cows. Nutrient digestibility was reduced in Girolando cows when fed short particle size. Particle size did not influence eating time, eating rate, feed trough visits, visits with intake, milk yield and composition regardless of the breed. Reducing particle size increased CH4 intensity in both breeds.

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A linguagem escrita é uma ferramenta básica em nossa Cultura, pois ela permite resgatar e transmitir o patrimônio cultural através da História da Humanidade. Considera-se fundamental compreendê-la integralmente, levando em conta aspectos relacionados às quatro habilidades básicas: ler, escrever, falar e escutar, como fundamentado por Kenneth Goodman (1977) e Condemarin (1992). Aprender a ler e escrever é um "rito de passagem" que demanda experiências formais e informais, dentro e fora do contexto escolar. A produção da linguagem escrita abre espaço para a singularização, isto é, possibilita expressar e identificar-se aos valores e conceitos que contribuem para a formação individual e coletiva. Sendo considerada a "espinha dorsal da escolarização", muitas das queixas de Dificuldades de Aprendizagem podem ser relacionadas à sua fragilidade, tendo repercussões na constituição do sujeito aprendente. Este artigo tenta descrever a amplitude do que envolve a queixa escolar referente à produção de linguagem de maneira integral e integrada, apresentando enfoques teóricos que fundamentam a Psicopedagogia Dinâmica no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento da linguagem.

Written language is a basic tool in our Culture, as it allows to rescue and transmit cultural heritage through the history of humanity. It is considered fundamental to fully understand it, considering aspects related to the four basic skills: reading, writing, speaking, and listening, as founded by Kenneth Goodman (1977) and Mabel Condemarin (1992). Learning to read and write is a "rite of passage" that requires formal and not formal experiences, both within and outside the school context. The production of written language opens space for singularization, that is, it makes it possible to express and identify oneself to the values and concepts that contribute to individual and collective formation. Being considered the "backbone of schooling", many of the complaints of Learning Difficulties can be reactivated to its fragility, having repercussions on the constitution of the learning subject. This article tries to describe the breadth of what involves the school complaint regarding the production of language in an integral and integrated way, presenting important theoretical approaches to broaden this reflection. presenting theoretical approaches that underlie Dynamic Psychopedagogy regarding language development.

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Este artigo consiste em um estudo de três casos de luto vivenciados na pandemia de covid 19. Os dois primeiros são provenientes de pesquisa de mestrado, já o terceiro é um caso clínico de uma viúva em seu primeiro ano de luto. Identificamos e discutimos, conforme as perspectivas de Jung e de autores junguianos, que o fenômeno da morte desorganiza e constela o Caos. Contudo, rituais de despedida disseminados pela cultura e pelas religiões, ou mesmo criados pelo enlutado, podem auxiliar no processo de luto, possibilitando a criação de novos sentidos para a perda vivenciada. Constatamos que, quando não é possível a vivência destes rituais, pode haver risco e impacto na saúde mental dos enlutados.

This article consists of three case studys of grief experienced during the covid-19 pandemic. The first two cases originate from a master's research, while the third is a clinical case of a widow in her first year of mourning. We identified and discussed, according to Jung's perspectives and those of Jungian authors, that the phenomenon of death disorganizes and constellates Chaos. However, rites of passage disseminated by culture and religions, or even created by the bereaved, can assist in the mourning process, enabling the creation of new meanings for the experienced loss. We found that, when the experience of these rituals is not possible, there may be risks and impact on the mental health of the bereaved.

Este artículo consiste en un estudio de tres casos de luto experimentado en la pandemia de covid-19. Los dos primeros provienen de la investigación de maestría, mientras que el tercero es un caso clínico de una viuda en su primer año de luto. Identificamos y discutimos, conforme las perspectivas de Jung y de autores junguianos, que el fenómeno de la muerte desorganiza y constela el Caos. Sin embargo, rituales de despedida diseminados por la cultura y las religiones, o incluso creados por el enlutado, pueden ayudar en el proceso de luto, posibilitando la creación de nuevos sentidos para la pérdida vivenciada. Constatamos que, cuando no es posible la vivencia de estos rituales, puede haber riesgo e impacto en la salud mental de los enlutados.

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The objective of this study was to characterize the dynamics of food passage in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Japanese quail. A randomized design was used with four treatments and four experimental units with one bird each, nine of which were measured in time. The ingredients used were albumin, starch, cellulose, and soybean oil. Suspensions containing barium sulfate and saline were prepared, except for soybean oil. For each bird, 2.5 mL of the suspension was administered directly to the crop. Dual-energy absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to quantify the passage of food. The birds were sedated and maintained under inhalation anesthesia during the scan. Measurements were taken at intervals of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h. The variables identified were passage time, first quality, and the average time of each variable. Based on these results, the ingredients may show differences in dynamic passing on the Japanese quail GIT. The duration of the first attempt was 32 min, ranging from 21 to 44 min. The average time value of food choice was close to 10.8 h and varied according to the ingredient from 8.45-12.16 h. Among the variables, soybean oil presented values ​​that denote a fast passage in the GIT, while albumin presented values ​​that denote a slower passage. The dynamics of food passage in the GIT of Japanese quails varies according to the chemical composition of the ingredients.(AU)

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ABSTRACT The accelerated aging process is incorporated into the design and development of intravascular catheters to assess their reliability assuring that this medical device is safe and effective for the intended use during their shelf life. The accelerated aging process is based on a common approach that assumes that the rate of aging increases by a factor of 2^(∆T/10), where ∆T is the temperature increment. However, with the life data obtained from this empirical method is difficult to do inferences about reliability. This paper presents an accelerated destructive degradation test using thermal stress to obtain degradation data directly relates reliability to critical performance characteristic, which is the tensile strength in the intravascular catheter tip considered as a critical concern in patients' safety. The degradation data model is given by a stochastic Wiener process with the drift parameter being represented as Arrhenius function. The parameters of the Wiener process and Arrhenius function are estimated using maximum likelihood; these parameters are used to estimate the first-passage time (time to failure) distribution when the intravascular catheters degradation path reaches a tensile strength critical value in each thermal stress level. Based on this, a complete product reliability assessment is performed and presented.

RESUMEN El proceso de envejecimiento acelerado es incorporado en el diseño y desarrollo de catéteres intravasculares para evaluar su confiabilidad y asegurar que el dispositivo medico es seguro y efectivo para su uso durante su vida de estante. Este proceso está basado en un enfoque que asume que la tasa de envejecimiento se incrementa por un factor de 2^(∆T/10), en donde ∆T es el incremento de temperatura. Sin embargo, con los datos de vida obtenidos de este método empírico resulta complicado realizar inferencias sobre la confiabilidad del dispositivo. Este articulo presenta una prueba de degradación acelerada destructiva que considera un estrés termal para obtener datos de degradación que se relaciona directamente la confiabilidad con la resistencia tensil de la punta de un catéter intravascular y que es considerada como una característica critica para la seguridad de los pacientes. El modelo de degradación esta dado por un proceso estocástico Wiener, con el parámetro de deriva representado la relación de Arrhenius. Los parámetros del proceso Wiener y la relación de Arrhenius son estimados mediante máxima verosimilitud; estos parámetros son usados para estimar la distribución de primer paso, la cual se caracteriza cuando la resistencia de un catéter alcanza el nivel crítico de resistencia en cada nivel de estrés. Considerando esto, se lleva a cabo y se presenta una evaluación de confiabilidad completa del producto.

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Preterm neonates are at high risk of infectious and inflammatory diseases which require antibiotic treatment. Antibiotics influence neonatal gut microbiome development, and intestinal dysbiosis has been associated with delayed gastrointestinal transit. Neonates who take less time to pass meconium have a better tolerance to enteral feeding. We analyzed the effect of neonatal antibiotic treatment on the stool pattern and oral tolerance in 106 preterm infants < 33 weeks gestational age. Neonates were classified in 3 groups according to neonatal antibiotic (ABT) treatment days: no antibiotics, 3−7 d ABT, and ≥8 d ABT. Preterm infants from the ≥8 d ABT group took longer to pass meconium and to start green and yellow stools, took longer to reach 100 and 150 mL/kg/day, and reached reduced volumes in enteral feeds at day of life 14 and 28 than infants from no ABT and 3−7 d ABT groups. Multiple linear regression models showed that neonatal antibiotic treatment, birth weight, invasive mechanical ventilation, surfactant, enteral feeding start day, neonatal parenteral nutrition, and neonatal fasting days are associated with the stool pattern and oral tolerance in preterm infants.

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Introdução: a síndrome antifosfolípide (SAF) é caracterizada por eventos trombóticos e perdas gestacionais de repetição sendo considerada a trombofilia adquirida mais comum. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão narrativa da passagem transplacentária de anticorpos em pacientes com SAF. Metodologia: revisão narrativa da literatura. Resultados: quando não está associada a alguma doença do tecido conectivo é dita primária e quando em associação com lúpus eritematosos sistêmico é dita secundária. A morbidade gestacional é frequente e torna-se de importância avaliar a passagem desses anticorpos transplacentariamente, desde que existem modelos animais da síndrome com transferência passiva desses anticorpos. A passagem transplacentária de anticorpos específicos já foi determinada em estudos, os quais demonstraram baixos níveis destes anticorpos no soro materno, porém uma eficiente passagem transplacentária para o neonato. Conclusão: existem poucos estudos sobre essa passagem materno-infantil em pacientes com SAF, que são aqui revisados.

Introduction: a antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by thrombotic events and recurrent pregnancy losses and is considered the most common acquired thrombophilia. Objective: to carry out a narrative review of the transplacental passage and antibodies in patients with APS. Methodology: narrative literature review Results: when it is not associated with any connective tissue disease, it is said to be primary and when in association with systemic lupus erythematosus it is said to be secondary. Gestational morbidity is frequent and it is important to evaluate the passage of these antibodies transplacentally, since there are animal models of the syndrome with passive transfer of these antibodies. The transplacental passage of specific antibodies has already been determined in studies, which demonstrated low levels of these antibodies in the maternal serum, but an efficient transplacental passage for the newborn. Conclusion: there are few studies on this maternal-infant passage in patients with APS, which are reviewed here.

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We evaluated food intake, digestibility, digesta retention and digestible energy (DE) intake in four three-toed sloths (Bradypus variegatus, body mass 2.86 ± 0.10 kg) fed two leaf-based diets containing different neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and lignin contents. Total dry matter intake (DMI), and intake in relation to body mass and metabolic body weight were higher for the mixed diet with lower NDF content based on Pterondon sp. + Inga sp. (47 g day-1 , 16 g kg-1 day-1 and 21 g kg-0.75 day-1 ) compared to the treatment with higher content of NDF from only Cecropia pachystachya leaves (37 g day-1 , 14 g kg-1 day-1 and 18 g kg-0.75 day-1 ). The digestibility of dry matter (dDM) and neutral detergent fibre (dNDF) were higher in the mixed diet (60% and 61% respectively). There was a higher supply of DE and metabolisable energy (ME) on the mixed diet, at 221 and 199 kJ kg-0.75 day-1 , meeting the average energy requirement of 185 kJ ME kg-0.75 day-1 ME estimated for sloths in this study. In contrast, the diet with C. pachystachya generated a deficit of 31 kJ ME kg-0.75 day-1 . There was a correlation between DMI and dNDF (r2 = 0.89), and between dNDF and dDM (r2 = 0.98) across treatments. The mean retention times for a liquid and a particle marker were lower on the mixed diet with the higher intake at 133 h (passage rate = 0.75% h-1 ) and 181 h (0.55% h-1 ), and longer on the single-species diet with lower intake at 204 h (0.49% h-1 ) and 261 h (0.38% h-1 ). The results suggest that it may be beneficial for sloths to be offered a variety of browse from which they can choose low-NDF components. Further, we suggest that these sloths perform 'digesta washing' to increase the microbial yield in the stomach to maximise the digestion of NDF and dry matter.

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In teleosts, peripheral serotonin (5-HT) and melatonin (MEL) are synthesised in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and regulate secretion and motility processes. Their production is regulated by diet and the passage of food through the GIT. This study aimed to evaluate how intestinal 5-HT, melatonin, and the activity of digestive enzymes varied with food passage time through GIT in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We fed fish diets supplemented with tryptophan and melatonin (L-Trp 2.5% and MEL 0.01%) and measured the activity of digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, and total protease) in the pyloric caeca, midgut, and hindgut at different times after feeding. 5-HT levels increased in all GIT portions and diets at 120 min post-intake and were highest in the pyloric caeca. Intestinal enzymatic activity was varied with diet, post-intake time and in different intestinal portions. In conclusion, food passage time directly affects GIT 5-HT secretion and digestive enzyme activity in S. salar, and diet composition regulates S. salar GIT function.

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Este texto destaca as Passagens, diz respeito à formação dos analistas, mas também procura uma amplitude e maior alcance para discutir os contextos. O texto lembra que comemoraremos em 2022 os 100 da Semana de Arte Moderna, movimento motivado pelo questionamento das convenções instituídas nas artes e na cultura. Junto com os modernistas da Semana de 22, chega ao Brasil a psicanálise, que, ao longo desses anos, viveu e vive transformações, entendidas como a própria matéria da qual a psique se nutre. Assim, propõe a ideia de passagens como experiência de regiões de limiar e trânsito, o que constantemente ocorre na vida mental, em momentos de transformação nas várias fases da vida, em detalhes sutis do cotidiano, como os instantes de passagem do sonho para a vigília. Também aponta para as instituições psicanalíticas, as passagens, a maneira pela qual elas ocorrem, e a possível cristalização em certos lugares. Procura-se chamar a atenção a atenção para riscos de burocratizar as passagens em contraposição destaca-se o aspecto questionador e criativo das passagens, trilhas que os modernistas e nossos pioneiros nos sinalizaram.

This text highlights the Passages, refers to the training of analysts, but also seeks a breadth and greater scope to discuss the contexts. In 2022 we will celebrate the centenary of the Modern Art Week, a movement motivated by the questioning of the conventions established in art and culture. Together with the modernists of the Week of 22, psychoanalysis arrives in Brazil, which throughout these years has suffer many transformations, understood as the very matter from which the psyche is nourished. It proposes the idea of passages as an experience of thresholds and regions of transit, which occurs constantly in mental life, in moments of transformation in the different phases of life, in subtle details of daily life, such as moments of the passage from sleep to wakefulness. It also points to the psychoanalytic institutions, the passages, the way they occur, and the possible crystallization in certain places. We call for attention to the risks of bureaucratizing the passages in contrast, the questioning and creative aspect of the passages stands out, paths that the modernists and our pioneers pointed out to us.

Este texto destaca los Pasajes, se refiere a la formación de analistas, pero también busca una amplitud y un mayor alcance para discutir los contextos. El texto recuerda que en 2022 celebraremos el centenario de la Semana de Arte Moderna, un movimiento motivado por el cuestionamiento de las convenciones instituidas en el arte y la cultura. Junto a los modernistas de la Semana del 22, llega a Brasil el psicoanálisis, que a lo largo de estos años ha vivido y vive transformaciones, entendidas como la materia misma de la que se nutre la psique. Así, propone la idea de los pasajes como una experiencia de umbrales y regiones de tránsito, que se ocurre constantemente en la vida mental, en momentos de transformación en las distintas fases de la vida, en detalles sutiles de la vida cotidiana, como los momentos del pasaje del sueño a la vigilia. También apunta a las instituciones psicoanalíticas, los pasajes, la forma en que ocurren y la posible cristalización en determinados lugares. Llamamos la atención sobre los riesgos de burocratizar los pasajes en contraste, se destaca el aspecto cuestionador y creativo de los pasajes, senderos que nos señalaron los modernistas y nuestros pioneros.

Ce texte met en lumière les Passages, fait référence à la formation des analystes, mais cherche aussi une largeur et une plus grande portée pour discuter les contextes. En 2022 nous fêterons le centenaire de la Semaine de l'Art Moderne, mouvement motivé par la remise en cause des conventions établies dans l'art et la culture. Avec les modernistes de la Semaine des 22, la psychanalyse arrive au Brésil, qui tout au long de ces années a vécu et vit des transformations, comprises comme la matière même dont se nourrit la psyché. Ainsi, il propose l'idée des passages comme une expérience de seuils et de régions de transit, qui se produit constamment dans la vie mentale, dans des moments de transformation dans les différentes phases de la vie, dans des détails subtils de la vie quotidienne, tels que des moments du passage du sommeil à la veille. Il met également en évidence les institutions psychanalytiques, les passages, la manière dont ils se produisent et une possible cristallisation dans des lieux particuliers. Nous attirons l'attention sur les risques de bureaucratisation des passages en revanche, l'aspect questionnant et créatif des passages ressort, chemins que nous ont signalés les modernistes et nos pionniers.

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O autor considera que o alarmante crescimento do número de suicídios de adolescentes constitui a ponta de um iceberg muito mais amplo: o sofrimento profundo, muitas vezes naturalizado, das gerações mais jovens. É um sofrimento em que o olhar sociológico costuma verificar o fracasso dos adultos na transmissão de um legado que permita a inclusão dos recém-chegados no corpo social. Nós, psicanalistas, registramos - paradoxalmente ­ um êxito nessa conjuntura inquietante: aquele que corresponde às tendências filicidas e destrutivas para com os jovens, as quais autores como Raskovsky, Winnicott e Lacan exploraram em suas análises. São examinadas algumas peculiaridades sintomáticas da adolescência atual. Examina-se a orientação fornecida por algumas observações de Freud e Lacan com o intuito de acomodá-las e processá-las no dispositivo analítico (AU)

The author considers that the alarming growth in the number of adolescent suicides is the tip of a much larger iceberg: the deep suffering, often accepted as natural, of the younger generations. It is a pain in which the sociological analysis usually finds the adults' failure in conveying a legacy that enables inclusion of the newcomers in the social body. We psychoanalysts register ­ paradoxically ­ a success in this disturbing situation: the one that corresponds to filicidal and destructive impulses towards the youngsters, which authors such as Raskovsky, Winnicott and Lacan explored in their work. Some symptomatic peculiarities of current adolescence are examined. Guidance provided by some Freudian and Lacanian observations is examined to accommodate and process them in the analytical field (AU)

El autor considera que el crecimiento alarmante de las cifras de suicidio adolescente constituye la punta de un iceberg mucho más extendido: el profundo padecimiento, muchas veces naturalizado, de las generaciones jóvenes. Es un padecimiento en el que la mirada sociológica suele verificar el fracaso de los adultos en la transmisión de un legado que permita incluir a los recién llegados en el cuerpo social. Los psicoanalistas registramos ­ paradojalmente ­ un éxito en esta coyuntura inquietante: el que corresponde a las tendencias filicidas y destructivas para con los jóvenes, que han explorado en sus desarrollos autores como Raskovsky, Winnicott El autor considera que el crecimiento alarmante de las cifras de suicidio adolescente constituye la punta de un iceberg mucho más extendido: el profundo padecimiento, muchas veces naturalizado, de las generaciones jóvenes. Es un padecimiento en el que la mirada sociológica suele verificar el fracaso de los adultos en la transmisión de un legado que permita incluir a los recién llegados en el cuerpo social. Los psicoanalistas registramos ­ paradojalmente ­ un éxito en esta coyuntura inquietante: el que corresponde a las tendencias filicidas y destructivas para con los jóvenes, que han explorado en sus desarrollos autores como Raskovsky, Winnicott (AU)

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Aim: To evaluate changes in virulence and pathogenicity approaches from Candida albicans after successive passages in a murine model of systemic candidiasis. Materials & methods: Phenotypic assays were performed using colonies recovered from animals infected serially, totalizing five passages. Results: A progressive infection was observed along the passages, with increased fungal burden and the presence of greater inflammatory areas in the histopathological findings. Recovered strains exhibited increased filamentation and biofilm abilities, along with modulation of phospholipase and proteinase activities. Conclusion: Repeated contact between yeast and host increased the expression of virulence factors. Furthermore, a correspondence between phenotypic profile and proteomic data obtained previously was observed.

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Rickettsia amblyommatis has been reported infecting various tick species throughout the western hemisphere, including Amblyomma cajennense sensu stricto (s.s.). The present study aimed to evaluate whether R. amblyommatis can be maintained by transovarial transmission and transstadial passage in A. cajennense s.s. ticks, and whether these ticks are competent vectors of this rickettsial agent. We selected engorged females that were naturally infected or uninfected by R. amblyommatis, and reared their offspring (infected and control groups, respectively). Immature ticks were allowed to feed on guinea pigs, whereas adults fed on rabbits. All stages and individuals of each generation of the infected group yielded rickettsial DNA, which was not detected in any tick from the control group. No host from the control group seroconverted to R. amblyommatis. Among 16 guinea pigs and eight rabbits infested with R. amblyommatis-infected ticks, only one guinea pig seroconverted to R. amblyommatis. Some unfed adult ticks of the infected group were dissected, and DNA was extracted from their salivary glands and from their carcasses. DNA of R. amblyommatis was detected in all carcasses, but not in the salivary glands. Results of this study indicate very low vector competence of A. cajennense s.s. for R. amblyommatis. Previous studies reported domestic animals with high titers to R. amblyommatis in areas where these animals are naturally infested chiefly by A. cajennense s.s. ticks. One may consider that the vector competence of A. cajennense s.s. for R. amblyommatis could vary among tick populations and/or rickettsial strains.

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RESUMO: A partir de questões suscitadas pela clínica da recepção em um ambulatório público de saúde mental, investigamos o manejo clínico da urgência subjetiva. Tendo em vista a recorrência do sofrimento psíquico relacionado à angústia e a manifestações ligadas ao ato, revisamos o lugar da angústia em psicanálise e sua relação com o acting out e a passagem ao ato. Verificamos como o psicanalista pode acolher a urgência subjetiva, permitindo que este momento de crise dê lugar ao trabalho psíquico e possibilite uma subjetivação do sofrimento.

Abstract: From issues raised by the reception clinic in a public mental health clinic, we investigated the clinical management of subjective urgency. In view of the recurrence of psychic suffering related to the anguish and manifestations associated with the act, we review the place of anguish in psychoanalysis and its relation to the acting out and the passage to the act. We verify how the psychoanalyst can take on the subjective urgency, allowing this moment of crisis to give way to psychic work and enable a subjectivation of suffering.

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The rate of passage (ROP) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) influences the exposure time of food to the digestion and absorption processes. Consequently, ROP affects the efficiency of nutrient utilization and energy from the diet. This study aimed to determine the physiological parameters that characterize the digestive response, such as first appearance time (FAT), ROP, mean retention time (MRT) and transit time (TT) in adult Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), and to evaluate the effects of sex, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) content in the diet and different types of markers on these parameters. In the first trial, we investigated the effects of sex and AMEn level (high- and low-energy diet) on the FAT parameter. Thirty-two male and 32 female Japanese quail were randomly allocated to 8 battery cages and assigned to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design with 4 replicates of 4 birds for each treatment. To determine the FAT, ferric oxide (1%) was added to the diet, and the excreta of the quail was monitored until the first appearance of the marker. The results indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) in the FAT between males (100 min) and females (56 min), regardless of the AMEn content. In the second trial, thirty-two 32-week-old female Japanese quail in the laying phase were assigned to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design, in which the main independent variables were type of marker (Cr or Ti) and AMEn level (high- and low-energy diets). In order to determine ROP (ET1%), MRT and TT (ET100%), the markers (0.5%: Cr2O3 and 0.5%: TiO2) were added to the diets, and the excreta were collected for 750 min. The excretion times for 1% (ET1%), 25% (ET25%), 50% (ET50%), 75% (ET75%) and 100% (ET100%) were estimated using cumulative excretion curves. No effect was detected for the AMEn level (P > 0.05); however, the effect of different marker types was significant (P < 0.05). This difference increased with time and ET100% was estimated to occur at 59 min. The ROP was estimated to be 68 min. The TT was estimated to be 540 min using Cr and 599 min using Ti, with an average MRT value of 0930 h. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that Japanese quail digestion through the GIT can be dynamic and differ based on sex or marker type.

Assuntos

RESUMO

We studied the thermophilic response to feeding of a typical desert adapted anuran from the Monte Desert. Our aim was to evaluate thermal changes in the selected body temperature of adult frogs of Pleurodema nebulosum, and measure the intestinal passage time, and food digestion. Our results show that after feeding, they selected higher micro-environmental temperatures ~ + 2 °C than frogs that remained starved. Pleurodema nebulosum would present a postprandial thermophilic response. The time of retention of food in the digestive tract was thermo-dependent, being lower in those individuals who were incubated at high temperatures (25 °C) compared to those subjected to lower temperatures (20 °C). Although we did not detect effects of temperature on digestive efficiency, the mass of faecal material indicates an increase at temperatures closer to the selected ones, suggesting that the defecation rate is influenced by temperature. Laiuoperinae frogs are characterized by explosive breeding behavior and fast growing rate. The digestive efficiency is essential for acquiring energy necessary for growth, reproduction and refuge-seeking, among others. In this framework, the differential selection of temperatures between moments of fasting and feeding allows the frogs to maintain a high digestive efficiency, maximizing the absorption of nutrients.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O texto se ocupa em descrever os sete principais ritos de passagem ocorridos com os seres humanos, concomitantemente às sete diferentes transformações de padrões de consciência nominados como: Urobórica, da Grande Mãe, do Deus Pai, do Encontro ou Coniunctio, da Comunicação, da Antevisão do Futuro e finalmente da Totalidade. Os ritos de passagem explicitam momentos de superação-transgressões às interdições, com os quais o ser humano atinge novos tempos de vida, e suas respectivas dinâmicas de consciência, decorrentes de demandas intrínsecas da natureza. Como consequência da superação desses momentos heroicos, adquire-se conhecimentos que são incorporados à psique, a par de desejos desconhecidos mobilizarem comportamentos para a ultrapassagem dos obstáculos. Os ritos de passagem são precedidos da vivência de morte e sucedidos pelo novo tempo de Vida. ■

The text focuses on describing the seven main rites of passage that occurred with humans, concomitantly with the seven different transformations of consciousness patterns named as: uroboric, Great Mother, God Father, Encounter or Coniunctio, Communication, of the Future Preview and finally of the Totality. The rites of passage explain moments of overcoming-transgressions of interdictions, with which the human being reaches new lifetimes, and their respective dynamics of consciousness, arising from intrinsic demands of nature. Because of overcoming these heroic moments, we acquire knowledge that is incorporated into the psyche, along with unknown desires, mobilize behaviors to overcome obstacles. The rites of passage are preceded by the experience of death and succeeded by the new lifetime. ■

El texto trata sobre la descripción de los siete ritos principales de pasaje que ocurrieron con los humanos, concomitantemente con las siete transformaciones diferentes de patrones de conciencia nombrados como: Urobórica, de la Gran Madre, del Dios Padre, del Encuentro o Coniunctio, de la Comunicación, de la Vista Preliminar del Futuro y finalmente de la Totalidad. Los ritos de pasaje explican momentos de superación-transgresiones a las interdicciones, con las cuales el ser humano alcanza nuevos tiempos de vida, y sus respectivas dinámicas de conciencia, que surgen de las demandas intrínsecas de la naturaleza. Como consecuencia de la superación de estos momentos heroicos, se adquiere conocimiento que se incorpora a la psique, junto con deseos desconocidos que movilizan comportamientos para superar obstáculos. Los ritos de iniciación son precedidos por la experiencia de muerte y seguidos por el nuevo período de Vida. ■

RESUMO

O perigo potencial dos paranoicos reivindicadores é um dado clínico que se impôs na psiquiatria. A lógica subjetiva inerente à passagem ao ato se distingue, entretanto, da de outros homicídios ou tentativas de assassinato cometidas por sujeitos psicóticos que tentam, ao fazê-lo, tratar o gozo do qual são objeto. Tal lógica explica-se a partir das especificidades do delírio paranoico de reivindicação que o ensino lacaniano permite compreender. Esse delírio edifica-se sobre a base de um prejuízo de gozo que persegue o sujeito. Os crimes que daí resultam são motivados por uma vontade de gozo e cometidos em nome de um ideal de justiça em torno do qual o sujeito organiza sua existência.

The danger of querulant paranoids is a clinical notion present in the psychiatric field. The underlying subjective logic of their outbursts can be distinguished from those of murders or murder attempts perpetrated by psychotic subjects who, in doing so, attempt to treat the jouissance they are the object of. The specificities of the paranoid querulant delirium explain such logic and Lacan's teaching allow for its comprehension. This delirium is built upon a jouissance prejudice that persecutes the subject. The deriving crimes are motivated by a wish for jouissance and perpetrated in the name of a justice ideal around which the subject organizes his existence.

La dangerosité des paranoïaques revendicateurs est une donnée clinique qui s'est imposée en psychiatrie. La logique subjective sous-tendant leurs passages à l'acte se distingue cependant de celle des autres meurtres ou tentatives commis par des sujets psychotiques qui tentent, ce faisant, de traiter la jouissance dont ils sont l'objet. Elle s'explique à partir des spécificités du délire paranoïaque de revendication que l'enseignement lacanien permet de comprendre. Ce délire s'édifie sur fond de préjudice de jouissance qui persécute le sujet. Les crimes qui en dérivent sont motivés par une volonté de jouissance et commis au nom d'un idéal de justice sur lequel le sujet règle son existence.

La peligrosidad de las paranoias de reivindicación es una noción clínica presente en el campo de la psiquiatría. La lógica subjetiva detrás de sus brotes se diferencia de los homicidios o de los intentos cometidos por sujetos psicóticos que, al hacerlo, intentan tratar el goce del que son objeto. Las especificidades del delirio de reivindicación paranoico explican tal lógica y las enseñanzas de Lacan permiten su comprensión. Se construye este delirio sobre un prejuicio del goce que persigue al sujeto. Los crímenes derivados son motivados por una voluntad de goce y perpetrados en nombre de un ideal de justicia alrededor del cual el sujeto organiza su existencia..