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INTRODUCTION: Esophageal pH-impedance monitoring is a tool for diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux in children. The position of the pH catheter is essential for a reliable reading and the current formulas for calculating catheter insertion length are not completely accurate. The aim of the present study was to develop a new formula for adequate insertion of the pH catheter. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on children that underwent pH-impedance monitoring and later radiographic control, to calculate the correct catheter insertion length. The documented variables were age, sex, weight, height, naris to tragus distance, tragus to sternal notch distance, sternal notch to xiphoid process distance, and initial insertion length determined by the Strobel and height interval formulas. A multivariate regression analysis was carried out to predict the final insertion length. Regression ANOVA and Pearson's adjusted R-squared tests were performed. RESULTS: Forty-five pH-impedance studies were carried out, 53% of which were in males. The age and weight variables were not normally distributed. In the initial regression model, the variables that did not significantly correlate with the final insertion length were: sex (P 0.124), length determined by the Strobel or height interval formulas (P 0.078), naris to tragus distance (P 0.905), and tragus to sternal notch distance (P 0.404). The final equation: 5.6 + (height in cm * 0.12) + (sternal notch to xiphoid process distance * 0.57) produced an R2 of 0.93 (P 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: This formula can be considered a valid option for placement of the pH-impedance monitoring catheter in pediatrics.

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Resumen La enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) se define como el tránsito anormal del contenido gástrico hacia el esófago, que se da por una alteración de la barrera antirreflujo, causando síntomas o complicaciones. Para su correcto diagnóstico y abordaje terapéutico, se requiere de la integración de hallazgos clínicos, endoscópicos y monitorización del pH esofágico en 24 horas con o sin impedanciometría, la cual debe ser realizada con especificaciones técnicas, y su interpretación debe basarse en la mejor evidencia clínica disponible, con el objetivo de tener diagnósticos precisos que permitan tomar las mejores decisiones con los pacientes. Recientemente, en el Consenso de Lyon se han incorporado nuevas directrices para el diagnóstico de ERGE por monitorización de pH esofágico, las cuales se revisan en este artículo.

Abstract Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is defined as the abnormal transit of gastric contents into the esophagus. It is caused by an alteration of the anti-reflux barrier, causing multiple symptoms or complications. In order to achieve accurate diagnosis and proper therapeutic approach, integration of clinical findings, endoscopic findings and 24-hour esophageal pH monitoring, with or without impedancometry, is required. These tests must be performed following technical specifications and their interpretation must be based on the best clinical evidence available to obtain accurate diagnoses that allow making the best decisions to the benefit of patients. Recently, the Lyon Consensus incorporated new guidelines for the diagnosis of GERD by esophageal pH monitoring, which are reviewed in this paper.

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Resumen Introducción y objetivos: el análisis de la impedancia basal nocturna media (IBNM) se ha propuesto para incrementar la precisión diagnóstica de enfermedad por reflujo erosiva (ERGE). Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el rendimiento diagnóstico de esta prueba en un grupo de pacientes con ERGE conocida. Materiales y métodos: incluimos 123 individuos (58 con ERGE y 65 controles sanos) a quienes se les realizó pH-impedanciometría (pH-IMM) consecutiva entre enero de 2015 y junio de 2017. Todos los pacientes tenían endoscopia tomada en los 6 meses previos. El tiempo de exposición ácida (TEA) anormal (>4,2%) y la presencia de pirosis y/o regurgitación en los 6 meses previos fueron los criterios para el diagnóstico de ERGE. Se encontraron 58 pacientes con ERGE, 24 con enfermedad por reflujo erosiva (ERE) y 34 con enfermedad por reflujo no erosiva (ERNE). Los 65 restantes fueron controles sanos (CS) asintomáticos con EGD y pH-IMM normales. Todos los trazos de pH-IMM se reanalizaron para medir la IBNM por un segundo observador que desconocía los datos previos. El análisis estadístico incluyó pruebas múltiples de Bonferroni para comparar los grupos; regresión lineal para variables continuas; y análisis de curva ROC para buscar valor IBNM con mayor rendimiento. Para los diferentes parámetros de precisión diagnóstica se utilizó el punto de corte de la IBNM. Se usó significancia estadística con valor de p <0,01 e intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC 95%) para todos los cálculos. Resultados: los pacientes con ERE y ERNE presentaron valores de IBNM significativamente más bajos que el grupo control (p <0,01). Se observó una correlación negativa entre los valores de la IBNM y TEA (r = 0,59; p = <0,001), y también entre la IBNM y número de eventos de reflujo (r = 0,37; p = <0,001). En el análisis de curva ROC, el área bajo la curva de la IBNM fue de 0,941 (IC 95%: 0,894-0,987) y el punto de corte con mayor eficiencia 1102 ohms (sensibilidad 98,5%; especificidad 84,5%). Usando este valor (<1,102), la IBNM tuvo una sensibilidad para detectar ERGE de 91% (ERNE 86% y ERE 100%) y una especificidad de 98%. Conclusión: la IBNM tiene alta sensibilidad y especificidad para el diagnóstico de la ERGE. Adicionar esta prueba al análisis convencional de la pH-impedancia y a los métodos actuales de estudio de la ERGE puede mejorar significativamente nuestra capacidad para diagnosticar la enfermedad.

Abstract Introduction and Objectives: Analysis of nocturnal basal impedance (IBNM) has been proposed as a way to increase accuracy of GERD diagnosis. Our objective was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of this test in a group of patients known to have GERD. Materials and methods: We included 123 individuals: 58 with GERD and 65 healthy controls. They underwent consecutive pH-impedance monitoring between January 2015 and June 2017. All had undergone endoscopy in the 6 months prior to testing. Criteria used for diagnosis of GERD were abnormal acid exposure time (AET > 4.2%), pyrosis and/or regurgitation in the previous 6 months. We found 58 patients with GERD of whom 24 had erosive reflux disease (ERE) and 34 had non-erosive reflux disease (NERD). The remaining 65 were asymptomatic healthy controls with normal endoscopic results and pH impedance monitoring. A second observer who did not know the previous data measurements analyzed all pH impedance monitoring traces for IBMN. Statistical analysis included multiple Bonferroni tests for comparison between groups, linear regression for continuous variables, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to find high performance IBNM values. The IBNM cutoff point was used for diagnostic precision parameters. Statistical significance was set at p <0.01, and 95% confidence intervals were used for all calculations. Results: IBNM measures were significantly lower for patients with ERE and NERD than for the control group (p <0.01). A negative correlation was observed between IBNM and acid exposure time values ​​(r = 0.59, p = <0.001) and also between IBNM and number of reflux events (r = 0.37, p = <0.001). ROC curve analysis found that the area under the curve for IBNM was 0.941 (95% CI: 0.894-0.987), and the cutoff point with the highest efficiency was 1,102 ohms (sensitivity 98.5%, specificity 84.5%). Using this value (<1.102), the IBNM had a sensitivity for detecting GERD of 91% (NERD 86% and ERE 100%) and a specificity of 98%. Conclusion: IBNM has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of GERD. Addition of this test to conventional pH-impedance analysis and current methods for studying GERD can significantly improve our ability to diagnose this disease.

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OBJECTIVES: To provide further evidence regarding the relationship between obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children, through the use of 13C-octanoic acid breath test for gastric emptying time (GET) assessment and esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance pH-testing (MII-pH). STUDY DESIGN: Obese children aged 4-17 years completed a questionnaire investigating reflux symptoms, the presence of functional gastrointestinal disorders, and quality of life. A subgroup of obese patients with and without GERD symptoms were asked to undergo 13C-octanoic acid breath test. Symptomatic patients were also required to undergo MII-pH. Age- and sex- matched asymptomatic nonobese children were enrolled as a comparison group. RESULTS: Of 113 enrolled patients, 44 (38.9%) reported reflux symptoms; 22 of the 44 underwent MII-pH. Their mean reflux index was 14.6%, and their mean number of daily reflux episodes was 51.8. The mean T½ GET of symptomatic was 107.6 minutes vs 116.5 minutes in asymptomatic obese children. Healthy nonobese children had a mean T½ GET of 100.1 minutes. The mean GET of symptomatic obese patients having >70 daily reflux events was 121.8 vs 87.6 minutes of patients with <70 daily reflux events (P <.05). Both symptomatic and asymptomatic obese patients had a worse quality of life than nonobese (P = 0.003 and P = 0.0002, respectively); a narrow waist circumference was directly related to GET (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of obese children and adolescents experience GERD symptoms. GET was directly related to the narrow waist circumference of obese children with GERD and was significantly delayed in obese children with increased reflux events. Both symptomatic and asymptomatic obese patients had a worse quality of life compared with nonobese healthy patients.

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