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In this work, AgNPs were synthesized using an anthocyanin extract from Peruvian purple potato INIA 328-Kulli papa. The anthocyanin extract was obtained through a conventional extraction with acidified ethanolic aqueous solvent. This extract acted as both a reducing and stabilizing agent for the reduction of silver ions. Optimization of synthesis parameters, including pH, reaction time, and silver nitrate (AgNO3) concentration, led to the optimal formation of AgNPs at pH 10, with a reaction time of 30 min and an AgNO3 concentration of 5 mM. Characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed that the AgNPs had a crystallite size of 9.42 nm and a hydrodynamic diameter of 21.6 nm, with a zeta potential of -42.03 mV, indicating favorable colloidal stability. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the presence of anthocyanin functional groups on the surface of the AgNPs, contributing to their stability. Furthermore, the bacterial activity of the AgNPs was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). For E. coli, the MIC was 0.5 mM (0.05 mg/mL) and the MBC was 4.5 mM (0.49 mg/mL). Similarly, for S. aureus, the MIC was 0.5 mM (0.05 mg/mL) and the MBC was 4.0 mM (0.43 mg/mL). These results highlight the potential benefits of AgNPs synthesized from Peruvian purple potato anthocyanin extract, both in biomedical and environmental contexts.

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The pyelonephritis-associated fimbria (P fimbria) is one of the most recognized adhesion determinants of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strains (ExPECs). Twelve variants have been described for the gene encoding the P fimbria major structural subunit PapA and three variants for the gene encoding the adhesin subunit PapG. However, their distribution among the ExPEC diversity has not been comprehensively addressed. A complete landscape of that distribution might be valuable for delineating basic studies about the pathogenicity mechanisms of ExPECs and following up on the evolution of ExPEC lineages, particularly those most epidemiologically relevant. Therefore, we performed a massive descriptive study to detect the papA and papG variants along different E. coli genotypes represented by genomic sequences contained in the NCBI Assembly Refseq database. The most common papA variants were F11, F10, F48, F16, F12, and F7-2, which were found in significant association with the most relevant ExPEC genotypes, the phylogroups B2 and D, and the sequence types ST95, ST131, ST127, ST69, ST12, and ST73. On the other hand, the papGII variant was by far the most common followed by papGIII, and both were also found to have a significant association with common ExPEC genotypes. We noticed the presence of genomes, mainly belonging to the sequence type ST12, harboring two or three papA variants and two papG variants. Furthermore, the most common papA and papG variants were also detected in records representing strains isolated from humans and animals such as poultry, bovine, and dogs, supporting previous hypotheses of potential cross-transmission. Finally, we characterized a set of 17 genomes from Chilean uropathogenic E. coli strains and found that ST12 and ST73 were the predominant sequence types. Variants F7-1, F7-2, F8, F9, F11, F13, F14, F16, and F48 were detected for papA, and papGII and papGIII variants were detected for papG. Significant associations with the sequence types observed in the analysis of genomes contained in the NCBI Assembly Refseq database were also found in this collection in 16 of 19 cases for papA variants and 7 of 9 cases for the papG variants. This comprehensive characterization might support future basic studies about P fimbria-mediated ExPEC adherence and future typing or epidemiological studies to monitor the evolution of ExPECs producing P fimbria.

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Background: Potato peel extract has demonstrated the ability to reduce platelet aggregation in vitro, suggesting its potential as a dietary intervention for preventing atherothrombotic disorders. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the impact of a potato peel-rich diet on platelet aggregation. Methods: A randomized, crossover-controlled, open two-period study was carried out with the participation of 12 healthy volunteers. Platelet aggregation was assessed before and after a seven-day dietary intervention. Participants consumed either a diet rich in potato peel (2 g/kg/d) or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) as a reference (100 mg/d). Platelet aggregation percentages were measured following stimulation with arachidonic acid (AA, 150 µg/mL), adenosine diphosphate (ADP, 10 µM), and collagen (COL, 10 µg/mL). Results: The potato peel-rich diet resulted in a slight but significant reduction in platelet aggregation when stimulated with arachidonic acid compared to baseline values (85.0±2.0% vs. 91.3±1.7%, p<0.05). This effect was less pronounced than the reduction achieved with ASA (16±1.9%, p<0.001). Conclusion: The administration of a diet rich in potato peel reduces platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, suggesting its potential role in the prevention of atherothrombotic disorders.

Introducción: El extracto de cáscara de patata ha demostrado su capacidad para reducir la agregación plaquetaria in vitro, lo que sugiere su potencial como intervención dietética para prevenir trastornos aterotrombóticos. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de una dieta rica en cáscara de patata en la agregación plaquetaria. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio aleatorizado, controlado, cruzado y abierto con la participación de 12 voluntarios sanos. Se evaluó la agregación plaquetaria antes y después de una intervención dietética de siete días. Los participantes consumieron una dieta rica en cáscara de patata (2 g/kg/d) o ácido acetilsalicílico (ASA) como referente (100 mg/d). Se midieron los porcentajes de agregación plaquetaria después de la estimulación con ácido araquidónico (AA, 150 µg/mL), difosfato de adenosina (ADP, 10 µM) y colágeno (COL, 10 µg/mL). Resultados: La dieta rica en cáscara de patata resultó en una ligera pero significativa reducción en la agregación plaquetaria cuando se estimuló con ácido araquidónico en comparación con los valores iniciales (85,0 ± 2,0% vs. 91,3 ± 1,7%, p <0,05). Este efecto fue menos pronunciado que la reducción lograda con ASA (16 ± 1,9%, p <0,001). Conclusión: La administración de una dieta rica en cáscara de patata reduce la agregación plaquetaria inducida por ácido araquidónico, lo que sugiere su papel potencial en la prevención de trastornos aterotrombóticos.

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La papa (Solanum tuberosum) Diacol Capiro es uno de los cultivares con mayor producción y consumo interno en Colombia, siendo los departamentos de Cundinamarca y Boyacá, los principales productores. Este cultivo, se ve afectado por un complejo de virus, que disminuye la calidad de los tubérculos y los rendimientos. En este trabajo, se evaluó la prevalencia de los virus de ARN: PLRV, PVY, PVX, PVS, PVV, PYVV, PMTV y PVB, en brotes de tubérculos-semilla certificados, provenientes de la sabana Cundiboyacense, mediante RT-qPCR. Los resultados revelan la ocurrencia de siete de los ochos virus en las muestras, con niveles de infección de 100 % (PVS, PVX y PYVV), 75 % (PLRV), 50 % (PVY), 37,5 % (PMTV) y 12,5 % (PVB). Adicionalmente, con el fin de obtener información de los genomas de los virus detectados, se utilizó secuenciación de alto rendimiento (HTS), de una muestra compuesta (bulk) de brotes, siendo posible obtener el genoma completo del PLRV y el genoma parcial del PVY. Los análisis filogenéticos realizados con dichas secuencias ubicaron a los virus PLRV y PVY en clados, conformados por aislamientos colombianos, con niveles de identidad superiores al 97 %. Estos hallazgos evidencian la necesidad de fortalecer los programas de certificación de tubérculos-semilla de papa en el país, mediante la utilización de pruebas moleculares de detección viral.

Diacol-Capiro is one of the most important potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars in Colombia with most production concentrated in the provinces of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. Unfortunately, this crop is seriously affected by several viruses that compromise the quality of tubers and yields. In this work, it was evaluated the prevalence of the RNA viruses: PLRV, PVY, PVX, PVS, PVV, PYVV, PMTV, and PVB in certified tuber-seed sprouts produced in the highlands of Cundinamarca and Boyacá by RT-qPCR. Results revealed a prevalence of 100 % for PVS, PVX, and PYVV; 75 % for PLRV, 50 % for PVY, 37.5 % for PMTV, and 12.5 % for PVB. Additionally, high-throughput sequencing from a sprout´s bulk sample was used to gather genomic information of infecting viruses, which resulted in a partial PVY sequence, and a complete PLRV genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that both assemblies cluster within clades comprising other Colombian isolates with more than 97 % nucleotide sequence identity. These findings highlight the need to update potato seed-tuber certification programs in Colombia with the implementation of more sensitive molecular tests.

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RESUMEN En esta investigación, con el método de superficie de respuesta (33), se determinó la máxima retención de ácido ascórbico en papa Puka Ambrosio sometida a fritura. Se ensayó con 160, 170 y 180 °C; 150, 180 y 210 segundos; 2, 3 y 4 mm de espesor de hojuela. Se retuvo 87,3% de ácido ascórbico en hojuelas de 2 mm de espesor sometidas a 170 °C y 200 segundos de fritura. El espesor y la interacción entre este y el tiempo tuvieron efecto significativo (p<0,05) sobre la retención. La papa y la hojuela frita tuvieron respectivamente en promedio: 21,0±1,6 y 18,4±2,9 mg/100 g de ácido ascórbico; 27,1 ± 2,1 y 21,1 ± 3,3 mg/100 g de vitamina C en base seca desgrasada; 69,0±0,03 y 22,2±0,03% de humedad; 1±0,09 y 21,9±0,03 de grasa cruda en base seca; y 332±97 y 597±22 mg de ácido clorogénico equivalente/100 g de compuestos fenólicos totales; 6424±57 y 8309±80 μg de equivalente Trolox/g de capacidad antioxidante; y 58,1±1,7 y 33,6±5,0 mg de cianidina-3-glucósido equivalente/100 g de antocianinas totales, todas medidas en base seca desgrasada. La operación de fritura generó modificaciones en las características físicas, químicas, concentración de componentes bioactivos y capacidad antioxidante, observándose un incremento en el contenido de carbohidratos, fibra, cenizas, compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante.

ABSTRACT In this research, the maximum retention of ascorbic acid was determined in the Puka Ambrosio potato subjected to frying using the response surface method (33). Retention was tested at 160, 170 and 180 °C for 150, 180 and 210 seconds and with a flake thickness of 2, 3 and 4 mm. In 2 mm flakes at 170 °C and 200 seconds of frying, 87.3% ascorbic acid was retained. Flake thickness and the interaction between thickness and frying time had a significant effect (p<0.05) on retention. The potato and its fried flakes had on average: 21.0±1.6 and 18.4±2.9 mg/100 g of ascorbic acid, respectively; and 7.1±2.1 and 21.1±3.3 mg/100 g of vitamin C on a defatted dry basis; 69±0.03 and 22.2±0.03 percent moisture; 1±0.09 and 21.9±0.03 of crude fat on dry basis; 332±97; and 597±22 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/100 g of total phenolic compounds; 6424±57 and 8309±80 μg of Trolox equivalent/g of antioxidant capacity; and 58.1±1.7 and 33.6±5.0 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent /100 g of total anthocyanins on a defatted dry basis. The frying operation generated modifications in the physical-chemical characteristics, of bioactive component concentration and in the antioxidant capacity. We observed an increase in the content of carbohydrates, fiber, ash, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity.

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Abstract Urinary tract infections are responsible for most human infections, these are caused by bacteria, fungi, protozoa and associated microorganisms. The goal of this study was to determine the rate of vaginal infection-causing agents in routine cytological exams and also to evaluate the characteristics of positive tested Pap smears. A retrospective documental with descriptive aspect research was performed in a Clinical Pathology laboratory from Maceió-AL. The results of the Pap smears exams for Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida spp and HPV were arranged in a database as well as other data such as bacterial, protozoan, fungal and viral coinfections. The sample was composed by 18.645 women who have undergone Pap smear exams from 2013 to 2017. Of these analyzed exams, 27.4% in 2013, 10.9% in 2014, 10.6% in 2015, 15.2% in 2016 and 13.67% in 2017 were within normal range, however more than half of these exams presented some infections caused by unspecific or microbiological agents. By analyzing all the reports, 4.073 (21.84%) presented inflammations caused by some species of infectious agent with the following rate order: G. vaginalis and T. vaginalis. Furthermore, it was possible to confirm high rates of coinfection by and Candida spp. The rate of genital infections in this study highlights that there is a public health matter that must be controlled, which points a greater need for monitoring, guidance and actions towards greater awareness in order to prevent these problems.

Resumo Infecções do trato urinário são responsáveis pela maior parte das infecções humanas, sendo causadas por bactérias, fungos, protozoários, e por microrganismos associados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a frequência de agentes causadores de infecções vaginais nos exames citológicos de rotina, bem como avaliar as características dos esfregaços positivos. Foi realizada uma pesquisa do tipo documental retrospectiva de aspecto descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, em um Laboratório de Patologia Clínica de Maceió-AL. Nesse sentido, os resultados dos exames colpocitológicos para Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida spp e HPV foram organizados em um banco de dados, contendo os resultados para estes agentes, bem como a coinfecção bacteriana, protozoária, fúngica e viral. A amostra foi composta por 18.645 mulheres que realizaram exame colpocitológico, no período de 2013 a 2017. Destes exames analisados 27,4% em 2013, 10,9% em 2014, 10,6% em 2015, 15,2% em 2016 e 13,67% em 2017, estavam dentro do limite da normalidade, porém mais que a metade desses exames analisados apresentou algumas infecções causadas por agentes inespecíficos ou microbiológicos. Do total de laudos analisados, 4.073 (21,84%), apresentaram inflamações causadas por algum tipo de agente infeccioso, com a seguinte ordem de frequência: G. vaginalis, e T. vaginalis. Além disto, foi possível confirmar a elevada frequência de coinfecção entre G. vaginalis e Candida spp. Os índices de infecções genitais nesse trabalho mostram que há um problema de saúde pública que deve ser controlado, apontando uma necessidade maior de acompanhamento, orientações e de ações para uma maior conscientização para prevenir esses problemas.

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O câncer de colo do útero é o terceiro câncer mais comum em mulheres em todo o mundo é uma importante questão de saúde pública, o número de casos novos para o Brasil, para cada ano do triênio 2020-2022, foi de 16.590, com um risco estimado de 15,43 casos a cada 100 mil mulheres. Este estudo objetivou analisar a distribuição espacial e temporal dos indicadores de saúde pactuados para o câncer de colo do útero no Piauí de 2016 a 2021e sua relação com determinantes sociais de saúde. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico do tipo ecológico, tem como área geográfica de interesse o Piauí, estado localizado na região Nordeste do Brasil possui 224 municípios e é organizado em 12 Territórios de Desenvolvimento. Os dados do estudo são do tipo secundário, extraídos de quatro bancos de dados de domínio público. As variáveis do estudo são baseadas nos Indicadores de Processo das ações de controle do câncer de colo do útero e indicadores sociais. A coleta de dados ocorreu nos meses de maio a junho de 2022. A tabulação dos dados foi realizada pelo aplicativo TabNet Win 32 3.0. Para análise dos dados, as informações foram tabuladas, corrigidas e inseridas em softwares. Foi utilizado o software Microsoft Excel® 2010, o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Para análise estatística e espacial foram utilizados o Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) Qgis e o software Geoda, versão 1.2. Os resultados apresentaram significância estatística de forma heterogênea entre as variáveis dos casos e óbitos do câncer de colo do útero e indicadores sociais. Os achados apontam crescimento nas taxas de analfabetismo, desemprego, Índice do Coeficiente de Gini e Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal. A cobertura de exames citopatológicos ainda tem um valor muito baixo quando comparado com as metas pactuadas. As taxas de óbitos e exames insatisfatórios apresentaram aumentos. A maior prevalência dos achados na análise espacial esteve localizada no território de desenvolvimento Entre Rios.

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide and is an important public health issue, the number of new cases for Brazil, for each year of the 2020-2022 triennium, was 16,590, with an estimated risk of 15.43 cases per 100,000 women. This study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of agreed health indicators for cervical cancer in Piauí from 2016 to 2021 and their relationship with social determinants of health. This is an epidemiological study of the ecological type, with the geographical area of interest being Piauí, a state located in the Northeast region of Brazil, which has 224 municipalities and is organized into 12 Development Territories. The study data are secondary type, extracted from four public domain databases. The study variables are based on the Process Indicators of cervical cancer control actions and social indicators. Data collection took place from May to June 2022. Data tabulation was performed using the TabNet Win 32 3.0 application. For data analysis, the information was tabulated, corrected and entered into software. Microsoft Excel® 2010 software, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used. For statistical and spatial analysis, the Geographic Information System (GIS) Qgis and the Geoda software, version 1.2, were used. The results showed heterogeneous statistical significance between the variables of cervical cancer cases and deaths and social indicators. The findings point to growth in illiteracy rates, unemployment, the Gini Coefficient Index and the Municipal Human Development Index. The coverage of Pap smears is still very low when compared to the agreed goals. The rates of deaths and unsatisfactory exams increased. The highest prevalence of findings in the spatial analysis was located in the Entre Rios development territory.

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Urinary tract infections are responsible for most human infections, these are caused by bacteria, fungi, protozoa and associated microorganisms. The goal of this study was to determine the rate of vaginal infection-causing agents in routine cytological exams and also to evaluate the characteristics of positive tested Pap smears. A retrospective documental with descriptive aspect research was performed in a Clinical Pathology laboratory from Maceió-AL. The results of the Pap smears exams for Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida spp and HPV were arranged in a database as well as other data such as bacterial, protozoan, fungal and viral coinfections. The sample was composed by 18.645 women who have undergone Pap smear exams from 2013 to 2017. Of these analyzed exams, 27.4% in 2013, 10.9% in 2014, 10.6% in 2015, 15.2% in 2016 and 13.67% in 2017 were within normal range, however more than half of these exams presented some infections caused by unspecific or microbiological agents. By analyzing all the reports, 4.073 (21.84%) presented inflammations caused by some species of infectious agent with the following rate order: G. vaginalis and T. vaginalis. Furthermore, it was possible to confirm high rates of coinfection by and Candida spp. The rate of genital infections in this study highlights that there is a public health matter that must be controlled, which points a greater need for monitoring, guidance and actions towards greater awareness in order to prevent these problems.

Infecções do trato urinário são responsáveis pela maior parte das infecções humanas, sendo causadas por bactérias, fungos, protozoários, e por microrganismos associados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a frequência de agentes causadores de infecções vaginais nos exames citológicos de rotina, bem como avaliar as características dos esfregaços positivos. Foi realizada uma pesquisa do tipo documental retrospectiva de aspecto descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, em um Laboratório de Patologia Clínica de Maceió-AL. Nesse sentido, os resultados dos exames colpocitológicos para Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida spp e HPV foram organizados em um banco de dados, contendo os resultados para estes agentes, bem como a coinfecção bacteriana, protozoária, fúngica e viral. A amostra foi composta por 18.645 mulheres que realizaram exame colpocitológico, no período de 2013 a 2017. Destes exames analisados 27,4% em 2013, 10,9% em 2014, 10,6% em 2015, 15,2% em 2016 e 13,67% em 2017, estavam dentro do limite da normalidade, porém mais que a metade desses exames analisados apresentou algumas infecções causadas por agentes inespecíficos ou microbiológicos. Do total de laudos analisados, 4.073 (21,84%), apresentaram inflamações causadas por algum tipo de agente infeccioso, com a seguinte ordem de frequência: G. vaginalis, e T. vaginalis. Além disto, foi possível confirmar a elevada frequência de coinfecção entre G. vaginalis e Candida spp. Os índices de infecções genitais nesse trabalho mostram que há um problema de saúde pública que deve ser controlado, apontando uma necessidade maior de acompanhamento, orientações e de ações para uma maior conscientização para prevenir esses problemas.

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RESUMEN El neotrópico es sitio de origen de gran variedad de plantas que actualmente son cultivadas con éxito en diferentes regiones del mundo. Sin embargo, condiciones climáticas adversas, que se pueden ver acrecentadas por efectos del cambio climático antropogénico, pueden afectar su rendimiento y productividad debido a las situaciones de estrés abiótico que se pueden generar. Como alternativa para contrarrestar estos efectos, se ha experimentado con modificaciones genéticas, particularmente en genes relacionados con la producción de osmolitos y factores de transcripción que han llevado a que estas plantas, a nivel experimental, tengan mayor tolerancia a estrés oxidativo, altas y bajas temperaturas y fotoinhibición, sequía y salinidad, mediante la acumulación de osmoprotectores, la regulación en la expresión de genes y cambios en el fenotipo. En este trabajo se presentan y describen las estrategias metodológicas planteadas con estos fines y se complementan con ejemplos de trabajos realizados en cultivos de origen neotropical de importancia económica, como maíz, algodón, papa y tomate. Además, y debido a la novedad y potencial que ofrece la edición génica por medio del sistema CRISPR/Cas9, también se mencionan trabajos realizados en plantas con origen neotropical, enfocados en comprender e implementar mecanismos de tolerancia a sequía. Las metodologías aquí descritas podrían constituirse en opciones prácticas para mejorar la seguridad alimentaria con miras a contrarrestar las consecuencias negativas del cambio climático antropogénico.

ABSTRACT The neotropics are the site of origin of a large variety of plants that are currently successfully cultivated in different regions of the world. However, adverse climatic conditions, which can be exacerbated by the effects of anthropogenic climate change, can affect their yield and productivity due to the abiotic stresses that can be generated. As an alternative to counteract these effects, genetic modifications have been experimentally implemented, particularly in genes related to osmolyte production and transcription factors, which have ultimately led to increased tolerance of these plants to oxidative stress, high and low temperatures and photoinhibition, drought and salinity, through the accumulation of osmoprotectants, regulation of gene expression and changes in phenotype. In this work, the methodological strategies proposed to these aims are presented and described, and they are complemented with examples of studies carried out in economically important crops of neotropical origin, such as corn, cotton, potato and tomato. In addition, and due to the novelty and potential that gene editing offers through the CRISPR/Cas9 system, works conducted in plants with neotropical origin, focused on understanding and implementing drought tolerance mechanisms, are also mentioned. The methodologies described here could become practical options to achieve food security in the frame of the adverse effects caused by anthropogenic climate change.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: la papa es el tubérculo más importante producido a nivel mundial como producto alimenticio. Una de las formas ancestrales de conservación de la papa en los países andinos es la obtención de un producto llamado chuño, obtenido a partir de las denominadas papas amargas. Existen pocos datos respecto a la composición química y nutricional del chuño y sobre los cambios producidos en el almidón durante su elaboración en el proceso de congelado-secado en condiciones específicas de temperatura y exposición a rayos ultravioleta. OBJETIVO: el objetivo del trabajo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica respecto a cambios producidos en la relación de amilosa y amilopectina, la composición de almidón aislado de papa y la modificación de las características de este almidón en el proceso de elaboración de chuño. METODOLOGÍA: La revisión bibliográfica se ha realizado con la recopilación de tres fuentes referenciales de estudios realizados sobre el chuño y su proceso de elaboración, artículos sobre la estructura del almidón de papa y otros tubérculos del mismo género, artículos de otros productos alimenticios del Altiplano boliviano y peruano, y finalmente la influencia de los cambios de la estructura del almidón en el incremento de la formación de almidón retrogradado. RESULTADOS: la revisión bibliográfica realizada, señala que el proceso de elaboración de chuño eleva el porcentaje de amilosa en el contenido total de almidón, lo cual está relacionado a procesos de exposición a radiación UV y a cambios de temperaturas muy drásticos, que van entre -13,5 ºC y 16 ºC. Este proceso llevaría a la activación de enzimas, como amilasas, para la catálisis de reacciones de ruptura de enlaces como principal ruta del proceso; sin embargo, se podrían evaluar otras causas. CONCLUSIONES: el mayor porcentaje de amilosa permitiría la obtención de altos porcentajes de almidón retrogradado.

INTRODUCTION: the potato is the most important tuber produced worldwide as a food product. One of the ancestral ways of preserving pootatoes in the Andean countries is a product called chuño (traditional Andean freeze and sun-dried potato), obtained from the so-called bitter potatoes. There are few data regarding the chemical and nutritional composition of chuño and the changes produced in the starch during its preparation in the freeze-drying process under specific conditions of temperature and exposure to ultraviolet rays. OBJECTIVE: the objective of this article was to do a bibliographic review regarding changes produced in the amylose and amylopectin ratio, the composition of isolated potato starch and the modification of the characteristics of this starch in the process of making chuño. METHODOLOGY: the literature review methodology has the compilation of three reference sources of studies carried out on chuño and its production process, articles about the structure of potato starch and other tubers, research on other food products from the Bolivian and Peruvian of Altiplano and finally the influence of the changes in starch structure in relation to the increasing of retrograde starch formation. RESULTS: the results show that the process of making chuño increases the percentage of amylose in the total starch content, which is related to the processes of exposure to UV radiation and very drastic temperature changes, ranging between -13, 5 ºC and 16 ºC. This process would lead to the activation of enzymes, such as amylases, for the catalysis of bond breaking reactions as the main route of the process; however, other causes could be evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: the higher percentage of amylose would allow the obtaining of high percentages of retrograded starch.

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Resumen La gota de la papa o tizón tardío es una de las enfermedades más agresivas que atacan los cultivos de papa y en poco tiempo los destruye, ocasionando enormes pérdidas económicas, es producida por el fitopatógeno Phytophthora infestans, oomyceto que ha tomado gran importancia debido a sus efectos devastadores y las dificultades para lograr su erradicación. Los fungicidas de naturaleza química representan un problema debido al uso inadecuado, lo que hace muy difícil eliminar la enfermedad por la aparición de nuevas especies resistentes. Existen nuevas alternativas para su control, basadas en el uso de sustancias de naturaleza vegetal, y la aplicación de nuevas herramientas capaces de realizar edición de genes, reprogramar o eliminar secuencias de ADN/ARN, favoreciendo así, la obtención de cultivos libres de sustancias tóxicas. En esta revisión, se presentan los métodos existentes de biocontrol: como aceites esenciales, metabolitos microbianos, herramientas moleculares y el uso de sustancias biodegradables que favorecen el manejo y prevención de plagas, que ayudan a mitigar la problemática ambiental generada por el uso de fungicidas de naturaleza química.

Abstract The drop of the potato or late blight is one of the most aggressive diseases that attack the potato crops and in a short time destroys them, causing great economic losses, it is produced by the phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans, oomyceto that has taken great importance due to its devastating effects and difficulties in achieving its eradication. Fungicides of a chemical nature represent a problem due to the affected use, which makes it very difficult to eliminate the disease due to the appearance of new resistant species. There are new alternatives for its control, based on the use of substances of the plant nature, and the application of new specific tools to perform gene editing, reprogram or eliminate DNA / RNA sequences, thus favoring the obtaining of cultures free of toxic substances . In this review, specific biocontrol methods are presented, such as essential oils, microbial metabolites, molecular tools and the use of biodegradable substances that favor the management and prevention of pests, which help mitigate the environmental problems generated by the use of fungicides from chemical nature.

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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by tubers of Ullucus tuberosus imported from Peru, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Peru. The relevance of an EU quarantine pest for this opinion was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Peru, (ii) U. tuberosus is a host of the pest and (iii) the pest can be associated with the commodity. The relevance of any other pest, not regulated in the EU, was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Peru (ii) the pest is absent in the EU; (iii) U. tuberosus is a host of the pest; (iv) the pest can be associated with the commodity and (v) the pest may have an impact and can pose a potential risk for the EU territory. There are five pests i.e. one insect (Amathynetoides nitidiventris), two nematodes (Atalodera andina and Nacobbus aberrans) and two viruses (the Andean potato latent virus (APLV) and the potato virus T (PVT)) that fulfilled all relevant criteria were selected for further evaluation. For the five pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Peru were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For each of the five pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with PVT being the pest most frequently expected on the imported commodities. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,157 and 10,000 tubers out of 10,000 would be free of PVT.

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Resumo Objetivo analisar o conhecimento e as atitudes paternas acerca do aleitamento materno. Método estudo descritivo transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 220 homens-pais de lactentes com idades entre 30 dias a seis meses, vivenciando ou não o processo da amamentação e residindo no mesmo domicílio que o binômio mãe-filho. Os dados foram processados através do software IBM SPSS versão 23.0 for Windows®, sendo realizadas análises univariadas e bivariadas. Utilizou-se como instrumento um questionário, e para processamento e análise estatística a associação de variáveis. Resultados dos homens-pais estudados, 36,4% não tinham conhecimento sobre vantagens da amamentação, 48,6% não acompanharam as gestantes nas consultas de pré-natal e dos pais que exerciam atividade remunerada, 68,2% relataram auxiliar a mulher-mãe no aleitamento realizando atividades domésticas ou no cuidar de outros filhos. Conclusão e implicações para a prática evidenciou-se a ausência paterna nas consultas pré-natais e o conhecimento fragilizado quanto ao aleitamento, necessitando o desenvolvimento de estudos que evidenciem sua inserção e a criação de estratégias pelos profissionais de saúde para que esse processo seja vivenciado de maneira satisfatória pelo trinômio mãe-pai-filho.

Resumen Objetivo analizar los conocimientos y actitudes del padre sobre la lactancia materna. Método: estudio descriptivo, transversal, con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado con 220 hombres-padres de lactantes de 30 días a seis meses, que experimenten o no el proceso de lactancia materna y vivan en el mismo hogar que el binomio madre-hijo. Los datos se procesaron con el software IBM SPSS versión 23.0 para Windows® y se realizaron análisis univariados y bivariados. Se utilizó un cuestionario como instrumento y se utilizó la asociación de variables para el procesamiento y análisis estadístico. Resultados de los hombres-padres estudiados, el 36,4% desconocía los beneficios de la lactancia materna, el 48,6% no acompañaba a las gestantes en las consultas prenatales y de los padres que realizaban actividad remunerada, el 68,2% refirió ayudar a la mujer-madre en la lactancia, realizando actividades domésticas o cuidando a otros niños. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica se demostró la ausencia del padre en las consultas prenatales y el conocimiento debilitado sobre la lactancia materna, por lo que se requiere el desarrollo de estudios que evidencien su inserción y la creación de estrategias por parte de los profesionales de la salud para que este proceso se viva de manera satisfactoria por el trinomio madre-padre-hijo.

Abstract Objective to analyze the father's knowledge and his attitudes about breastfeeding. Method a descriptive cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach, carried out with 220 men-fathers of infants aged 30 days to six months, experiencing or not experiencing the breastfeeding process and living in the same household as the mother-child binomial. The data were processed using IBM SPSS software version 23.0 for Windows®, and univariate and bivariate analyzes were performed. A questionnaire was used as an instrument, and the association of variables was used for processing and statistical analysis. Results of the men-fathers studied, 36.4% were unaware of the benefits of breastfeeding, 48.6% did not accompany the pregnant women in prenatal consultations and the parents who exercised paid activity, 68.2% reported helping the woman-mom in breastfeeding performing domestic activities or taking care of other children. Conclusion and implications for practice the father's absence in prenatal consultations and weakened knowledge about breastfeeding were evidenced, necessitating the development of studies that demonstrate their insertion and the creation of strategies by health professionals so that this process is experienced satisfactorily by the mother-father-son trinomial.

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Resumen El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de las escalas de Ideación Suicida de Roberts, de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos [CES-D] de Radloff, de Autoestima de Rosenberg, y de Impulsividad, Relación con Papá y Relación con Mamá, las tres de Climent, Aragón y Plutchick. Se realizó un estudio no experimental, de tipo transversal ex-post facto con 4,759 adolescentes de ambos sexos del estado de Chiapas, México. La confiabilidad evaluada a través del coeficiente alpha de Cronbach reportó índices superiores a .700 para todos los instrumentos, excepto para la Escala de Impulsividad. Los análisis factoriales exploratorios realizados mostraron arreglos de ítems semejantes, más no iguales, a los reportados en otros estudios en los que se han aplicado estos instrumentos, confirmando la validez de los constructos teóricos en los que se basó su diseño. Las Escalas analizadas son válidas para su uso en adolescentes de México, considerando los puntos de corte establecidos para cada una de ellas.

Abstract The study aims to analyze the psychometric properties of Roberts' Suicidal Ideation Scale, Radloff´ Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D], Radloff, Rosenberg Self-Esteem, and Impulsiveness, Dad Relationship and Mom Relationship, the three of Climent, Aragón & Plutchick. A non-experimental, cross-sectional, ex post facto study was performed with 4,759 adolescents of both sexes in Chiapas, Mexico. Reliability through Cronbach's alpha coefficient reported higher rates to .700 for all instruments, except for Impulsiveness Scale. The exploratory factor analyzes showed items such arrangements, but not identical, to those reported in other studies where these instruments have been administered, confirming the validity of the theoretical constructs on which its design was based. The scales are valid for use in adolescents from México, considering the cut-off points established for each of these tools.

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RESUMEN El Potato virus Y (PVY) es uno de los virus más limitantes para la producción de papa (Solanum tuberosum y S. phureja) en el mundo. Este virus es transmitido por tubérculo-semilla de papa y por diferentes especies de áfidos. Para su manejo es fundamental la siembra de tubérculos certificados por su sanidad viral, para lo que se requieren metodologías de detección altamente sensibles como ELISA y RT-PCR. Para éstas últimas pruebas, es necesario disponer de cebadores específicos que permitan el diagnóstico del virus en tejidos asintomáticos. En este estudio se reportan los cebadores PVY_Col para la detección del PVY en RT-PCR convencional y en tiempo real (RT-qPCR). Estos cebadores fueron diseñados con base en las secuencias de este virus que se han reportado en Colombia sobre diferentes hospedantes, así como de las diferentes variantes encontradas en el mundo. Una particularidad adicional de estos cebadores es que no presentan reacción cruzada con el genoma del Potato virus V (PVV), otro potyvirus que recientemente se ha encontrado afectando cultivos de papa en Colombia. Se espera que los cebadores PVY_Col sean utilizados para apoyar los programas de certificación de material de siembra de papa, así como para adelantar estudios epidemiológicos y de manejo fitosanitario de este virus.

ABSTRACT Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the most limiting viruses in the production of potato (Solanum tuberosum and S. phureja) worldwide. This virus is transmitted by aphids and infected tuber-seeds, and for this reason, disease management of PVY requires, among others, using certified planting material through highly sensitive techniques such as ELISA and RT-PCR. However, RT-PCR-based methods require primers of high specificity to allow the unequivocal detection of viruses in asymptomatic tissues. In this work, we report a new set of primers (PVY_Col) for detection of PVY by RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). These primers were designed using sequences of PVY isolates from Colombia and the rest of the world. An essential feature of these primers is their specificity, since they don't amplify templates from Potato virus V (PVV), a close PVY relative that also infects potato crops in Colombia. It is expected that the PVY_Col primer set will be useful to support potato seed certification programs, epidemiological studies, and PVY disease management programs.

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Abstract A strain isolated from potato common scab superficial lesions in El Fuerte Valley in northern Sinaloa, Mexico, was identified by 16S rRNA and morphological methods. Moreover, the effects of the crude extract of strain V2 was evaluated on radish and potato. The isolate was similar to Streptomyces acidiscabies in its morphological properties; however, the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain V2 was neither 100% identical to this species nor to the streptomycetes previously reported in Sinaloa, Mexico. Strain V2 did not amplify any specific PCR products for genes necl and tomA, which have been found and reported in S. acidiscabies. Strain V2 produced a PCR product for the txtAB operon, which is related to the production of thaxtomin. In vitro assays using crude thaxtomin extract and a spore suspension of the organism caused necrotic symptoms on radish and potato, which were highly virulent in potato. This study reports that Streptomyces sp. V2 has a toxigenic region (TR) that is associated with the thaxtomin gene cluster.

Resumen Se aisló una cepa de una lesión superficial de sarna común de la papa en un ejemplar procedente del Valle del Fuerte, en el norte de Sinaloa, México. La cepa fue identificada por secuenciación del gen 16S ARNr, y por sus características morfológicas. Los efectos del extracto crudo de dicha cepa, llamada V2, fue evaluado en papa y rábano. El aislado fue similar a Streptomyces acidiscabies en sus características morfológicas, pero la secuencia del gen 16S ARNr de la cepa V2 no fue 100% idéntica a la de dicha especie, ni tampoco a las de cepas identificadas dentro de este taxón previamente en Sinaloa, México. La cepa V2 no amplificó los productos específicos de PCR de los genes nec1 y tomA, los cuales sí se han reportado en S. acidiscabies. La cepa V2 amplificó el producto de PCR para del operón txtAB, relacionado con la producción de taxtomina. A través de ensayos in vitro usando un extracto crudo de taxtomina y una suspensión de esporas del organismo aislado se verificó la producción de síntomas necróticos en rábano y papa, con mayor virulencia en esta última especie. Este estudio indica que Streptomyces sp. V2 tiene una región toxigénica (TR) asociada con el cluster de genes de taxtomina.

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Peru is not only megadiverse in flora and fauna, but also in "native varieties of potatoes" that have been used by pre-Inca civilizations. In this context, "native potatoes" not only have a high nutritional value in antioxidants, but also a high capacity to cure and/or alleviate diseases; providing quality of life that is reflected in the longevity of the Andean population. However, in the absence of documentation and dissemination, many varieties and their ethnobotanical knowledge is being lost. To preserve and disseminate this valuable ancestral knowledge, a taxonomic, phytogeographic and ethnobotanical inventory was carried out, based on periodic botanical explorations during the period 1997-2017. The information obtained was complemented with other researches and reports by other authors. 317 "varieties of native potato" are reported for the North of Peru, of which 86, are "native varieties of colored pulp".

El Perú no sólo es megadiverso en flora y fauna, sino también en "variedades nativas de papas" que han sido utilizadas desde las civilizaciones preincas. En este contexto las "papas nativas" no sólo poseen un elevado valor nutricional en antioxidantes, sino también una alta capacidad de curar y/o aliviar enfermedades; brindando calidad de vida que se refleja en la longevidad de la población andina. Sin embargo, ante la falta de documentación y difusión, muchas variedades y su conocimiento etnobotánico se está perdiendo. Para preservar y difundir este valioso conocimiento ancestral, se llevó a cabo un inventario taxonómico, fitogeográfico y etnobotánico, en base a exploraciones botánicas periódicas durante el período 1997-2017. La información obtenida se complementó con otras investigaciones y reportes de otros autores. Se reportan para el Norte del Perú 317 "variedades de papa nativa", de las cuales 86, son variedades "nativas de pulpa de color".

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RESUMEN La cáscara de papa es un residuo originado por su procesamiento agroindustrial, que genera un gran impacto ambiental debido a su inadecuado manejo o eliminación. No obstante, la cáscara de papa es una buena fuente de ingredientes funcionales como los glicoalcaloides (GA). Este estudio investigó la extracción de dos GA (α-solanina y α-chaconina) de cáscara de papa nativa (Solanum phureja) variedad ratona morada del departamento de Nariño-Colombia, utilizando la tecnología de extracción con líquidos presurizados (ELP), mediante un diseño experimental central compuesto, con el fin de determinar el efecto de la presión (P) y la temperatura (T), sobre el rendimiento y la composición de GA. Los extractos se analizaron por cromatografía líquida HPLC. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron establecer que la temperatura ejerció un efecto significativo (p <0,05) sobre el rendimiento, α-solanina y α-chaconina. El rendimiento óptimo fue de 5,62 % p/p. Los GA, α-solanina y α-chaconina, aumentaron su concentración al disminuir la temperatura. La extracción con líquidos presu-rizados promete ser una buena alternativa al uso de solventes orgánicos para obtener compuestos bioactivos de cáscara de papa.

SUMMARY Potato peel is a waste originated by its agro-industrial processing, generating an environmental impact due to its inadequate handling or elimination. However, potato peel is a good source of functional ingredients such as glycoalkaloids (GA). This study investigated the extraction of two GA (α-solanine and α-chaconine) from native potato rind (Solanum phureja) ratona morada variety from the department of Nariño-Colombia, using the technology of extraction with pressurized liquids (PLE), through a experimental central composite design, in order to determine the effect of pressure (P) and temperature (T), on the performance and composition of GA. The extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography HPLC. The results obtained allowed us to establish that the temperature exerted a significant effect (p <0.05) on the yield, α-solanine and α-chaconine. For the yield an optimum value of 5.62 % w/w was reached. α-solanine and α-chaconine increased their concentration as the temperature decreased. The extraction with pressurized liquids promises to be a good alternative in the use of organic solvents to obtain bioactive compounds of potato husk.

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A strain isolated from potato common scab superficial lesions in El Fuerte Valley in northern Sinaloa, Mexico, was identified by 16S rRNA and morphological methods. Moreover, the effects of the crude extract of strain V2 was evaluated on radish and potato. The isolate was similar to Streptomyces acidiscabies in its morphological properties; however, the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain V2 was neither 100% identical to this species nor to the streptomycetes previously reported in Sinaloa, Mexico. Strain V2 did not amplify any specific PCR products for genes nec1 and tomA, which have been found and reported in S. acidiscabies. Strain V2 produced a PCR product for the txtAB operon, which is related to the production of thaxtomin. In vitro assays using crude thaxtomin extract and a spore suspension of the organism caused necrotic symptoms on radish and potato, which were highly virulent in potato. This study reports that Streptomyces sp. V2 has a toxigenic region (TR) that is associated with the thaxtomin gene cluster.

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It is estimated that postpartum depression affects up to 25% of men. Despite such high prevalence, the majority of studies on postpartum depression are focused on mothers, and the role of paternal depression and its effects on infant development have been overlooked by researchers and clinicians. The present study aimed to fill this gap by investigating the effect of paternal postpartum depression on father-infant interactions. In addition, we examined whether differences in face recognition mediated the effects of paternal postpartum depression on father-infant interactions. A total of 61 father-infant dyads (17 postpartum depression, 44 controls) took part in the study. Results revealed that compared to controls, fathers with postpartum depression had a worse pattern of interaction with their infants on measures of responsiveness, mood, and sensitivity; they also had greater difficulty in recognizing happy adult faces, but greater facility in recognizing sad adult faces. Depressed fathers attributed greater intensities to sad adult and infant faces. The tendency to attribute greater intensity to sad adult faces was confirmed as a partial mediator of the effect of paternal postpartum depression on measures of father responsiveness and as a full mediator of the effects of paternal depression on father sensitivity. Clinical implications and suggestions for further studies are discussed.

Se estima que la depresión posterior al parto afecta hasta un 25% de los hombres. A pesar de tan alta prevalencia, la mayoría de los estudios sobre la depresión posterior al parto se enfocan en las madres, y los investigadores y clínicos han pasado por alto el papel de la depresión paterna y sus efectos en el desarrollo del infante. El presente estudio se propuso llenar ese vacío investigando el efecto que la depresión paterna posterior al parto tiene en las interacciones papá-infante. Adicionalmente, examinamos si las diferencias en reconocer las caras mediaron los efectos que la depresión paterna posterior al parto tiene en las interacciones papá-infante. Sesenta y una díadas papá-infante (17 en el grupo de depresión posterior al parto, 44 en el grupo de control) participaron en el estudio. Los resultados revelaron que, comparados con el grupo de control, los papás con depresión posterior al parto presentaban un peor patrón de interacción con sus infantes en medidas de capacidad de respuesta, estado de ánimo y sensibilidad; ellos también tuvieron mayores dificultades en reconocer caras adultas felices, pero con mayor facilidad reconocieron caras adultas tristes. Los padres deprimidos atribuyeron una mayor intensidad a las caras tristes de adultos e infantes. Se confirmó la tendencia de atribuir una mayor intensidad a las caras adultas tristes como un mediador parcial del efecto que la depresión paterna posterior al parto tiene sobre la calidad de respuesta del papá y como un completo mediador de los efectos que la depresión paterna tiene sobre la sensibilidad del papá. Se discuten las implicaciones y sugerencias clínicas para futuros estudios.

On estime que la dépression postpartum affect jusqu'à 25% des hommes. En dépit d'une telle prévalence élevée la majorité des études sur la dépression postpartum porte sur les mères et le rôle de la dépression paternelle et de ses effets sur le développement du nourrisson a été négligé par les chercheurs et les cliniciens. Cette étude s'est donné pour but de remplir ce fossé en recherchant l'effet de la dépression postpartum sur les interactions père-nourrisson. De plus, nous avons examiné si les différences dans la reconnaissance faciale ont assuré la médiation des effets de la dépression paternelle postpartum sur les interactions père-nourrisson. 61 dyades père-bébé (17 dépression postpartum, 44 contrôles) ont pris part à l'étude. Les résultats ont révélé que, comparés aux contrôles, les pères avec la dépression postpartum faisaient état d'un pattern d'interaction avec leur bébé pire sur les mesures de réactivité, d'humeur et de sensibilité. Ils avaient aussi plus de difficulté à reconnaître les visages adultes heureux mais une plus grande facilité à reconnaître les visages adultes tristes. Les pères déprimés ont attribué de plus grandes intensités aux visages tristes de l'adulte et du bébé. La tendance à attribuer une plus grande intensité aux visages tristes de l'adulte a été confirmée comme un médiateur partiel de l'effet de la dépression paternelle postpartum sur la réaction du père et comme un médiateur total sur les effets de la dépression paternelle sur la sensibilité du père. Les implications cliniques et des suggestions de recherche sont discutées.

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