RESUMO

KEY MESSAGE: Cell markers of somatic embryogenesis initiation from leaf tissues in oil palm involve the participation of procambial cells, DNA demethylation, and auxin accumulation. Low callogenesis and genotype-dependent response have been mentioned in the development of somatic embryogenesis protocols of Elaeis oleifera × E. guineensis elite hybrids, which requires more detailed investigations of the process. Thus, the initial cellular responses of immature leaves of adult genotypes of this hybrid were investigated for the first time, emphasizing histological, epigenetic, and endogenous auxin changes. Leaf segments from two genotypes, one responsive to somatic embryogenesis (B351733) and another non-responsive (B352933), were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog medium with 450 µM of 4-amino-3, 5, 6-trichloropicolinic acid. For anatomical analysis, samples of both genotypes were collected at 0, 20, 90, and 105 days of cultivation. Samples of both genotypes were also taken at different cultivation periods to analyze DNA methylation status (% 5-mC-5 methylcytosine) via ELISA test. Immunolocalization assays were performed with anti-indole-3-acetic acid and anti-5-methyl-deoxycytosine antibodies from samples of hybrid B351733. We distinguished two groups of cells reactive to the induction of embryogenic callogenesis, parenchymatous sheath cells, and procambial cells; however, only the latter are directly involved with the formation of calluses. The data obtained indicate that the formation of calluses in hybrid B351733 is related to DNA hypomethylation, while the non-responsiveness of leaf explants in hybrid B352932 is related to DNA hypermethylation. The in situ immunolocalization enabled the identification of initial markers of the callogenic process, such as IAA accumulation and hypomethylation. Identifying these events brings the possibility of establishing strategies for efficient manipulation of somatic embryogenesis protocols in palm trees.

Assuntos

RESUMO

With occurrence mainly in the southwest Goiás, Butia purpurascens has fruits and leaves widely extracted by the regional population. Coexists with exotic grasses, frequent burnings and cattle's grazing and trampling. Young individuals are rarely seen. We aim to provide information about propagules, seedling formation and the monitoring of saplings of B. purpurascens until adults in reproductive phase. Fruits were selected, measured and benefited after harvest. Of 6,000 fruits collected 3,112 were discarded for being perforated by Conotrachelus weevils. The experiment divided 2,600 fruits into 13 treatments, distributed in ripe and immature fruits, with and without pulp. In addition, we adopt mechanical and chemical break dormancy mechanisms, different storage periods and seeding depths. After sixteen months of monitoring, the formation of eleven seedlings was obtained without distinction of any treatment. Seedlings and saplings developed slowly, taking two years to emit the first metaphyll. Over time, ten individuals died, most from fungal attack. After ten years, the only surviving palm generated two inflorescences, which produced fruit. The inefficient seedling production and the slow development of saplings, combined with the impact of the extractivism and the high rate of predation of the pyrenes, suggest the low recruitment rate of the species observed, in natural conditions. This type of data is one of the important tools for creating guidelines for the species conservation. Therefore, we suggest considering the reclassification of B. purpurascens as a Critically Endangered species in the Official List of Threatened Brazilian Species of Extinction.

Com ocorrência concentrada no sudoeste goiano, Butia purpurascens tem frutos e folhas amplamente extraídos pela população regional. Coexiste com gramíneas exóticas, queimadas frequentes, além do pastejo e pisoteamento por gado. Os indivíduos jovens raramente são vistos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo fornecer informações sobre propágulos, formação de plântulas e monitoramento de indivíduos jovens de B. purpurascens até adultos em fase reprodutiva. Os frutos foram selecionados, medidos e beneficiados após a colheita. Dos 6.000 frutos coletados, 3.112 foram descartados por estarem perfurados por gorgulhos do gênero Conotrachelus. O experimento dividiu 2.600 frutos em 13 tratamentos, distribuídos em frutos maduros e imaturos, com polpa e despolpados. Além da adoção de mecanismos mecânicos e químicos de quebra de dormência, períodos de armazenamento e profundidades de plantio diferentes. Após 16 meses de monitoramento, a formação de 11 plântulas foi obtida sem distinção de qualquer tratamento. Plântulas e indivíduos jovens se desenvolveram lentamente, levando dois anos para emitir o primeiro metáfilo. Ao longo do tempo, dez indivíduos morreram, a maioria, por ataque fúngico. Após dez anos, a única planta sobrevivente gerou duas inflorescências, as quais produziram frutos. A capacidade de produção de plântulas ineficiente e o lento desenvolvimento das mudas, combinados com o impacto do extrativismo e a alta taxa de predação dos pirênios, sugerem a baixa taxa de recrutamento da espécie observada, em condições naturais. Esse tipo de dado é uma das ferramentas importantes para a criação de diretrizes para a conservação de espécies. Portanto, sugerimos considerar a reclassificação de B. purpurascens como espécie Criticamente Ameaçada na Lista Nacional Oficial de Espécies da Flora Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção.

Assuntos

RESUMO

With occurrence mainly in the southwest Goiás, Butia purpurascens has fruits and leaves widely extracted by the regional population. Coexists with exotic grasses, frequent burnings and cattle's grazing and trampling. Young individuals are rarely seen. We aim to provide information about propagules, seedling formation and the monitoring of saplings of B. purpurascens until adults in reproductive phase. Fruits were selected, measured and benefited after harvest. Of 6,000 fruits collected 3,112 were discarded for being perforated by Conotrachelus weevils. The experiment divided 2,600 fruits into 13 treatments, distributed in ripe and immature fruits, with and without pulp. In addition, we adopt mechanical and chemical break dormancy mechanisms, different storage periods and seeding depths. After sixteen months of monitoring, the formation of eleven seedlings was obtained without distinction of any treatment. Seedlings and saplings developed slowly, taking two years to emit the first metaphyll. Over time, ten individuals died, most from fungal attack. After ten years, the only surviving palm generated two inflorescences, which produced fruit. The inefficient seedling production and the slow development of saplings, combined with the impact of the extractivism and the high rate of predation of the pyrenes, suggest the low recruitment rate of the species observed, in natural conditions. This type of data is one of the important tools for creating guidelines for the species conservation. Therefore, we suggest considering the reclassification of B. purpurascens as a Critically Endangered species in the Official List of Threatened Brazilian Species of Extinction.

Com ocorrência concentrada no sudoeste goiano, Butia purpurascens tem frutos e folhas amplamente extraídos pela população regional. Coexiste com gramíneas exóticas, queimadas frequentes, além do pastejo e pisoteamento por gado. Os indivíduos jovens raramente são vistos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo fornecer informações sobre propágulos, formação de plântulas e monitoramento de indivíduos jovens de B. purpurascens até adultos em fase reprodutiva. Os frutos foram selecionados, medidos e beneficiados após a colheita. Dos 6.000 frutos coletados, 3.112 foram descartados por estarem perfurados por gorgulhos do gênero Conotrachelus. O experimento dividiu 2.600 frutos em 13 tratamentos, distribuídos em frutos maduros e imaturos, com polpa e despolpados. Além da adoção de mecanismos mecânicos e químicos de quebra de dormência, períodos de armazenamento e profundidades de plantio diferentes. Após 16 meses de monitoramento, a formação de 11 plântulas foi obtida sem distinção de qualquer tratamento. Plântulas e indivíduos jovens se desenvolveram lentamente, levando dois anos para emitir o primeiro metáfilo. Ao longo do tempo, dez indivíduos morreram, a maioria, por ataque fúngico. Após dez anos, a única planta sobrevivente gerou duas inflorescências, as quais produziram frutos. A capacidade de produção de plântulas ineficiente e o lento desenvolvimento das mudas, combinados com o impacto do extrativismo e a alta taxa de predação dos pirênios, sugerem a baixa taxa de recrutamento da espécie observada, em condições naturais. Esse tipo de dado é uma das ferramentas importantes para a criação de diretrizes para a conservação de espécies. Portanto, sugerimos considerar a reclassificação de B. purpurascens como espécie Criticamente Ameaçada na Lista Nacional Oficial de Espécies da Flora Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Abstract With occurrence mainly in the southwest Goiás, Butia purpurascens has fruits and leaves widely extracted by the regional population. Coexists with exotic grasses, frequent burnings and cattles grazing and trampling. Young individuals are rarely seen. We aim to provide information about propagules, seedling formation and the monitoring of saplings of B. purpurascens until adults in reproductive phase. Fruits were selected, measured and benefited after harvest. Of 6,000 fruits collected 3,112 were discarded for being perforated by Conotrachelus weevils. The experiment divided 2,600 fruits into 13 treatments, distributed in ripe and immature fruits, with and without pulp. In addition, we adopt mechanical and chemical break dormancy mechanisms, different storage periods and seeding depths. After sixteen months of monitoring, the formation of eleven seedlings was obtained without distinction of any treatment. Seedlings and saplings developed slowly, taking two years to emit the first metaphyll. Over time, ten individuals died, most from fungal attack. After ten years, the only surviving palm generated two inflorescences, which produced fruit. The inefficient seedling production and the slow development of saplings, combined with the impact of the extractivism and the high rate of predation of the pyrenes, suggest the low recruitment rate of the species observed, in natural conditions. This type of data is one of the important tools for creating guidelines for the species conservation. Therefore, we suggest considering the reclassification of B. purpurascens as a Critically Endangered species in the Official List of Threatened Brazilian Species of Extinction.

Resumo Com ocorrência concentrada no sudoeste goiano, Butia purpurascens tem frutos e folhas amplamente extraídos pela população regional. Coexiste com gramíneas exóticas, queimadas frequentes, além do pastejo e pisoteamento por gado. Os indivíduos jovens raramente são vistos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo fornecer informações sobre propágulos, formação de plântulas e monitoramento de indivíduos jovens de B. purpurascens até adultos em fase reprodutiva. Os frutos foram selecionados, medidos e beneficiados após a colheita. Dos 6.000 frutos coletados, 3.112 foram descartados por estarem perfurados por gorgulhos do gênero Conotrachelus. O experimento dividiu 2.600 frutos em 13 tratamentos, distribuídos em frutos maduros e imaturos, com polpa e despolpados. Além da adoção de mecanismos mecânicos e químicos de quebra de dormência, períodos de armazenamento e profundidades de plantio diferentes. Após 16 meses de monitoramento, a formação de 11 plântulas foi obtida sem distinção de qualquer tratamento. Plântulas e indivíduos jovens se desenvolveram lentamente, levando dois anos para emitir o primeiro metáfilo. Ao longo do tempo, dez indivíduos morreram, a maioria, por ataque fúngico. Após dez anos, a única planta sobrevivente gerou duas inflorescências, as quais produziram frutos. A capacidade de produção de plântulas ineficiente e o lento desenvolvimento das mudas, combinados com o impacto do extrativismo e a alta taxa de predação dos pirênios, sugerem a baixa taxa de recrutamento da espécie observada, em condições naturais. Esse tipo de dado é uma das ferramentas importantes para a criação de diretrizes para a conservação de espécies. Portanto, sugerimos considerar a reclassificação de B. purpurascens como espécie Criticamente Ameaçada na Lista Nacional Oficial de Espécies da Flora Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção.

RESUMO

Morphometry of fruits and seeds is a useful and important information for phenotyping and genetic characterization of crop plant species and, for conservation of endangered species, as is the case of Butia purpurascens Glassman. In this study, we determined comparatively the morphometric features of fruits and pyrenes between yellow and magenta B. purpurascens morphotypes, located in four different sites (populations). We processed 1380 fruits collected from 69 individuals. We evaluated the length, width and weight of the fruits and pyrenes, the fresh and dry pulp mass, and percentage of pulp moisture. Yellow morph showed larger and heavier fruits than magenta morph. Morphometric differences were also evident among the four populations, suggesting that ecosystems fragmentation can cause deleterious genetic effects in B. purpurascens in long-term.

A morfometria de frutos e sementes é uma informação útil e importante para fenotipagem e caracterização genética de espécies vegetais com potencial econômico e, para a conservação de espécies ameaçadas, como é o caso de Butia purpurascens. Nesse estudo, determinamos comparativamente as características morfométricas de frutos e pirênios entre morfotipos amarelo e magenta de B. purpurascens, localizados em quatro localidades diferentes (populações). Beneficiamos 1380 frutos, coletados em 69 indivíduos. Avaliamos o comprimento, largura e o peso dos frutos e pirênios, a massa fresca e seca da polpa, e a porcentagem de umidade da polpa. O morfotipo amarelo apresentou frutos maiores e mais pesados do que o morfotipo magenta. Diferenças morfométricas também foram notórias entre as quatro populações, sugerindo que a fragmentação de ecossistemas pode causar efeitos genéticos deletérios em B. purpurascens ao longo do tempo.

Assuntos

RESUMO

With occurrence mainly in the southwest Goiás, Butia purpurascens has fruits and leaves widely extracted by the regional population. Coexists with exotic grasses, frequent burnings and cattle's grazing and trampling. Young individuals are rarely seen. We aim to provide information about propagules, seedling formation and the monitoring of saplings of B. purpurascens until adults in reproductive phase. Fruits were selected, measured and benefited after harvest. Of 6,000 fruits collected 3,112 were discarded for being perforated by Conotrachelus weevils. The experiment divided 2,600 fruits into 13 treatments, distributed in ripe and immature fruits, with and without pulp. In addition, we adopt mechanical and chemical break dormancy mechanisms, different storage periods and seeding depths. After sixteen months of monitoring, the formation of eleven seedlings was obtained without distinction of any treatment. Seedlings and saplings developed slowly, taking two years to emit the first metaphyll. Over time, ten individuals died, most from fungal attack. After ten years, the only surviving palm generated two inflorescences, which produced fruit. The inefficient seedling production and the slow development of saplings, combined with the impact of the extractivism and the high rate of predation of the pyrenes, suggest the low recruitment rate of the species observed, in natural conditions. This type of data is one of the important tools for creating guidelines for the species conservation. Therefore, we suggest considering the reclassification of B. purpurascens as a Critically Endangered species in the Official List of Threatened Brazilian Species of Extinction.(AU)

Com ocorrência concentrada no sudoeste goiano, Butia purpurascens tem frutos e folhas amplamente extraídos pela população regional. Coexiste com gramíneas exóticas, queimadas frequentes, além do pastejo e pisoteamento por gado. Os indivíduos jovens raramente são vistos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo fornecer informações sobre propágulos, formação de plântulas e monitoramento de indivíduos jovens de B. purpurascens até adultos em fase reprodutiva. Os frutos foram selecionados, medidos e beneficiados após a colheita. Dos 6.000 frutos coletados, 3.112 foram descartados por estarem perfurados por gorgulhos do gênero Conotrachelus. O experimento dividiu 2.600 frutos em 13 tratamentos, distribuídos em frutos maduros e imaturos, com polpa e despolpados. Além da adoção de mecanismos mecânicos e químicos de quebra de dormência, períodos de armazenamento e profundidades de plantio diferentes. Após 16 meses de monitoramento, a formação de 11 plântulas foi obtida sem distinção de qualquer tratamento. Plântulas e indivíduos jovens se desenvolveram lentamente, levando dois anos para emitir o primeiro metáfilo. Ao longo do tempo, dez indivíduos morreram, a maioria, por ataque fúngico. Após dez anos, a única planta sobrevivente gerou duas inflorescências, as quais produziram frutos. A capacidade de produção de plântulas ineficiente e o lento desenvolvimento das mudas, combinados com o impacto do extrativismo e a alta taxa de predação dos pirênios, sugerem a baixa taxa de recrutamento da espécie observada, em condições naturais. Esse tipo de dado é uma das ferramentas importantes para a criação de diretrizes para a conservação de espécies. Portanto, sugerimos considerar a reclassificação de B. purpurascens como espécie Criticamente Ameaçada na Lista Nacional Oficial de Espécies da Flora Brasileira Ameaçadas de Extinção.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Forest cover and light availability comprise key factors for plant establishment in tropical forests. In the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (AF), Euterpe edulis (Areacaceae) is an endangered and keystone food resource contributing to forest functionality. We investigated the influence of forest loss and light availability on leaf traits and acclimatization of young individuals of E. edulis in AF fragments. We aimed to understand (i) how canopy openness and transmitted light are affected by forest cover at the landscape scale and the individual palm level; and (ii) how local and landscape features, combined and separately, affect key leaf traits widely known to be related to plant growth. The study was carried out in 15 forest fragments, ranging from 16 to 97% of surrounding forest cover. In each fragment, we sampled 10-20 individuals of E. edulis and analyzed nine leaf traits related to morphological, biochemical and chemical aspects. We also took hemispherical photographs to estimate canopy openness on the top of each E. edulis and also within fragment plots. We found that young plants predominantly occurred in more shaded environments. Additionally, E. edulis succeeded to acclimate in six of the nine traits analyzed, with most traits being affected by local and landscape features. It is likely that the lack of variation in traits related to protection against herbivory are limiting the species establishment in highly deforested landscapes. Our results provide novel evidence that both landscape and local contexts affect the leaf traits of E. edulis young plants leading to biochemical, chemical and morphological adjustments.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Verst-Maldaun Language Assessment (VMLA) is a new intraoperative neuropsychological test (NT) within our local culture, e.g., native Portuguese speaking Brazilians. It aims to fill the specific need of an objective and dynamic approach for assessing the language network during awake craniotomies. The test includes object naming (ON) and semantic functions. This paper describes the process of validation, allowing for other centers to create their own language assessment. The validation process included 248 volunteers and the results were associated with age, gender and educational level (EL). The factor with the greatest impact was EL, followed by age. Intraoperative image learning by repetition is unlikely, since it is composed of 388 items and 70 combinations. The test will be available for free use under http://www.vemotests.com/ (beginning in February 2021).

Assuntos

RESUMO

The licuri palm, Syagrus coronata (Martius) Beccari (Arecaceae), is widely distributed throughout the Brazilian Caatinga and has high cultural, socioeconomical, and ecological importance. The palm tree logging is prohibited by the Brazilian law, and thus isolated individuals are a common sight on managed pastures in the Brazilian semi-arid region. We aimed to compare the insect seed-predator Pachymerus nucleorum (Fabricius) (Bruchinae) abundance and its predation levels on S. coronata seeds between managed (pasture) and natural (Caatinga vegetation) habitats. We also monitored the parasitoid Heterospilus prosopodis (Viereck) (Braconidae) abundance and other P. nucleorum potential natural enemies (generalist predators and microhymenopterans). We tested the hypothesis that more complex and heterogenous habitats (i.e., with higher plant diversity) support higher abundance of potential P. nucleorum natural enemies. For such, we collected 600 fruits from each habitat and evaluated the seed predation level by P. nucleorum, as well as the P. nucleorum parasitism by H. prosopodis. The P. nucleorum abundance and its potential natural enemies were estimated using 122 sticky traps placed on the S. coronata individuals' crown. Neither the P. nucleorum and generalist predators abundance differed between habitats, whereas the H. prosopodis and microhymenopterans abundance was higher in the natural habitat. Consequently, P. nucleorum parasitism levels by H. prosopodis were also higher in the natural habitat. Our study indicated that habitat with higher plant diversity supported more natural enemies, thus confirming that increased habitat homogenization leads to decreased parasitism levels by the less parasitoids number in managed habitats. Our results may subsidize conservationist management practices in the managed habitats aiming to improve fruit exploitation techniques sustainability and land-use practices, which would thereafter allow for the S. coronata population conservation in the Brazilian Caatinga.

Assuntos

RESUMO

We describe the anatomical structure of roots originating from the apocole of Attalea microcarpa compared to the primary root, by means of usual methods for optical microscopy. The adventitious roots are differentiated in the apocole associated to vascular bundles, and can remain as a single structure or branch. They have the basic root structure characteristic of Arecoideae palms, without schizogenous spaces, which are observed in the primary root, in addition to few air spaces. Mucilages, starch and proteins were present in both types of roots. Adventitious roots of the apocole are described for the first time in Arecaceae. (AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

We describe the anatomical structure of roots originating from the apocole of Attalea microcarpa compared to the primary root, by means of usual methods for optical microscopy. The adventitious roots are differentiated in the apocole associated to vascular bundles, and can remain as a single structure or branch. They have the basic root structure characteristic of Arecoideae palms, without schizogenous spaces, which are observed in the primary root, in addition to few air spaces. Mucilages, starch and proteins were present in both types of roots. Adventitious roots of the apocole are described for the first time in Arecaceae.(AU)

Este estudo descreve a estrutura anatômica de raízes originárias do apocole de Attalea microcarpa, em comparação à raiz primária por meio de técnicas usuais para microscopia óptica. As raízes adventícias são diferenciadas no apocole, associadas a feixes vasculares, e podem se manter como uma estrutura única ou se ramificar. Possuem a estrutura básica das raízes de palmeiras Arecoideae, com ausência de dutos, que são observados na raiz primária, além de poucos espaços de ar. Mucilagens, amido e proteínas foram detectados em ambos os tipos de raízes. Raízes adventícias da região do apocole são descritas pela primeira vez em Arecaceae.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

MAIN CONCLUSION: The plastomes of Astrocaryum murumuru and A. aculeatum revealed a lineage-specific structural feature originated by flip-flop recombination, non-synonymous substitutions in conserved genes and several molecular markers. Astrocaryum murumuru Mart. and A. aculeatum G.Mey. are two palm species of Amazon forest that are economically important as source of food, oil and raw material for several applications. Genetic studies aiming to establish strategies for conservation and domestication of both species are still in the beginning given that the exploitation is mostly by extractive activity. The identification and characterization of molecular markers are essential to assess the genetic diversity of natural populations of both species. Therefore, we sequenced and characterized in detail the plastome of both species. We compared both species and identified 32 polymorphic SSR loci, 150 SNPs, 46 indels and eight hotspots of nucleotide diversity. Additionally, we reported a specific RNA editing site found in the ccsA gene, which is exclusive to A. murumuru. Moreover, the structural analysis in the plastomes of both species revealed a 4.6-kb inversion encompassing a set of genes involved in chlororespiration and plastid translation. This 4.6-kb inversion is a lineage-specific structural feature of the genus Astrocaryum originated by flip-flop recombination between two short inverted repeats. Furthermore, our phylogenetic analysis using whole plastomes of 39 Arecaceae species placed the Astrocaryum species sister to Acrocomia within the tribe Cocoseae. Finally, our data indicated substantial changes in the plastome structure and sequence of both species of the genus Astrocaryum, bringing new molecular markers, several structural and evolving features, which can be applied in several areas such as genetic, evolution, breeding, phylogeny and conservation strategies for both species.

Assuntos

RESUMO

MAIN CONCLUSION: The plastome of macaw palm was sequenced allowing analyses of evolution and molecular markers. Additionally, we demonstrated that more than half of plastid protein-coding genes in Arecaceae underwent positive selection. Macaw palm is a native species from tropical and subtropical Americas. It shows high production of oil per hectare reaching up to 70% of oil content in fruits and an interesting plasticity to grow in different ecosystems. Its domestication and breeding are still in the beginning, which makes the development of molecular markers essential to assess natural populations and germplasm collections. Therefore, we sequenced and characterized in detail the plastome of macaw palm. A total of 221 SSR loci were identified in the plastome of macaw palm. Additionally, eight polymorphism hotspots were characterized at level of subfamily and tribe. Moreover, several events of gain and loss of RNA editing sites were found within the subfamily Arecoideae. Aiming to uncover evolutionary events in Arecaceae, we also analyzed extensively the evolution of plastid genes. The analyses show that highly divergent genes seem to evolve in a species-specific manner, suggesting that gene degeneration events may be occurring within Arecaceae at the level of genus or species. Unexpectedly, we found that more than half of plastid protein-coding genes are under positive selection, including genes for photosynthesis, gene expression machinery and other essential plastid functions. Furthermore, we performed a phylogenomic analysis using whole plastomes of 40 taxa, representing all subfamilies of Arecaceae, which placed the macaw palm within the tribe Cocoseae. Finally, the data showed here are important for genetic studies in macaw palm and provide new insights into the evolution of plastid genes and environmental adaptation in Arecaceae.

Assuntos

RESUMO

When the Amazonian rain forest is cut to create pasture, some of the original vegetal species survive clearing, even expressing their ability to invade agro-systems. It is true of the babassu palm, which can be considered, paradoxically, a natural resource by the "Interstate Movement of Babassu Fruit Breaker Women" or as native weed by land owners-farmers. To manage potential conflict of land uses, we study here the current density of this palm tree in different habitats, based on a combination of field data and remote sensing data. Firstly, we checked that the field survey methodology (i.e., counting free-trunk palm trees over 20 cm in circumference) provides density values compatible with those stemming from satellite images interpretation. We can see then that, a PA-Benfica Brazilian territory revealed an average density of the babassu lower in pastures (2.86 ind/ha) than in the dense forest (4.72 ind/ha) from which they originate and than in fallow land (4.31 ind/ha). We analyze in detail density data repartition in three habitats and we discuss results from the literature on the density of this palm tree versus its resilience at different developmental stages after forest clearing, depending on anthropogenic-or not-factors, including solar radiation, fire, weeding, clear cutting, burying fruit, and competition with forage grass. All these results can be exploited for the design of future management plans for the babassu palm and we think that the linked methodology and interdisciplinary approach can be extended to others palms and trees species in similar problematic issues.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Euterpe edulis Martius (Arecaceae) is considered one of the most important palm trees for the dispersing and pollinating fauna in the Atlantic Forest. However, the predatory exploitation of the palm heart has been causing its decline and extinction throughout the Atlantic Forest. The aim of this study was to identify the interactions between mammals and birds with Juçara palm, as well as contribute to the understanding of the ecological processes of seed dispersal and germination. The study was carried out in the municipality of Maquiné, state of Rio Grande do Sul, in an area of Dense Ombrophylous Forest belonging to Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO). Mammals and birds were recorded with six camera traps, focal (tree-focal) observation and transections. Germination experiments were also performed and differences were tested using Biostat 5.3 software. Twelve months of study resulted in over 1300 videos with a sampling effort of 334 camera days. In 1180 videos, the fauna interacted directly with the fruits of E. edulis, totaling 1245 interactions. In 38% of these, fruits were consumed, which were carried in 37% of these records and in 25%, swallowed. In total, 17 species were recorded, 12 birds and five mammals. Of these, small rodents were the ones that consumed or carried the fruits the most (N = 616 or 65%). Of the birds, four Turdus species consumed, swallowed or carried 322 fruits (33%). The percentage and / or the germination speed were significantly higher in regurgitated or pulped seeds by the fauna than in seeds extracted directly from the plant. Large frugivores were eventually recorded, suggesting a defaunation in the study area. The number of interactions verified, however, confirms the ecological importance of E. edulis for the maintenance of the frugivorous guild with occurrence in the locality.(AU)

Euterpe edulis Martius (Arecaceae) é considerada uma das palmeiras mais importantes para a fauna dispersora e polinizadora na Mata Atlântica. Contudo, a exploração predatória do palmito vem causando seu declínio e extinção ao longo da Mata Atlântica. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as interações entre mamíferos e aves com E. edulis Mart., bem como contribuir para a compreensão dos processos ecológicos de dispersão e germinação de sementes. O estudo foi realizado no município de Maquiné, RS, em área de Floresta Ombrófila Densa pertencente à Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO). Mamíferos e aves foram registrados por meio da utilização de seis armadilhas de filmagem, observação focal (árvore-focal) e transecções. Experimentos de germinação foram também realizados e as diferenças encontradas foram testadas por meio do programa Biostat 5.3. Doze meses de estudo resultaram em mais de 1300 vídeos com um esforço amostral de 334 armadilhas-dia. Em 1180 vídeos, a fauna interagiu diretamente com os frutos de E. edulis, totalizando 1245 interações. Em 38% destas houve consumo dos frutos, os quais foram carregados em 37% desses registros e em 25%, engolidos. No total, foram registradas 17 espécies, 12 de aves e cinco de mamíferos. Destes, os pequenos roedores foram os que mais consumiram ou carregaram os frutos (N=616 ou 65%). Das aves, quatro espécies de Turdus consumiram, engoliram ou carregaram 322 frutos (33%). O percentual e/ou a velocidade de germinação foram significativamente maiores em sementes regurgitadas ou despolpadas pela fauna do que em sementes extraídas diretamente da planta. Grandes frugívoros foram eventualmente registrados, sugerindo um quadro de defaunação na área de estudo. O número de interações constatadas, contudo, confirma a importância ecológica de E. edulis para a manutenção da guilda de frugívoros com ocorrência na localidade.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Euterpe edulis Martius (Arecaceae) is considered one of the most important palm trees for the dispersing and pollinating fauna in the Atlantic Forest. However, the predatory exploitation of the palm heart has been causing its decline and extinction throughout the Atlantic Forest. The aim of this study was to identify the interactions between mammals and birds with Juçara palm, as well as contribute to the understanding of the ecological processes of seed dispersal and germination. The study was carried out in the municipality of Maquiné, state of Rio Grande do Sul, in an area of Dense Ombrophylous Forest belonging to Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO). Mammals and birds were recorded with six camera traps, focal (tree-focal) observation and transections. Germination experiments were also performed and differences were tested using Biostat 5.3 software. Twelve months of study resulted in over 1300 videos with a sampling effort of 334 camera days. In 1180 videos, the fauna interacted directly with the fruits of E. edulis, totaling 1245 interactions. In 38% of these, fruits were consumed, which were carried in 37% of these records and in 25%, swallowed. In total, 17 species were recorded, 12 birds and five mammals. Of these, small rodents were the ones that consumed or carried the fruits the most (N = 616 or 65%). Of the birds, four Turdus species consumed, swallowed or carried 322 fruits (33%). The percentage and / or the germination speed were significantly higher in regurgitated or pulped seeds by the fauna than in seeds extracted directly from the plant. Large frugivores were eventually recorded, suggesting a defaunation in the study area. The number of interactions verified, however, confirms the ecological importance of E. edulis for the maintenance of the frugivorous guild with occurrence in the locality.

Euterpe edulis Martius (Arecaceae) é considerada uma das palmeiras mais importantes para a fauna dispersora e polinizadora na Mata Atlântica. Contudo, a exploração predatória do palmito vem causando seu declínio e extinção ao longo da Mata Atlântica. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as interações entre mamíferos e aves com E. edulis Mart., bem como contribuir para a compreensão dos processos ecológicos de dispersão e germinação de sementes. O estudo foi realizado no município de Maquiné, RS, em área de Floresta Ombrófila Densa pertencente à Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO). Mamíferos e aves foram registrados por meio da utilização de seis armadilhas de filmagem, observação focal (árvore-focal) e transecções. Experimentos de germinação foram também realizados e as diferenças encontradas foram testadas por meio do programa Biostat 5.3. Doze meses de estudo resultaram em mais de 1300 vídeos com um esforço amostral de 334 armadilhas-dia. Em 1180 vídeos, a fauna interagiu diretamente com os frutos de E. edulis, totalizando 1245 interações. Em 38% destas houve consumo dos frutos, os quais foram carregados em 37% desses registros e em 25%, engolidos. No total, foram registradas 17 espécies, 12 de aves e cinco de mamíferos. Destes, os pequenos roedores foram os que mais consumiram ou carregaram os frutos (N=616 ou 65%). Das aves, quatro espécies de Turdus consumiram, engoliram ou carregaram 322 frutos (33%). O percentual e/ou a velocidade de germinação foram significativamente maiores em sementes regurgitadas ou despolpadas pela fauna do que em sementes extraídas diretamente da planta. Grandes frugívoros foram eventualmente registrados, sugerindo um quadro de defaunação na área de estudo. O número de interações constatadas, contudo, confirma a importância ecológica de E. edulis para a manutenção da guilda de frugívoros com ocorrência na localidade.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O presente ensaio pretende examinar aspectos do poema "Canção do exílio", de Gonçalves Dias, combinando problemáticas artísticas de seu tempo e modos de ver a vida brasileira. Esse canto nostálgico do desterrado evoca a natureza da terra natal por um complexo aparato de misturas, mobilizando o culto e o popular, e pelo detalhe ­ a palmeira e o sabiá. Essa fusão tensiona o poema permitindo o aflorar de visões contraditórias da nacionalidade. A leitura traz ainda alguns cantos paralelos com registros de diferentes assimilações do poema-matriz no âmbito da literatura brasileira.

El presente ensayo pretende examinar aspectos del poema "Canção do exílio" [Canción del exilio], de Gonçalves Dias, combinando problemas artísticos de su tiempo y modos de ver la vida brasileña. Ese canto nostálgico del desterrado evoca la naturaleza de su tierra natal por un complejo conjunto de mezclas, que moviliza el culto y lo popular, y por detalles, la palmera y el pájaro llamado sabiá. Esa fusión permite que en el poema afloren visiones contradictorias de la nacionalidad. Su lectura también incorpora algunos cantos paralelos con diversas asimilaciones del poema matriz en el ámbito de la literatura brasileña.

This essay's purpose is to examine some aspects of "Canção do exílio" [Exile's song], written by Gonçalves Dias, a renowned Brazilian poet. In his poem, he combines some artistic issues of his time and ways of seeing Brazilian life. This nostalgic song of exiled people evokes the nature of their homeland by using a complex arrangement that mixes cultured and popular language. Meanwhile, "Exile's song" emphasizes the palm tree and the red-bellied thrush (or rufous, bird) through the detail. The fusion of these aspects adds enough tension to the poem so that it allows some contradictory approaches on nationality to arise. The study also deals with some of its parodies, which show different assimilations of the original poem within the field of Brazilian literature.

RESUMO

Abstract The buriti, Mauritia flexuosa, is the most common palm in Brazil, where it has considerable ecological and economic importance. However, few data are available on the phenology of the species, mainly in coastal restinga ecosystems. The present study monitored the reproductive phenology of M. flexuosa in the restinga of Barreirinhas, in the Brazilian Northeast, and investigated the relationship between phenophases and climatic variables. The presence/absence of flowers and fruits was recorded monthly in 25 individuals of each sex between August, 2009, and October, 2012. There was no difference in the phenology of male and female specimens, with flowering and fruiting occurring exclusively in the dry season. We believe that the specific abiotic characteristics of the study environment, such as the intense sunlight and availability of water in the soil, contribute to the reproductive success of M. flexuosa in the dry season, with consequent germination and establishment of seedlings occurring during the subsequent rainy season.

Resumo Popularmente conhecido como buriti, Mauritia flexuosa é a palmeira mais abundante no Brasil, com grande importância ecológica e econômica, porém ainda são poucos os estudos sobre a sua fenologia, não existindo nenhum em ambiente de Restinga. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a fenologia reprodutiva de M. flexuosa na Restinga de Barreirinhas, no Nordeste do Brasil, verificando como as fenofases se correlacionam com os fatores climáticos. Foram acompanhados mensalmente 25 indivíduos de cada sexo, de agosto/2009 a outubro/2012, verificando a presença/ausência de floração e frutificação. Não houve diferença no padrão fenológico entre indivíduos femininos e masculinos de M. flexuosa, com floração e queda dos frutos exclusivamente na estação seca. Acreditamos que as características abióticas específicas do ambiente estudado, como a forte incidência solar e a disponibilidade de água no solo, contribuíram para o sucesso reprodutivo de M. flexuosa na estação seca, com consequente germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas no período chuvoso.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The buriti, Mauritia flexuosa, is the most common palm in Brazil, where it has considerable ecological and economic importance. However, few data are available on the phenology of the species, mainly in coastal restinga ecosystems. The present study monitored the reproductive phenology of M. flexuosa in the restinga of Barreirinhas, in the Brazilian Northeast, and investigated the relationship between phenophases and climatic variables. The presence/absence of flowers and fruits was recorded monthly in 25 individuals of each sex between August, 2009, and October, 2012. There was no difference in the phenology of male and female specimens, with flowering and fruiting occurring exclusively in the dry season. We believe that the specific abiotic characteristics of the study environment, such as the intense sunlight and availability of water in the soil, contribute to the reproductive success of M. flexuosa in the dry season, with consequent germination and establishment of seedlings occurring during the subsequent rainy season.(AU)

Popularmente conhecido como buriti, Mauritia flexuosa é a palmeira mais abundante no Brasil, com grande importância ecológica e econômica, porém ainda são poucos os estudos sobre a sua fenologia, não existindo nenhum em ambiente de Restinga. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a fenologia reprodutiva de M. flexuosa na Restinga de Barreirinhas, no Nordeste do Brasil, verificando como as fenofases se correlacionam com os fatores climáticos. Foram acompanhados mensalmente 25 indivíduos de cada sexo, de agosto/2009 a outubro/2012, verificando a presença/ausência de floração e frutificação. Não houve diferença no padrão fenológico entre indivíduos femininos e masculinos de M. flexuosa, com floração e queda dos frutos exclusivamente na estação seca. Acreditamos que as características abióticas específicas do ambiente estudado, como a forte incidência solar e a disponibilidade de água no solo, contribuíram para o sucesso reprodutivo de M. flexuosa na estação seca, com consequente germinação e estabelecimento de plântulas no período chuvoso.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Nos últimos anos o palmito vem sendo considerado uma iguaria tipicamente brasileira, consumido em diversos Estados como um produto exótico, muito utilizado na elaboração de pratos finos, com demanda não somente no mercado nacional, mas internacional também. Em contrapartida, é considerado um dos principais "vilões" de muitos casos de doenças causadas por alimentos contaminados. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade microbiológica do palmito de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) em conserva e das superfícies de contato envolvidas com o processamento do produto, em uma indústria localizada no município de Igarapé- Miri, no Pará. Foram coletadas cinco amostras do palmito de açaí em conserva e da salmoura em que se encontravam os produtos. As coletas foram realizadas em cinco dias diferentes. Todas as análises microbiológicas (Coliformes totais e termotolerantes, Clostridium Sulfito Redutor e Pesquisa de Salmonella spp.) foram realizadas seguindo os métodos oficiais de American Public Health Association. As superfícies analisadas foram: mãos de três manipuladores, bancada, balde, pote de vidro para embalagem, gabarito de corte, placa de corte e faca. As análises realizadas nas superfícies foram: contagem padrão de bactérias aeróbias mesófi- Ias, Coliformes totais e termotolerantes, e contagem de Staphylococcus aureus. Os resultados das análises microbiológicas mostraram que todas as amostras de palmito em conserva e das salmouras encontram-se dentro dos padrões microbiológicos vigentes, portanto em condições adequadas de consumo. As análises microbiológicas de swabs das superfícies mostraram que as superfícies avaliadas não apresentaram contaminação por Coliformes termotoleranteso Observou-se, porém, contagens elevadas de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas e Coliformes totais.[...](AU)

In recent years the palm has been considered a typically Brazilian delicacy, consumed in several States as an exotic product, widely used in the production of fine dishes, becoming a product with demand not only in domestic market but also internationally. However, it is considered one of the "villains" of many cases of diseases caused by contaminated food. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality açai palm heart (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) Canned and contact surfaces involved in product processing, in an industry in the municipality of Igarapé-Miri, Para. Were collected five açai palm samples preserved and brine they were in the products. Samples were coliected on five different days. Ali microbiological analyzes (Total and Thermotolerant Coliforms, Clostridium Sulfite Reducer and Research Salmonella spp.) Were performed following the official methods of the American Public Health Association. The areas analyzed were the hands of three handlers, bench, bucket, glass jar for packaging, cutting template, cutting board and knife. The analyzes carried out on the surfaces were standard count mesophilic aerobic bacteria, Total and Thermotolerant Coliforms, and count Staphylococcus aureus. The results of these analyzes showed that all samples palm preserves and pickles are within agreed microbiological standards, so in appropriate conditions of use. Microbiological analysis of "swabs" from surfaces showed that the assessed surfaces were not contaminated by Coliform Thermotolerant. However, there was high counts of mesophilic aerobic bacteria and Total Coliform.[...](AU)

Assuntos