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Objective: To compare the adequacy, agreement, and acceptability of Papanicolaou testing (cytology) for cervical cancer screening using self-collected samples compared to physician-collected samples in Grenada in the Caribbean. Furthermore, the study identifies the human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes present among asymptomatic women testing positive for HPV, the etiologic cause of cervical cancer. Methods: Participants were divided into two groups and two cervical samples were collected from the women in each group: a self-collected sample and a physician-collected sample. Cervical specimens were tested for cytology and HPV. HPV genotyping was performed on positive specimens. Results: Self-collected samples were adequate and in agreement with physician-collected samples, showing no difference between the two sampling methods. Oncogenic high-risk HPV genotypes were identified in cervical samples which were positive for atypical squamous cells and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The high-risk HPV genotypes found, notably HPV 45 and 53, differed from those most commonly reported. Although the commonly reported high-risk genotypes HPV 16 and 18 were found, so were 31, 33, 35, 52, 66, 68, and 82. Conclusions: Using self-collection facilitated the discovery of unexpected HPV genotypes among asymptomatic women in Grenada. These findings add new information to the literature regarding cervical cancer and neoplasia screening and HPV genotypes in the Caribbean. This genotype information may impact surveillance of women with low-grade lesions, HPV vaccine selection, and possibly further vaccine research. Research regarding HPV in Caribbean pathology samples of cervical neoplasia and cancer is needed.

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ABSTRACT Objective. To compare the adequacy, agreement, and acceptability of Papanicolaou testing (cytology) for cervical cancer screening using self-collected samples compared to physician-collected samples in Grenada in the Caribbean. Furthermore, the study identifies the human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes present among asymptomatic women testing positive for HPV, the etiologic cause of cervical cancer. Methods. Participants were divided into two groups and two cervical samples were collected from the women in each group: a self-collected sample and a physician-collected sample. Cervical specimens were tested for cytology and HPV. HPV genotyping was performed on positive specimens. Results. Self-collected samples were adequate and in agreement with physician-collected samples, showing no difference between the two sampling methods. Oncogenic high-risk HPV genotypes were identified in cervical samples which were positive for atypical squamous cells and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. The high-risk HPV genotypes found, notably HPV 45 and 53, differed from those most commonly reported. Although the commonly reported high-risk genotypes HPV 16 and 18 were found, so were 31, 33, 35, 52, 66, 68, and 82. Conclusions. Using self-collection facilitated the discovery of unexpected HPV genotypes among asymptomatic women in Grenada. These findings add new information to the literature regarding cervical cancer and neoplasia screening and HPV genotypes in the Caribbean. This genotype information may impact surveillance of women with low-grade lesions, HPV vaccine selection, and possibly further vaccine research. Research regarding HPV in Caribbean pathology samples of cervical neoplasia and cancer is needed.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Comparar la idoneidad, concordancia y aceptabilidad de la prueba de Papanicolaou (citología) para el tamizaje del cáncer cervicouterino mediante la comparación de muestras obtenidas con automuestreo y muestras tomadas por personal médico en Granada, en el Caribe. Asimismo, en el estudio se identifican los genotipos del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) existentes en las mujeres asintomáticas con un resultado positivo en las pruebas del VPH, la causa etiológica del cáncer cervicouterino. Métodos. Las participantes se dividieron en dos grupos y se tomaron dos muestras cervicouterinas de las mujeres de cada grupo: una muestra tomada por la propia paciente y una muestra tomada por personal médico. Se realizó un examen citológico y una prueba de detección del VPH en las muestras. En las muestras positivas, se determinó el genotipo del VPH. Resultados. Las muestras tomadas por las propias pacientes fueron adecuadas y concordaron con las obtenidas por el personal médico, sin que se observaran diferencias entre ambos métodos de muestreo. Se identificaron genotipos de VPH de alto riesgo oncogénico en muestras cervicouterinas positivas para células escamosas atípicas y lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas de grado bajo. Los genotipos de VPH de alto riesgo encontrados, en especial VPH 45 y 53, diferían de los notificados con mayor frecuencia. Aunque se encontraron los genotipos de alto riesgo habituales 16 y 18 del VPH, también se encontraron los genotipos 31, 33, 35, 52, 66, 68 y 82. Conclusiones. El uso del automuestreo facilitó la detección de genotipos inesperados del VPH en mujeres asintomáticas de Granada. Estos resultados agregan nueva información a la bibliografía sobre el tamizaje de las neoplasias y el cáncer cervicouterino, así como sobre los genotipos del VPH, en el Caribe. Esta información sobre el genotipo puede repercutir en la vigilancia de las mujeres con lesiones de bajo grado, en la elección de la vacuna contra el VPH y, posiblemente, en las ulteriores investigaciones sobre vacunas. Es necesario investigar la presencia del VPH en muestras anatomopatológicas de neoplasias y cánceres cervicouterinos en el Caribe.

RESUMO Objetivo. Comparar a adequação, o nível de concordância e a aceitabilidade do exame de Papanicolau (citologia) para o rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero usando amostras autocoletadas em comparação com amostras coletadas por médicos em Granada, no Caribe. Além disso, o estudo identifica os genótipos de papilomavírus humano (HPV) presentes entre as mulheres assintomáticas com resultado positivo para HPV, a causa etiológica do câncer do colo do útero. Métodos. As participantes foram divididas em dois grupos, e duas amostras cervicais foram coletadas das mulheres de cada grupo: uma amostra autocoletada e uma amostra coletada por um médico. As amostras cervicais foram submetidas a exames citológicos e de HPV. A genotipagem do HPV foi realizada nas amostras positivas. Resultados. As amostras autocoletadas eram adequadas e compatíveis com as amostras coletadas por médicos, não havendo diferença entre os dois métodos de amostragem. Foram identificados genótipos de HPV de alto risco oncogênico em amostras cervicais positivas para células escamosas atípicas e lesões intraepiteliais escamosas de baixo grau. Os genótipos de HPV de alto risco encontrados, principalmente HPV 45 e 53, não correspondiam aos genótipos registrados com mais frequência na literatura. Embora os genótipos de alto risco HPV 16 e 18, que são frequentemente registrados, tenham sido observados, também foram detectados os genótipos 31, 33, 35, 52, 66, 68 e 82. Conclusões. O uso da autocoleta facilitou a detecção de genótipos inesperados de HPV entre mulheres assintomáticas em Granada. Esses achados adicionaram novas informações à literatura sobre o rastreamento de neoplasias e câncer do colo do útero e sobre os genótipos de HPV no Caribe. Essas informações genotípicas podem afetar a vigilância de mulheres com lesões de baixo grau, a seleção da vacina contra o HPV e, possivelmente, futuras pesquisas sobre vacinas. É necessário pesquisar o HPV em amostras patológicas de neoplasias cervicais e câncer do colo do útero no Caribe.

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Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar las barreras personales, culturales e institucionales asociadas con la falta de interés de las pacientes en conocer (recoger) el reporte de la prueba de Papanicolaou. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, analítico, de casos y controles efectuado en el Centro de Salud Moyopampa, distrito de Lurigancho-Chosica, en Lima, Perú, durante diciembre del 2022. La muestra fue de casos (pacientes que no recogieron el reporte de la última prueba de Papanicolaou practicada en los dos últimos años) y controles (pacientes que sí acudieron a recibir su reporte). Parámetros de estudio: barreras personales, culturales e institucionales registradas en un cuestionario previamente validado. La asociación entre variables se estimó con χ² de Pearson y prueba exacta de Fisher, razón de momios con intervalo de confianza del 95% y p < 0.05. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 138 casos y 138 controles. En relación con las barreras personales, la edad de 25 a 35 años se asoció, significativamente, con el desinterés para recoger los reportes (RM = 0.021; IC95%: 0.35-0.92; p = 0.021). El carecer de estudios o solo haber cursado el nivel primario se asociaron con el desinterés para recoger los reportes de la prueba de Papanicolaou (RM = 2.83; IC95%: 1.30-6.15; p = 0.007); no haber oído hablar del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) (RM = 2.56; IC95%: 1.17-5.60; p = 0.016) y tener dificultad por el horario de trabajo (RM = 2.01; IC95%: 1.23-3.27; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONES: Las barreras personales, como un escaso grado de instrucción, la falta de conocimiento del virus del papiloma humano y las dificultades relacionadas con el horario de trabajo, aumentaron la probabilidad de no acudir a recibir el informe de la prueba.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To identify the personal, cultural and institutional barriers associated with patients' lack of interest in knowing (obtaining) the report of the Papanicolaou test. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, analytical, case-control study carried out in the Moyopampa Health Center, district of Lurigancho-Chosica, in Lima-Peru, during December 2022. The sample consisted of cases (patients who did not obtain the report of the last Papanicolaou test performed in the last two years) and controls (patients who came to obtain their report). Study parameters: personal, cultural and institutional barriers recorded in a previously validated questionnaire. The association between variables was estimated with Pearson's χ² and Fisher's exact test, odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p < 0.05. RESULTS: 138 cases and 138 controls were examined. Regarding personal barriers, age 25-35 years was significantly associated with disinterest in reporting (MR = 0.021; 95%CI: 0.35-0.92; p = 0.021). Lack of education or having attended only primary school was associated with disinterest in collecting Pap smear reports (MR = 2.83; 95%CI: 1.30-6.15; p = 0.007); not having heard of the Pap smear was associated with disinterest in collecting Pap smear reports (MR = 2.83; 95%CI: 1.30-6.15; p = 0.007); not having heard of the Pap smear was associated with disinterest in collecting Pap smear reports (MR = 2.83; 95%CI: 1.30-6.15; p = 0.007). 007); not having heard of human papillomavirus (HPV) (MR = 2.56; 95%CI: 1.17-5.60; p = 0.016); and having difficulty because of work schedule (MR = 2.01; 95%CI: 1.23-3.27; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Personal barriers, such as low educational level, lack of knowledge about human papillomavirus, and difficulties related to work schedule, increased the likelihood of not attending to receive the test report.

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INTRODUCTION: Oral cavity HPV infections are associated with a subgroup of cancers whose prevalence is increasing worldwide. HIV infected people are in an increased risk of contracting HPV infection and developing cancer. The present study reveals the frequency and genotypic variability of this virus in the oral cavity and its association with probable risk factors in an HIV+ population of the province of Corrientes. METHODS: Mouthwashes were taken from 133 participants. After DNA extraction, the presence of HPV was detected by nested PCR. Positive cases were typed by reverse line blot or by sequencing. RESULTS: HPV was detected in 22% (29/133) of the mouthwashes. In 62% (18/29) of the positive samples, at least one high-risk genotype was detected. Participants older than 36 years (p = 0.03, aOR = 3.2, CI = 1.1-9.4) and a viral load of more than 40 copies (p = 0.04, aOR = 3.3, CI = 1.1-10.3) had higher risk of infection by any HPV genotype. In relation to the age of initiation of sexual intercourse, it was a significant parameter in the case of patients with infections by high-risk genotypes (p = 0.04, aOR = 7.2, IC = 1.6-32.3). In addition, previously unreported low-risk genotypes were observed in the oral cavity of inhabitants of the region like HPV-13 and HPV-114. DISCUSSION: Collecting baseline epidemiological data in this type of vulnerable population helps to clarify the natural history of the virus in extragenital locations and focus on regional particularities that allow the development of health policies in accordance with the magnitude of the regional problem.

Introducción: Las infecciones por virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en cavidad oral se asocian a un subgrupo de cánceres cuya prevalencia está en incremento en todo el mundo. Las personas portadoras HIV (PHIV) tienen un mayor riesgo de contraer una infección por VPH y eventualmente desarrollar cáncer. El presente estudio trata de relevar la frecuencia y variabilidad genotípica de dicho virus en cavidad oral y su asociación con probables factores de riesgo en una población HIV+ de la provincia de Corrientes. Métodos: Se tomaron enjuagados bucales de 133 participantes. Luego de la extracción de ADN se detectó por PCR anidada la presencia de VPH. Los casos positivos se tipificaron por Reverse Line Blot y por secuenciación. Resultados: En la serie analizada se detectó una frecuencia global de VPH del 22% (29/133) en los enjuagados bucales. El 62% (18/29) de los casos positivos presentó al menos un genotipo de alto riesgo. Los participantes con más de 36 años (p = 0.03, aOR = 3.2, IC = 1.1-9,4) y una carga viral de más de 40 copias/mL (p = 0.04, aOR = 3.3, IC = 1.1-10.3) reflejaron mayor riesgo de infección por VPH. La edad de inicio de relaciones sexuales también resultó un indicador útil en los casos que presentaron infecciones por genotipos de alto riesgo (p = 0.04, aOR = 7.2, IC = 1.6-32.3). Además, se observaron genotipos de bajo riesgo no reportados con anterioridad en cavidad oral de habitantes de la región (VPH-13 y VPH-114). Discusión: Relevar datos epidemiológicos basales en poblaciones vulnerables y altamente expuestas a VPH ayuda a clarificar la historia natural del virus en localizaciones extragenitales y a focalizarnos en particularidades regionales que permitan elaborar políticas de salud acordes a la magnitud del problema local.

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OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review to determine the global prevalence of HPV in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature was searched through October 2022 in main databases to address the question "What is the global prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in oral and oropharyngeal cancer?" Studies had to identify HPV by PCR, ISH, or p16 immunohistochemistry to be eligible. Quality was assessed using the JBI checklist for prevalence studies. Meta-analyses were performed, and reporting followed PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: Sixty-five studies were included, and most of them had methodological limitations related to sampling and the HPV detection tool. The pooled prevalence of HPV-positivity was 10% (event rate = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.13; P < 0.01; I2 = 88%) in the oral cavity and 42% (event rate = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.49; P = 0.02; I2 = 97%) in oropharynx. The highest HPV prevalence in OSCC was reached by Japan, meanwhile, in OPSCC, Finland and Sweden were the most prevalent. HPV16 is the genotype most frequent with 69% in OSCC and 89% in OPSCC, being the tonsils the intraoral location more affected by HPV (63%, p < 0.01, I2 76%). CONCLUSION: The evidence points to an apparent burden in HPV-related OPSCC, mostly in North America, Northern Europe, and Oceania, especially due to the HPV16 infection suggesting different trends across continents. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This updated systematic review and meta-analysis provide sufficient evidence about the global HPV prevalence in OSCC and OPSCC and the most frequent HPV subtype worldwide.

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Resumen Introducción : Las infecciones por virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en cavidad oral se asocian a un subgrupo de cánceres cuya prevalencia está en incremento en todo el mundo. Las personas portadoras HIV (PHIV) tienen un mayor riesgo de contraer una infección por VPH y eventualmente desarrollar cáncer. El presente estudio trata de relevar la frecuencia y variabilidad genotípica de dicho virus en cavidad oral y su asociación con pro bables factores de riesgo en una población HIV+ de la provincia de Corrientes. Métodos : Se tomaron enjuagados bucales de 133 participantes. Luego de la extracción de ADN se detectó por PCR anidada la presencia de VPH. Los casos positivos se tipificaron por Reverse Line Blot y por secuenciación. Resultados : En la serie analizada se detectó una fre cuencia global de VPH del 22% (29/133) en los enjuagados bucales. El 62% (18/29) de los casos positivos presentó al menos un genotipo de alto riesgo. Los participantes con más de 36 años (p = 0.03, aOR = 3.2, IC = 1.1-9,4) y una carga viral de más de 40 copias/mL (p = 0.04, aOR = 3.3, IC = 1.1-10.3) reflejaron mayor riesgo de infección por VPH. La edad de inicio de relaciones sexuales también resultó un indicador útil en los casos que presenta ron infecciones por genotipos de alto riesgo (p = 0.04, aOR = 7.2, IC = 1.6-32.3). Además, se observaron genotipos de bajo riesgo no reportados con anterioridad en cavidad oral de habitantes de la región (VPH-13 y VPH-114). Discusión : Relevar datos epidemiológicos basales en pobla ciones vulnerables y altamente expuestas a VPH ayuda a clarificar la historia natural del virus en localizaciones extragenitales y a focalizarnos en particularidades regio nales que permitan elaborar políticas de salud acordes a la magnitud del problema local.

Abstract Introduction : Oral cavity HPV infections are associ ated with a subgroup of cancers whose prevalence is increasing worldwide. HIV infected people are in an increased risk of contracting HPV infection and devel oping cancer. The present study reveals the frequency and genotypic variability of this virus in the oral cavity and its association with probable risk factors in an HIV+ population of the province of Corrientes. Methods : Mouthwashes were taken from 133 partici pants. After DNA extraction, the presence of HPV was detected by nested PCR. Positive cases were typed by reverse line blot or by sequencing. Results : HPV was detected in 22% (29/133) of the mouthwashes. In 62% (18/29) of the positive samples, at least one high-risk genotype was detected. Participants older than 36 years (p = 0.03, aOR = 3.2, CI = 1.1-9.4) and a viral load of more than 40 copies (p = 0.04, aOR = 3.3, CI = 1.1-10.3) had higher risk of infection by any HPV genotype. In relation to the age of initiation of sexual intercourse, it was a significant parameter in the case of patients with infections by high-risk genotypes (p = 0.04, aOR = 7.2, IC = 1.6-32.3). In addition, previously unreport ed low-risk genotypes were observed in the oral cavity of inhabitants of the region like HPV-13 and HPV-114. Discussion : Collecting baseline epidemiological data in this type of vulnerable population helps to clarify the natural history of the virus in extragenital locations and focus on regional particularities that allow the development of health policies in accordance with the magnitude of the regional problem.

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El cáncer de cuello uterino es causado por la infección persistente del epitelio cervical con los genotipos de alto riesgo del Virus del Papiloma Humano. Para su detección se realizan pruebas moleculares que detectan el gen L1 del VPH. Este gen puede perderse hasta en el 11 % de los casos durante la integración del ADN viral en el genoma del hospedero originando falsos negativos. Por otra parte, el oncogén E7 se expresa durante todas las etapas de progresión de la enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estandarizar una PCR en tiempo real del oncogén E7 (E7-qPCR) para genotipificación y cuantificación de 6 VPH-AR. Los resultados muestran que la E7- qPCR amplificó VPH-16, -18, -31, -33, -35 y -45 con una alta sensibilidad con límites de detección desde 102 copias, eficiencias entre 90 y 110 %, valores R2 > 0,97 y análisis de curva de fusión que revelan productos específicos.

Cervical cancer is caused by persistent infection of the cervical epithelium with the high-risk genotypes of the Human Papilloma Virus (HR-HPV). For its detection, molecular tests are carried out that detect the L1 gene of HPV. This gene can be lost in up to 11 % of cases during the integration of viral DNA into the host genome, causing false negatives. On the other hand, the E7 oncogene is expressed during all stages of disease progression. The aim of this work was to standardize a real-time PCR of the E7 oncogene (E7-qPCR) for genotyping and quantification of 6 HR-HPV. The results show that the E7-qPCR amplified HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, -35 and -45 with high sensitivity with detection limits from 102 copies, efficiencies between 90 and 110 %, R2 values >0,97 and melting curve analysis revealing specific products.

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BACKGROUND: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk for oral human papillomavirus (HPV infection). There are no specific screening guidelines to facilitate the identification of people at risk for oral HPV infection. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of oral high-risk HPV and create a risk score to identify MSM at higher risk for prevalent oral HPV. METHODS: We collected baseline data from a clinical trial from a subsample of 500 MSM attending sexually transmitted disease treatment clinics; they provided an oral gargle sample for high-risk HPV detection. We calculated oral high-risk HPV prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), used a logistic regression model to identify factors associated with high-risk HPV infection, and created a risk score. RESULTS: The prevalence of any oral high-risk HPV among MSM was 11.1% (95% CI: 8.6-14.2), with a higher prevalence observed among men living with HIV (14.8%). Factors independently associated with oral high-risk HPV were age ≥40 years (OR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.28-5.73 compared to <40 years), being HIV-positive with CD4 count 200-499 (OR = 2.76, 95% CI: 1.34-5.65 compared to HIV-negative), and recent recreational use of vasodilators (poppers/sildenafil) (OR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.02-2.97). The risk score had good discriminatory power (AUC = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.63-0.77). CONCLUSIONS: MSM have specific predictors for prevalent oral high-risk HPV, and a risk score could be used by clinicians to target men with vaccine recommendations and counseling, and identify those who could benefit from primary interventions given the available resources, or for referral to dental services for follow-up when available.

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Background and objectives: Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is known to cause cervical cancer. The incidence and mortality of cervical cancer has drastically reduced due to effective vaccination against HPV in developed countries. The projected rise in cervical cancer cases in Latin American and Caribbean countries necessitates a study to evaluate awareness about HPV, cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine, and prevention among women in Antigua and Barbuda. Materials and methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study. The participants were women aged between 18 and 65 years, residing in Antigua and Barbuda. The study was conducted over the period of February to April 2023. After taking informed consent electronically, sociodemographic and behavioral data was collected through questionnaires sent out as links and QR-codes and were analyzed by QualtricsXM. The association between the demographic groups and awareness about HPV, cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine, and prevention was analyzed by a Chi-square test. Results: In total, 467 women were included in the study. The percentage of participants aware of HPV was 91.6% (n = 412). A total of 70.7% (n = 318) and 56.7% (n = 255) women were aware that cervical cancer is caused by HPV and is sexually transmitted, respectively. Although 70.6% (n = 315) of participants were aware that the vaccine protects against HPV, only 12.8% (n = 57) were vaccinated. Of the participants, 49.7% (n = 192) were willing to get vaccinated. The percentage of participants aware of the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear procedure was 98.9% (n = 435) and 87.8% (n = 382) had a Pap smear within the last 10 years while 12.2% (n = 53) never had a Pap smear screening. The willingness to know more information about HPV and the HPV vaccine among the participants was 77% (n = 335). Conclusions: The overall awareness among women in Antigua and Barbuda about HPV, cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine, and prevention was high. We recommend a national health education program and vaccine drive to complement our findings.

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BACKGROUND: Worldwide, a significant proportion of head and neck cancers is attributed to the Human papillomavirus (HPV). It is imperative that we acquire a solid understanding of the natural history of this virus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) development. Our objective was to investigate the role of sexual behaviour in the occurrence of HNSCC in the French West Indies. Additionally, we evaluated the association of high risk of HPV (Hr-HPV) with sexual behaviour in risk of cancer. METHODS: We conducted a population-based case-control study (145 cases and 405 controls). We used logistic regression models to estimate adjusted odds-ratios (OR), and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Compared to persons who never practiced oral sex, those who practiced at least occasionally had a lower HNSCC risk. First sexual intercourse after the age of 18 year was associated with a 50% reduction of HNSCC risk, compared to those who began before 15 years. HNSCC risk was significantly reduced by 60% among persons who used condoms at least occasionally. The associations for ever condom use and oral sex were accentuated following the adjustment for high-risk HPV (Hr-HPV). Oral Hr-HPV was associated with several sexual behaviour variables among HNSCC cases. However, none of these variables were significantly associated with oral HPV infections in the population controls. CONCLUSION: First intercourse after 18 years, short time interval since last intercourse and ever condom use were inversely associated with HNSCC independently of oral Hr-HPV infection. Sources of transmission other than sexual contact and the interaction between HPV and HIV could also play a role in HNSCC etiology.

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OBJETIVO: Analisar a situação vacinal contra o papilomavírus humano entre estudantes da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal, que visa identificar e analisar as características e variáveis que se relacionam com a situação vacinal contra o papilomavírus humano de discentes da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionários online padronizados. RESULTADOS: Entre os participantes, 176 (49,2%) alegaram serem vacinados contra o vírus e receberam, no mínimo, uma dose da vacina. Dentre os pesquisados, 74 (20,7%) estudantes declararam terem tomado 3 doses, enquanto 89 (24,9%) tomaram 2 e 13 (3,6%) tomaram apenas 1 dose. Com relação aos vacinados na faixa etária abrangida pela rede pública, 62 (17,3%) são do sexo feminino (9-14 anos) e 12 (3,4%) são do sexo masculino (11-14 anos). Sobre os discentes que já apresentaram alguma lesão pelo vírus, 66,66% não foram vacinados. CONCLUSÃO:Com o presente estudo, foi possível evidenciar que, assim como ocorre com a população brasileira em geral, a situação vacinal contra o papilomavírus humano entre estudantes da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora está aquém do esperado. O principal motivo relatado para a não vacinação foi não fazer parte da faixa etária incluída na vacinação da rede pública. Constatou-se também que a prevalência de lesão por Papilomavírus Humano em vacinados foi menor que nos não vacinados, enfatizando a necessidade da vacina para prevenção de lesões causadas pelo vírus (AU).

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the vaccination status against the human papillomavirus among students at the School of Medicine of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora. METHODS: It is an observational cross-sectional study that aims to identify and analyze the characteristics and variables that relate to the vaccination status against the human papillomavirus of students at the School of Medicine of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora. The data were collected using standardized online questionnaires. RESULTS: Among the participants, 176 (49.2%) claimed to have been vaccinated against the virus and had received at least one dose of the vaccine. Among those surveyed, 74 (20.7%) students reported having taken 3 doses, while 89 (24.9%) took 2 and 13 (3.6%) took only 1 dose. Regarding the vaccinated in the age group covered by the public network, 62 (17.3%) are female (9-14 years old) and 12 (3.4%) are male (11-14 years old). A total of 66.66% of the students who have already had some injury by the virus, were not vaccinated. CONCLUSION: This study showed that, as with the Brazilian population in general, the vaccination status against human papillomavirus among students at the School of Medicine of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora is below expectations. The main reason reported for non-vaccination was not being part of the age group included in the vaccination of the public network. It was also found that the prevalence of lesions by Human Papillomavirus in vaccinated was lower than in non-vaccinated, emphasizing the need for the vaccine to prevent lesions caused by the virus (AU).

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Objective: To document Grenadian women's knowledge about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, as well as their attitudes towards primary cervical cancer screening methods. Methods: In this qualitative study, we used focus groups in Grenada to gather information concerning women's knowledge about, attitudes towards and perceptions of screening for cervical cancer and general knowledge about HPV. Ten focus groups comprising 73 participants representing 5 of the 6 parishes in Grenada were conducted with women aged 19-59. Participants were asked about pelvic exams, Pap smears, HPV, reasons for seeking or avoiding cervical cancer screening and how different modalities of testing might affect their decision-making. Responses were then coded and organized into common themes. Results: While many respondents had heard of HPV, far fewer knew about its causative role in cervical cancer, how to prevent HPV infection or testing for the high-risk HPV types that cause almost all cases of cervical cancer. Many participants were aware that cervical cancer screening was beneficial, but numerous barriers to obtaining that screening were noted, including concerns about privacy and stigma, potential discomfort, and the cost and inconvenience involved. Conclusions: Our findings have implications for future cervical cancer screening efforts in Grenada. Central to these efforts should be a focus on educating Grenadians about the role of HPV infection in cervical cancer and the importance of early detection through screening. In addition, addressing issues of stigma and privacy are key to eliminating cervical cancer in Grenada.

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BACKGROUND: We assessed the incidence and risk factors for first detection and redetection with the same human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype, and prevalence of cytological lesions during HPV redetections. METHODS: The Ludwig-McGill cohort study followed women aged 18-60 years from São Paulo, Brazil in 1993-1997 for up to 10 years. Women provided cervical samples for cytology testing and HPV DNA testing at each visit. A redetection was defined as a recurring genotype-specific HPV positive result after 1 or more intervening negative visits. Predictors of genotype-specific redetection were assessed using adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) with Cox regression modeling. RESULTS: In total, 2184 women contributed 2368 incident HPV genotype-specific first detections and 308 genotype-specific redetections over a median follow-up of 6.5 years. The cumulative incidence of redetection with the same genotype was 6.6% at 1 year and 14.8% at 5 years after the loss of positivity of the first detection. Neither age (aHR 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], .54-1.47 for ≥45 years vs < 25 years) nor new sexual partner acquisition (aHR 0.98; 95% CI, .70-1.35) were statistically associated with genotype-specific redetection. High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion prevalence was similar during first HPV detections (2.9%) and redetection (3.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest many HPV redetections were likely reactivations of latent recurring infections.

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BACKGROUND: Screening of anal cancer is rarely available or performed in Brazil. This study analyzes the diagnostic performance of conventional cytology (CC) in the prevention of anal cancer in a coloproctology and gynecology outpatient clinics in a public hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: From 2005 to 2017, 1066 conventional cytological samples were collected. We analyze the causes of unsatisfactory samples (11.3%) and compare the cytological diagnoses of 83 samples from persons living with HIV and persons not living with HIV and in specific situations, using as the gold standard high-resolution anoscopy or histopathology in cases biopsied within 6 months after cytology. RESULTS: The sensitivity of cytology with diagnosis of ASC-US for detection of anal intraepithelial neoplasia of any grade was 85%, specificity was 41%, positive and negative predictive values were 64% and 75%, respectively, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were 1.46 and 0.35, respectively. CONCLUSION: Conventional cytology available in resource-limited settings is a simple, noninvasive, low-cost method that proved feasible for outpatient screening of precursor lesions of the anal canal.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To understand health professionals' perceptions about vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) in the Santa Mônica rural settlement in Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul. METHODS Quantitative and qualitative methodologies, consultations on vaccination cards, records of community health agents and the focus group technique were used. The main factors of hesitation and vaccine refusal were analyzed, as well as the health team's strategies for the process of immunization against HPV, from June to August 2018. RESULTS Of 121 children and adolescents, 81 (66.94%) received the complete vaccination schedule. Complete vaccination coverage for women was 73.17% (60/82) and for men, 53.8% (21/39). It was observed that, although strategies are adopted for vaccine promotion, such as mobile actions, the public is resistant due to superficial knowledge about the vaccine and its use in an early age group, showing itself to be susceptible to the negative influence of the media and to society's taboos. In addition, difficulties regarding the use of the Unified Health System card and the shortage of professionals were also observed. CONCLUSION The results explain the immunization coverage below the target and reinforce the need to strengthen the family health strategy, as well as the permanent and continuing education of professionals, in order to increase parental confidence and adherence to vaccination.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Compreender as percepções dos profissionais de saúde acerca da vacinação contra o papilomavírus humano (HPV) no Complexo de assentamentos Santa Mônica, em Terenos, Mato Grosso do Sul. MÉTODOS Foram utilizadas metodologias quanti-qualitativas, consultas em cartões vacinais, registros de agente comunitários de saúde e a técnica de grupo focal. Foram analisados os principais fatores de hesitação e recusa vacinal, bem como as estratégias da equipe de saúde para o processo de imunização contra o HPV, de junho a agosto de 2018. RESULTADOS De 121 crianças e adolescentes, 81 (66,94%) receberam o esquema vacinal completo. A cobertura vacinal completa feminina foi de 73,17% (60/82) e a masculina de 53,8% (21/39). Observou-se que, embora sejam adotadas estratégias para a promoção da vacina, como ações volantes, o público encontra-se resistente devido ao conhecimento superficial sobre a vacina e sua utilização em faixa etária precoce, mostrando-se suscetível à influência negativa da mídia e aos tabus da sociedade. Além disso, dificuldades quanto ao uso do cartão do Sistema Único de Saúde e a escassez de profissionais também foram observadas. CONCLUSÃO Os resultados justificam a cobertura vacinal abaixo da meta e reforçam a necessidade de fortalecimento da estratégia de saúde da família, bem como da educação permanente e continuada dos profissionais, a fim de aumentar a confiança dos pais e a adesão à vacinação.

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Abstract Objective To evaluate the rates of precancerous lesions, colposcopy referral, and positive predictive value (PPV) by age groups of a population-based screening with DNA-HPV testing. Methods The present demonstration study compared 16,384 HPV tests performed in the first 30 months of the program with 19,992 women tested in the cytology screening. The colposcopy referral rate and PPV for CIN2+ and CIN3+ by age group and screening program were compared. The statistical analysis used the chi-squared test and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results The HPV tests were 3.26% positive for HPV16-HPV18 and 9.92% positive for 12 other HPVs with a 3.7 times higher colposcopy referral rate than the cytology program, which had 1.68% abnormalities. Human Papillomavirus testing detected 103 CIN2, 89 CIN3, and one AIS, compared with 24 CIN2 and 54 CIN3 detected by cytology (p < 0.0001). The age group between 25 and 29 years old screened by HPV testing had 2.4 to 3.0 times more positivity, 13.0% colposcopy referral, twice more than women aged 30 to 39 years old (7.7%; p < 0.0001), and detected 20 CIN3 and 3 early-stage cancer versus 9 CIN3 and no cancer by cytology screening (CIN3 OR= 2.10; 95%CI: 0.91 -5.25; p = 0.043). The PPV of colposcopy for CIN2+ ranged from 29.5 to 41.0% in the HPV testing program. Conclusion There was a significant increase in detections of cervix precancerous lesions in a short period of screening with HPV testing. In women < 30 years old, the HPV testing exhibited more positivity, high colposcopy referral rate, similar colposcopy PPV to older women, and more detection of HSIL and early-stage cervical cancer.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar as taxas de lesões pré-cancerosas, encaminhamento para colposco pia e valor preditivo positivo (VPP) por faixas etárias de rastreamento populacional com teste DNA-HPV. Métodos O presente estudo de demonstração comparou 16.384 testes de HPV realizados nos primeiros 30 meses do programa com 19.992 mulheres testadas no rastreio citológico. Os programas foram comparados por taxa de encaminhamento de colposcopia e VPP para NIC2+ e NIC3+ por faixa etária. A análise estatística utilizou o teste de qui-quadrado e odds ratio (OR, na sigla em inglês) com intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95%. Resultados Os testes de HPV foram 3,26% positivos para HPV16-HPV18 e 9,92% positivos para 12 outros HPVs, com uma taxa de encaminhamento de colposcopia 3,7 vezes maior do que o programa de citologia, que teve 1,68% de anormalidades. O teste de HPV detectou 103 NIC2, 89 NIC3 e um AIS, em comparação com 24 NIC2 e 54 NIC3 detectados por citologia (p < 0,0001 ). O rastreio por teste de HPV no grupo etário 25 a 29 anos teve 2,4 a 3,0 vezes mais positividade, 13,0% de encaminhamento para colposcopia, 2 vezes mais que mulheres de 30 a 39 anos (7,7%; p < 0,0001 ), e detectou 20 NIC3 e 3 cânceres em estágio inicial versus nove NIC3 e nenhum câncer pelo rastreio citológico (NIC3 OR= 2,10; 96%CI: 0,91 -5,25; p = 0,043). O VPP da colposcopia para NIC2+ variou de 29,5 a 41,0% no programa de teste de HPV. Conclusão Houve um aumento significativo na detecção de lesões pré-cancerosas do colo do útero em um curto período de rastreamento com teste de HPV. Em mulheres < 30 anos, o teste de HPV exibiu mais positividade, alta taxa de encaminhamento para colposcopia com VPP semelhante a mulheres mais velhas, e mais detecção de HSIL e de câncer cervical em estágio inicial.

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Abstract Objective The present study aims to establish a risk profile for high-grade cervical lesions and cervical cancer (CIN2 + ) in women undergoing colposcopy at the Hospital do Câncer de Barretos, through the analysis of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, cervical cytology, and patient's age. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional study based on a computerized database of women aged ≥ 18 years old who underwent colposcopy at the Prevention Department of the Hospital do Câncer de Barretos from 2017 to 2019. Results A total of 3,411 women were included, 58.0% were positive for high-risk-HPV test, with a higher prevalence of CIN2+ for HPV16 (30.3%) and other HPV (45.0%). Cytological findings that suggest invasive cervical cancer (squamous cells or adenocarcinoma), regardless of the status of HPV test, showed 100% diagnosis of CIN2 + , while atypias that suggest high-grade lesions, HSIL and ASC-H, positive for HPV test, showed in 86 and 55.2%, respectively, diagnosis of CIN2 + . ASC-H cytological results among women aged > 40 years old and negative HPV were mainly associated with benign findings. We observed that ≤ CIN1 has a higher prevalence among older women with negative HPV, while for high-grade lesions there is an increase among young women HPV16- and/or 18-positive. In cancer diagnosis, we observed a predominance of HPV 16/18 regardless of the age group. Conclusion The highest risks of precursor lesions and cervical cancer were found among women with positive HPV 16/18 tests and severe cytological atypia in population screening tests. In addition, cytological findings of ASC-H HPV negative in women > 40 years old usually represent benign findings in histological investigation.

Resumo Objetivo Estabelecer um perfil de risco de lesões intraepiteliais de alto grau e câncer do colo do útero (NIC2 + ) em mulheres submetidas a colposcopia considerando-se a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV), citologia cervical e idade. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo transversal em banco de dados informatizado de mulheres com idade ≥ 18 anos que realizaram colposcopia no departamento de Prevenção de Câncer no Hospital do Câncer de Barretos/SP no período de 2017 a 2019. Resultados Foram incluídas 3.411 mulheres, sendo 58,0% positivas para HPV de alto risco, e maior prevalência de NIC2+ para HPV16 (30,3%) e outros HPV (45,0%). Resultados citológicos sugestivos de lesões invasivas (epidermoide ou adenocarcinoma), independente do teste de HPV, apresentaram 100% de diagnóstico NIC2 + , enquanto atipias sugestivas de lesões de alto grau, HSIL e ASC-H, associados a HPV positivo, apresentaram 86 e 55,2%, respectivamente. Resultados citológicos de ASC-H entre mulheres > 40 anos e HPV negativo foram associados principalmente a achados benignos. Observamos que ≤ NIC1 apresenta uma maior prevalência entre mulheres mais velhas com HPV negativo, enquanto para lesões de alto grau, há um aumento entre mulheres mais jovens positivas para HPV16/18. Para diagnóstico de câncer, observamos que há um predomínio de HPV16/18 independente da faixa etária. Conclusão Foi identificado maior risco de lesões precursoras e câncer entre mulheres com HPV 16/18 positivo e atipias citológicas graves em testes de rastreio populacional. Além disso, resultados citológicos de ASC-H quando associados a HPV negativo com idade > 40 anos habitualmente representam achados benignos em investigação histológica.

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ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the expression of human papillomavirus (HPV), p16, p53, and p63 in non-schistosomiasis-related squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder and to develop an accurate and automated tool to predict histological classification based on clinicopathological features. Methods Twenty-eight patients with primary bladder pure squamous cell carcinoma who underwent cystectomy or transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) for bladder cancer between January 2011 and July 2017 were evaluated. Clinical data and follow-up information were obtained from medical records. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded surgical specimens were used for immunohistochemical staining for p16, p53, and p63. Human papillomavirus detection was evaluated by PCR. Statistical analysis was performed, and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Finally, decision trees were built to classify patients' prognostic features. Leave-one-out cross-validation was used to test the generalizability of the model. Results Neither direct HPV detection nor its indirect marker (p16 protein) was identified in most cases. The absence of p16 was correlated with less aggressive histological grading (p=0.040). The positive p16 staining detection found only in pT1 and pT2 cases in our sample suggests a possible role for this tumor suppressor protein in the initial stages of bladder squamous cell carcinoma. The decision trees constructed described the relationship between clinical features, such as hematuria/dysuria, the level of tumor invasion, HPV status, lymphovascular invasion, gender, age, compromised lymph nodes, and tumor degree differentiation, with high classification accuracy. Conclusion The algorithm classifier approach established decision pathways for semi-automatic tumor histological classification, laying the foundation for tailored semi-automated decision support systems for pathologists.

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Objetivo: identificar os fatores associados ao conhecimento dos discentes de Enfermagem acerca do Papiloma Vírus Humano e seu imunizante. Método: trata-se de um estudo transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, com uma amostra de 112 participantes. Os dados foram coletados em junho de 2017 mediante um questionário estruturado, aplicado aos discentes de todos os períodos do curso. Foi realizada análise bivariada entre o conhecimento acerca da infecção causada pelo Papiloma Vírus Humano e seu imunizante e as variáveis acadêmicas. Resultados: houve conhecimento satisfatório quanto a temática investigada, com destaque para o conhecimento acerca do imunizante mais expressivo entre os discentes. Os discentes de períodos mais avançados tinham significativo conhecimento sobre a sintomatologia da infecção pelo Papiloma Vírus Humano e a disponibilidade do seu imunizante. Conclusões: de modo geral, os participantes apresentaram conhecimento satisfatório, com destaque para os discentes com mais tempo de curso e mais experiência na atenção à saúde da mulher.

Objetivo: identificar los factores asociados al conocimiento de los estudiantes de Enfermería acerca del Papiloma Virus Humano y su inmunizante. Método: se trata de un estudio transversal, de enfoque cuantitativo, con una muestra de 112 participantes. Los datos fueron recogidos en junio de 2017 mediante un cuestionario estructurado, aplicado a los estudiantes de todos los períodos del curso. Se realizó un análisis bivariado entre el conocimiento acerca de la infección causada por el Virus del Papiloma Humano y su inmunizante y las variables académicas. Resultados: hubo conocimiento satisfactorio en cuanto a la temática investigada, con destaque para el conocimiento acerca del inmunizante más expresivo entre los discentes. Los estudiantes de períodos más avanzados tenían conocimiento significativo sobre la sintomatología de la infección por el Virus del Papiloma Humano y la disponibilidad de su inmunizante. Conclusiones: de modo general, los participantes presentaron conocimiento satisfactorio, con destaque para los discentes con más tiempo de curso y más experiencia en la atención a la salud de la mujer.

Objective to identify the factors associated with the knowledge of nursing students about the Human Papilloma Virus and its immunization. Method: this is a cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach, with a sample of 112 participants. Data were collected in June 2017 through a structured questionnaire, applied to students of all periods of the course. Bivariate analysis was performed between the knowledge about the infection caused by the Human Papilloma Virus and its immunization and the academic variables. Results: there was satisfactory knowledge about the theme investigated, especially the knowledge about the most expressive immunization among students. Students from more advanced periods had significant knowledge about the symptomatology of infection by Human Papilloma Virus and the availability of its immunizer. Conclusions: in general, the participants presented satisfactory knowledge, especially students with more course time and more experience in women's health care.

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RESUMEN Objetivos. Sintetizar las recomendaciones desarrolladas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) con el fin de mejorar la calidad del cuidado y los desenlaces en salud sobre el tamizaje y tratamiento de las mujeres con lesiones precancerosas para la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino. Métodos. Las directrices elaboradas por la OMS siguen los métodos de elaboración de la directriz GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation) del Manual para el desarrollo de directrices de la OMS. Se llevó a cabo una síntesis de las recomendaciones de dos directrices de OMS. Adicionalmente, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en PubMed, Lilacs, Health Systems Evidence, Epistemonikos y literatura gris de estudios desarrollados en las Américas con el fin de identificar barreras, facilitadores, estrategias de implementación e indicadores. Resultados. Se formularon 19 recomendaciones y 10 puntos de buena práctica para el tamizaje de lesiones precancerosas del cuello del útero y el tratamiento del cáncer de cuello uterino. Se identificaron barreras y facilitadores para la implementación y se crearon indicadores de adherencia y resultado. Conclusiones. Las recomendaciones formuladas proveen orientación para mejorar la calidad del cuidado y los desenlaces en salud sobre el tamizaje y tratamiento de las mujeres con lesiones precancerosas para la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino, con consideraciones para su implementación en América Latina y el Caribe.

ABSTRACT Objectives. Synthesize the recommendations developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the screening and treatment of women with pre-cancerous lesions for cervical cancer prevention, with a view to improving the quality of care and health outcomes. Methods. The guidelines prepared by WHO follow the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) method for the preparation of guidelines, as set forth in the WHO Handbook for Guideline Development. A synthesis of the recommendations of two WHO guidelines was carried out. Additionally, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Lilacs, Mhealth Systems Evidence, Epistemonikos and gray literature of studies developed in the Americas to identify barriers, facilitators, implementation strategies, and indicators. Results. A total of 19 recommendations and ten good practices were formulated for screening pre-cancerous lesions of the cervix and treating cervical cancer. Implementation barriers and facilitators were identified, and indicators were created for assessing adherence and outcomes. Conclusions. The recommendations provide guidance for the screening and treatment of women with pre-cancerous lesions for cervical cancer prevention, with a view to improving the quality of care and health outcomes. Implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean is considered.

RESUMO Objetivos. Apresentar de forma resumida as recomendações desenvolvidas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) para melhorar a qualidade da atenção e os desfechos de saúde relacionados ao rastreamento e ao tratamento de mulheres com lesões pré-cancerosas para a prevenção do câncer do colo do útero. Métodos. As diretrizes elaboradas pela OMS seguem o método GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) do manual de desenvolvimento de diretrizes da OMS. Fez-se uma síntese das recomendações de duas diretrizes da OMS. Além disso, realizou-se uma busca sistemática nos bancos de dados PubMed, Lilacs, mHealth Systems Evidence e Epistemonikos e na literatura cinzenta por estudos realizados nas Américas, a fim de identificar barreiras, facilitadores, estratégias de implementação e indicadores. Resultados. Foram formuladas 19 recomendações e 10 pontos de boas práticas para o rastreamento de lesões pré-cancerosas do colo do útero e o tratamento do câncer do colo do útero. Identificaram-se facilitadores e barreiras para implementação e foram criados indicadores de adesão e de resultados. Conclusões. As recomendações apresentadas fornecem orientações para melhorar a qualidade da atenção e os desfechos de saúde no rastreamento e no tratamento de mulheres com lesões pré-cancerosas para a prevenção do câncer do colo do útero, com considerações para sua implementação na América Latina e no Caribe.