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This study aimed to compare and relate the body composition (obtained through anthropometry with the pentacompartmental model and the tricompartmental model by DXA) with bone mineral density and biochemical and nutritional parameters in Chilean adults with overweight/obesity and normal weight from La Araucanía region, Chile. A case-control study was conducted with 116 adults and volunteers from the PURE cohort, collecting sociodemographic data, BMI assessment, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and body composition using the pentacompartmental model (5CM) and tricompartmental model (3CM) by DXA, as well as bone mineral density (BMD). Blood biochemical parameters (fasting glucose and lipid profile), physical activity (PA) measured by GPAQ, and average dietary habits (R24h) were measured. In the overweight/obesity group, the 5CM and 3CM adipose mass were indirectly and moderately correlated with PA (p < 0.05), except in the male 5CM group. In the overweight/obesity group, muscle and fat-free mass (FFM) of the 5CM and 3CM correlated directly and moderately with blood fasting glucose (BFG) and BMD (p < 0.05), except in females, where FFM was not related to BMD but was related to residual mass (p < 0.01). Independent of gender and BMI, bone mineral content was positively and highly correlated with BMD (p < 0.0000). In the male overweight/obesity group, bone, skin, and residual mass were correlated with BFG (p < 0.05). In conclusion, for the assessment of non-athletic adult populations, more routine use of the 5CM in clinical practice is recommended.

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BACKGROUND: Multiple-session home-based self-applied transcranial direct current stimulation (M-HB-self-applied-tDCS) has previously been found to effectively reduce chronic pain and enhance cognitive function. However, the effectiveness of this method for disordered eating behavior still needs to be studied. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess whether 20 sessions of M-HB-self-applied-tDCS, administered over four weeks to either the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) or primary motor cortex (M1), could improve various aspects of eating behavior, anthropometric measures, and adherence. METHODS: We randomly assigned 102 fibromyalgia patients between the ages of 30 and 65 to one of four tDCS groups: L-DLPFC (anodal-(a)-tDCS, n = 34; sham-(s)-tDCS, n = 17) or M1 (a-tDCS, n = 34; s-tDCS, n = 17). Patients self-administered 20-min tDCS sessions daily with 2 mA under remote supervision following in-person training. RESULTS: Generalized linear models revealed significant effects of M-HB-self-applied-tDCS compared to s-tDCS on uncontrolled eating (UE) (Wald χ2 = 5.62; df = 1; P = 0.018; effect size, ES = 0.55), and food craving (Wald χ2 = 5.62; df = 1; P = 0.018; ES = 0.57). Regarding fibromyalgia symptoms, we found a differentiated impact of a-tDCS on M1 compared to DLPFC in reducing food cravings. Additionally, M-HB-a-tDCS significantly reduced emotional eating and waist size. In contrast, M1 stimulation was more effective in improving fibromyalgia symptoms. The global adherence rate was high, at 88.94%. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that M-HB-self-applied-tDCS is a suitable approach for reducing uncontrolled and emotional eating, with greater efficacy in L-DLPFC. Furthermore, these results revealed the influence of fibromyalgia symptoms on M-HB-self-applied-tDCS's, with M1 being particularly effective in mitigating food cravings and reducing fibromyalgia symptoms.

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Multiple forms of malnutrition coexist in Peru, especially in peri-urban areas and poor households. We investigated the magnitude of, and the contribution of, dietary and socio-demographic factors to the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) at maternal (i.e., maternal overweight/obesity with anaemia) and dyad (i.e., maternal overweight/obesity with child anaemia) levels. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among low-income mother-child (6-23 months) dyads (n = 244) from peri-urban communities in Peru. Dietary clusters and the minimum dietary diversity score (MDD) were generated for mothers and infants, respectively. A composite indicator using the maternal dietary clusters and the MDD was created to relate to dyad level DBM. Two dietary clusters were found: (i) the 'high variety (i.e., animal-source foods, fruit and vegetables), high sugary foods/beverages' (cluster 1) and (ii) the 'high potato, low fruit and vegetables, low red meat' (cluster 2). DBM prevalence among mothers and dyads was 19.9% and 36.3%, respectively. Logistic regression analyses revealed that the only socio-demographic factor positively associated with maternal DBM was maternal age (aOR/5 years: 1.35 [1.07, 1.71]). Mothers belonging to diet cluster 1 were less likely to experience the DBM (aOR = 0.52 [0.26, 1.03]), although CIs straddled the null. Socio-demographic factors positively associated with dyad level DBM included maternal age (aOR/5 years: 1.41 [1.15, 1.73]), and having ≥ two children under 5 years (aOR = 2.44 [1.23, 4.84]). Diet was not associated with dyad-level DBM. Double-duty actions that tackle the DBM are needed given that one-third of dyads and a fifth of mothers had concurrent overweight/obesity and anaemia.

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AIMS: To determine the prevalence of overweight/obesity and its relationship with metabolic syndrome (MS), fatty liver index (FLI), cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), and diabetes-related chronic complications (DRCC) in adult patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS: This study was conducted in 14 Brazilian public clinics in ten cities, with 1,390 patients: 802 females (57.7%), 779 (56.0%) Caucasians, aged 33.6 ± 10.8 years, age at diagnosis, 16.2 ± 9.2 years, diabetes duration, 17.4 ± 9.2 years, and HbA1c 8.8 ± 2.0%. RESULTS: Overall, 825 patients (59.4%) had normal weight, and 565 had overweight/obesity; ( 429 (30.9%) presented overweight and 136 (9.8%) presented obesity). After adjustments, overweight/obesity was associated with age, family history of overweight/obesity, total daily insulin dose, hypertension, adherence to diet, type of health care insurance, use of metformin, levels of C-reactive protein, triglycerides, uric acid and HDL-cholesterol. These patients also presented a higher prevalence of MS, FLI ≥ 60, and CVRF than patients without overweight/obesity. Overweight/obesity was not associated with DRCC and with HbA1c levels. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with T1D with overweight/obesity presented traditional risk factors for DRCC, cardiovascular diseases, MS, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; most of these risk factors are modifiable and can be avoided with interventions that prevent overweight/obesity.

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Zinc (Zn) participates as a cofactor for many enzymes in the cellular metabolism, and its serum levels have been associated with different metabolic diseases, especially obesity (OB). Nevertheless, its associations are not clear in the children population. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between serum Zn levels (SZn) with overweight/obesity status (OW/OB), as well as its cardiometabolic traits in a population of children in Mexico City. Anthropometrical data (body mass index z score (BMIz)), demographic variables (age and sex), and cardiometabolic traits (total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), triglycerides (TG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and insulin) were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. SZn were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The population included 210 children from Mexico City (girls (n = 105) and boys (n = 105)) between ages 6 and 10 years. Normal-weight (NW) schoolchildren had higher SZn concentrations (66 µg/dL; IQR: 48 to 91) compared to OW or OB schoolchildren (61 µg/dL; IQR: 45 to 76). The data showed a significant negative association between SZn and BMIz without sex exclusion (r = - 0.181 and p = 0.009). The boy's population did not show an association between the SZn and BMIz compared to the girl's population which showed a significant negative association (r = - 0.277 and p = 0.004). In addition, other associations were found between SZn and TC (boys (r = 0.214 and p = 0.025), LDLc (boys (r = 0.213 and p = 0.029), and TG (girls (r = - 0.260 and p = 0.007)). Moreover, 38.6% of the total children in our population study had Zn deficiency (ZnD). NW schoolchildren had higher SZn concentrations compared to OW or OB schoolchildren. A diet low in Zn can be a factor to evaluate in the development of childhood OB in Mexico. However, further studies need to be performed on the children Mexican population to replicate and confirm our findings.

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Conhecer e avaliar o estado de nutricional é de extrema relevância para a implantação de políticas públicas e desenvolvimento de intervenções de saúde. Estudo com objetivo de descrever o estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes de Foz do Iguaçu (PR). Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva e transversal com crianças e adolescentes cadastrados no Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN) em 2021. Para as crianças foram analisados indicadores de peso por idade, peso por altura e altura por idade; para os adolescentes, o Índice de Massa Corporal. A análise de dados foi feita mediante estatística descritiva e bivariada com qui-quadrado. Entre as crianças pesquisadas em todas as faixas etárias houve maior prevalência de crianças eutróficas com peso adequado para a idade. A faixa etária de <2 anos teve destaque nos indicadores de peso adequado para a idade e peso por altura em relação à eutrofia (p<0,001). Na faixa etária de 2 a 5 anos, 56,7% eram eutróficas, contudo houve maior frequência de risco de sobrepeso (19,3%), sobrepeso (9,9%) e obesidade (11,3%). As crianças de 5 a 10 anos, em sua maioria, eram eutróficas (76,6%), porém 20,5% apresentaram peso elevado para a idade. Na avaliação do estado nutricional dos adolescentes constatou-se maior prevalência de sobrepeso (22,9%) e obesidade (16,7%). O estado nutricional dos adolescentes esteve associado ao sexo (p<0,001), sendo que no público feminino destacou-se estado eutrófico e no masculino, sobrepeso e obesidade. Os dados apontam para a situação preocupante quanto ao sobrepeso e obesidade, o que sugere intervenções nesse público acerca dos hábitos alimentares.

Knowing and evaluating the nutritional status is extremly relevant for the development of public health policies and implementation of health interventions. Study aimed at describing the nutritional status of children and adolescents in Foz do Iguaçu (PR). This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study with children and adolescents regis- tered in the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) in 2021. For children, indicators of weight for age, weight for height and height for age were analyzed; for teen- agers, the Body Mass Index. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and bivariate statistics with chi-squared. Among the children surveyed in all age groups, there were more eutrophic children with adequate weight for their age. The age group of <2 years was highlighted in the indicators of adequate weight for age and weight for height in relation to normal weight (p<0.001). In the age group from 2 to 5 years, 56.7% were eutrophic, however there was a higher frequency of risk of overweight (19.3%), over- weight (9.9%) and obesity (11.3%). Most children aged 5 to 10 years were eutrophic (76.6%), but 20.5% were overweight for their age. Nutritional status of adolescents showed a higher prevalence of overweight (22.9%) and obesity (16.7%). The nutritional status of adolescents was associated with sex (p<0.001), with the female public being eutrophic and the male public being overweight and obese. Data appointed to a worrying public situation regarding overweight and obesity, which suggests interventions in this respect of eating habits.

Conocer y evaluar el estado nutricional es de extrema relevancia para el desarrollo de políticas públicas de salud y la implementación de intervenciones sanitarias. El estudio tuvo como objetivo describir el estado nutricional de niños y adolescentes en Foz do Iguaçu (PR). Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y transversal con niños y adolescentes registrados en el Sistema de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional (SISVAN) en 2021. Para los niños fueron analizados los indicadores de peso para la edad, peso para la estatura y estatura para la edad; para los adolescentes, el Índice de Masa Corporal. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva y bivariante con chi- cuadrado. Entre los niños encuestados de todos los grupos de edad, había más niños eutróficos con un peso adecuado para su edad. El grupo de edad de <2 años se destacó en los indicadores de peso adecuado para la edad y peso para la talla en relación al peso normal (p<0,001). En el grupo de edad de 2 a 5 años, el 56,7% eran eutróficos, sin embargo había una mayor frecuencia de riesgo de sobrepeso (19,3%), sobrepeso (9,9%) y obesidad (11,3%). La mayoría de los niños de 5 a 10 años eran eutróficos (76,6%), pero el 20,5% tenían sobrepeso para su edad. El estado nutricional de los adolescentes mostró una mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso (22,9%) y obesidad (16,7%). El estado nutricional de los adolescentes se asoció al sexo (p<0,001), siendo el público femenino eutrófico y el masculino con sobrepeso y obesidad. Los datos apuntan a una situación pública preocupante en relación al sobrepeso y la obesidad, lo que sugiere intervenciones en este aspecto de los hábitos alimentarios.

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This article aims to characterize the prevalence and the factors associated with overweight/obesity in college students, through a systematic review. For doing so, the PRISMA protocol has been utilized. Articles about overweight/obesity were selected in college students on the databases of the National Library of Medicine (PUBMED), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Web of Science and Scopus, it was considered the publication period from 2014 to 2019. We found 4,740 articles and 28 met the eligibility criteria. The overweight/obesity prevalence in college students varied from 9.5% to 47.0%. The Odds Ratio was the most used association measure (comparison) in studies. As characteristics that favor overweight/obesity, inadequate diet, income, male gender, low level of physical activity and family history of overweight/obesity are mentioned. The factors associated with protection against overweight/obesity were a healthy diet, regular physical activity and screen time. Finally, this review showed that university students are prone to overweight/obesity, as they have behavioral factors related to inadequate diet, low level of physical activity, income, being male, and sociocultural and family aspects due to a history of overweight/obesity. In counterpart, this review argues that healthy diet and physical activity and reduced screen time represent a health maintenance factor against overweight/obesity.

Este artigo tem como objetivo caracterizar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao sobrepeso/obesidade em universitários, por meio de uma revisão sistemática. Para isso, foi utilizado o protocolo PRISMA. Foram selecionados os artigos sobre sobrepeso/obesidade de universitários nas bases de dados da National Library of Medicine (PUBMED), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Web of Science e Scopus, considerou-se o período de publicação de 2014 a 2019. Dos 4.740 artigos encontrados, 28 atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. A prevalência de sobrepeso/obesidade em universitários variou de 9,5% a 47,0%. Dentre as medidas de associação (comparação), houve maior utilização do Odds Ratio. Como destaques os fatores associados com o sobrepeso/obesidade, cita-se a dieta inadequada, renda, sexo masculino, baixo nível de atividade física e o histórico familiar de sobrepeso/obesidade. Os fatores associados como proteção ao sobrepeso/obesidade foram a dieta saudável, prática regular de atividade física e o tempo de tela. Por fim, esta revisão mostrou que os universitários são propensos ao sobrepeso/obesidade, por apresentarem fatores comportamentais relacionados a dietas inadequadas, baixo nível de atividade física, renda, ser do sexo masculino e aspectos socioculturais e familiares em função de histórico de sobrepeso/obesidade. Em contrapartida, esta revisão sustenta que a dieta saudável e atividade física e a redução do tempo de tela representam um fator de manutenção da saúde contra o sobrepeso/obesidade.

Este artículo pretende caracterizar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al sobrepeso/obesidad en estudiantes universitarios, a través de una revisión sistemática. Para ello se ha utilizado el protocolo PRISMA. Se seleccionaron artículos sobre sobrepeso/obesidad en estudiantes universitarios en las bases de datos de la National Library of Medicine (PUBMED), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), Web of Science y Scopus, se consideró el periodo de publicación de 2014 a 2019. Se encontraron 4.740 artículos y 28 cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad en estudiantes universitarios varió del 9,5% al 47,0%. El Odds Ratio fue la medida de asociación (comparación) más utilizada en los estudios. Como características que favorecen el sobrepeso/obesidad se mencionan la dieta inadecuada, los ingresos, el sexo masculino, el bajo nivel de actividad física y los antecedentes familiares de sobrepeso/obesidad. Los factores asociados a la protección contra el sobrepeso/obesidad fueron la dieta saludable, la actividad física regular y el tiempo de pantalla. Por último, esta revisión mostró que los estudiantes universitarios son propensos al sobrepeso/obesidad, ya que tienen factores de comportamiento relacionados con la dieta inadecuada, el bajo nivel de actividad física, los ingresos, el hecho de ser varones y aspectos socioculturales y familiares debido a una historia de sobrepeso/obesidad. En contrapartida, esta revisión sostiene que la dieta y la actividad física saludables y la reducción del tiempo de pantalla representan un factor de mantenimiento de la salud contra el sobrepeso/obesidad.

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Insulin levels, adipocytokines, and inflammatory mediators trigger benign breast disease (BBD) and breast cancer (BC). The relationship between serum adipocytokines levels, overweight-obesity, metabolic disturbs, and BC is unclear. Methods: To analyze the serum levels of the adipocytokines, insulin, and the HOMA IR in women without breast disease, with BBD or BC, and the role of these as risk factors for benign breast disease or breast cancer. Results: Adipsin values > 0.91 and visfatin levels > 1.18 ng/mL represent a risk factor to develop BBD in NBD lean women (OR = 18; and OR = 12). Data in overweight-obese women groups confirm the observation due to insulin levels > 2.6 mU/mL and HOMA IR > 0.78, with OR = 60.2 and 18, respectively; adipsin OR = 26.4, visfatin OR = 12. Breast cancer risk showed a similar behavior: Adipsin risk, adjusted by insulin and visfatin OR = 56 or HOMA IR and visfatin OR = 22.7. Conclusion: Adipose tissue is crucial for premalignant and malignant tissue transformation in women with overweight-obesity. The adipocyte−breast epithelium interaction could trigger a malignant transformation in a continuum, starting with BBD as premalignant disease, especially in overweight-obese women.

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Objetivo: Analisar a qualidade de vida (QV) da população com sobrepeso referenciada ou assistida pela Atenção Básica de Saúde (ABS), evidenciando fatores clínicos e sociodemográficos associados aos aspectos da QV. Métodos: Estudo transversal analítico de caráter epidemiológico, desenvolvido em 2017-2020, em um município de Minas Gerais, Brasil, com 269 pessoas com sobrepeso e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) igual ou acima de 25 kg/m². Aplicaram-se instrumentos para avaliação da QV, contendo dados sociodemográficos, ansiedade, depressão, compulsão alimentar periódica e percepção da autoimagem. Utilizou-se análise univariada, regressão linear simples e múltipla com p<0,05. Resultados: Encontrou-se 74,3% (n=200) do sexo feminino, idade média de 39,43 ± 14,46 anos, 55% (n=149) obesidade moderada. 50% (n=134) apresentaram sintomas de ansiedade, 42,4% (n=114) sintomas depressivos, 20% (n=54) com compulsão alimentar e 32% (n=86) consideraram comprometimento negativo na sua autoimagem. 62,1% (n=167) apresentaram insuficiência na dimensão vitalidade. Quanto aos aspectos de correlação, IMC elevado, uso de medicação, aumento da idade, estado civil viúvo, presença de sintomas de ansiedade, depressão, compulsão alimentar e ausência de atividade física apresentaram diminuição em dimensões da QV. Conclusão: O estudo apontou que, entre as oito dimensões analisadas, apenas a dimensão "vitalidade" apresentou dados significativamente baixos entre os participantes, sendo possível identificar variáveis sociodemográficas que se correlacionaram, tendendo a diminuir aspectos ou dimensões da qualidade de vida: obesidade grave, fazer uso de medicação, apresentar estado civil viúvo, não realizar atividades físicas regularmente, apresentar sintomas de ansiedade, depressão e compulsão alimentar periódica em nível grave.

Objective: To analyze the Quality of Life (QoL) of the overweight population referred to or assisted by Primary Health Care (PHC), evidencing clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with aspects of QoL. Methods: Analytical cross-sectional epidemiological study, carried out in 2017-2020, in a municipality of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with 269 overweight people with a body mass index (BMI) equal to or above 25 kg/m². Instruments were applied to assess QoL, sociodemographic data, anxiety, depression, binge eating, and self-image perception. Simple and multiple linear regression were used. Results: 74.3% (n=200) were female, mean age of 39.43 ± 14.46 years, 55% (n=149) were moderately obese. 50% (n=134) had symptoms of anxiety, 42.4% (n=114) had depressive symptoms, 20% (n=54) had binge eating and 32% (n=86) considered their self-image to be negatively affected. 62.1% (n=167) showed insufficiency in the vitality dimension. As for the correlation aspects, high BMI, medication use, increasing age, widowed marital status, symptoms of anxiety, depression, binge eating, and lack of physical activity showed a decrease in QOL dimensions. Conclusion: The study showed that among the eight dimensions analyzed, only the "vitality" dimension presented significantly low data among the participants, making it possible to identify sociodemographic variables that were correlated, tending to decrease aspects or dimensions of quality of life: severe obesity, using of medication, being widowed, not performing physical activities regularly, presenting symptoms of anxiety, depression, and binge eating at a severe level.

Objetivo: Analizar la calidad de vida (CV) de la población con sobrepeso referenciada o asistida por la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS), evidenciando factores clínicos y sociodemográficos asociados a los aspectos de la CV. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico de carácter epidemiológico, desarrollado en 2017-2020, en un municipio de Minas Gerais, Brasil, con 269 personas consobrepeso e índice de masa corporal (IMC) igual o superior a 25kg/m². Fueron aplicados instrumentos para evaluación de la CV, conteniendo datos sociodemográficos, ansiedad, depresión, trastorno de hiperfagia compulsiva y percepción de autoimagen. Fue utilizado análisis univariado, regresión linear simple y múltiple con p<0,05. Resultados: Se encontró 74,3% (n=200) del sexo femenino, edad média de 39,43 ± 14,46 años, 55% (n=149) obesidad moderada. 50% (n=134) presentaron síntomas de ansiedad, 42,4% (n=114) síntomas depresivos, 20% (n=54) con trastorno de hiperfagia compulsiva e 32% (n=86) consideraron comprometimiento negativo en su autoimagen. 62,1% (n=167) presentaron insuficiencia en la dimensión vitalidad. Cuanto a los aspectos de correlación, IMC alto, uso de medicación, aumento de la edad, estado civil viudo, presencia de síntomas de ansiedad, depresión, trastorno de hiperfagia compulsiva y ausencia de actividad física presentaron disminución en dimensiones de la CV. Conclusión: El estudio indicó que, entre las ocho dimensiones analizadas, solamente la dimensión "vitalidad" presentó datos significativamente bajos entre los participantes, posibilitando la identificación de variables sociodemográficas que se correlacionaron, tendiendo a disminuir aspectos o dimensiones de la calidad de vida: obesidad grave, uso de medicación, presentar estado civil viudo, no realizar actividades físicas regularmente, presentar síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y trastornode hiperfagia compulsiva en nivel grave.

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Introduction: Given the importance of physical activity and sleep for health, different recommendations have been proposed for the pediatric population. The objective of this study was to determine the association between physical activity and sleep recommendations compliance and excess weight in school children from Temuco, Chile. Population and methods: Physical activity and sleep were measured using ActiGraph wGT3X-BT® accelerometers. Excess weight was categorized on two categories: absence (normal weight) or presence (overweight or obesity) based on body mass index. Results: A total of 183 school children participated (54.1 % were females; mean age = 10.95 ± 1.07). Of them, 85.4 % did not meet physical activity recommendations, whereas 75.6% did not meet sleep recommendations. Significant differences were observed in favor of boys over girls in relation to moderate and vigorous physical activity (p = 0.002), but this was not the case for amount of sleep. School children with excess weight showed less time spent in moderate and vigorous activity (p = 0.004) and a lower amount of sleep (p = 0.010) than normal weight ones. Non-compliance with physical activity recommendations was associated with excess weight (odds ratio [OR] = 8.178; 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.465-45.635; p = 0.017), but this was not observed in relation to sleep recommendations. Conclusions: A high percentage of school children do not meet the recommendations for physical activity and sleep. Associations were observed by sex and presence of excess weight. Strategies are required to promote compliance with these recommendations in the pediatric population.

Introducción. Dada la importancia que la actividad física y el sueño han adquirido para la salud, se han propuesto diversas recomendaciones para la población infantil. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar cómo se asocia el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física y de sueño con el exceso de peso. Población y métodos. Para la medición de la actividad física y el sueño, se utilizaron acelerómetros ActiGraph wGT3X-BT®. Se determinó el índice de masa corporal para las categorizaciones de ausencia (peso normal) o presencia (sobrepeso-obesidad) de exceso de peso. Resultados. Participaron 183 escolares (54,1 % eran niñas, edad M = 10,95 ± 1,07). El 85,4 % no cumple con las recomendaciones de actividad física, mientras que el 75,6 % no cumple con las recomendaciones de sueño. Los niños se diferencian significativamente de las niñas en tiempo de actividades físicas moderadas y vigorosas (p = 0,002), mas no así en cantidad de sueño. Los escolares con exceso de peso presentan menos tiempo de actividades de intensidad moderada y vigorosa (p = 0,004) y una menor cantidad de sueño (p = 0,010) que los escolares de peso normal. El no cumplir las recomendaciones de actividad física se asociaría con el exceso de peso (razón de momios [OR, por su sigla en inglés] = 8,178; intervalo de confianza del 95 % [IC95 %]: 1,465-45,635; p = 0,017), lo que no se observó en las recomendaciones de sueño. Conclusiones. Un alto porcentaje de escolares no cumplen con las recomendaciones de actividad física y cantidad de sueño. Se observaron asociaciones según el sexo y la presencia de exceso de peso. Es necesario desarrollar estrategias para fomentar el cumplimiento de estas recomendaciones en la población infantil.

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Resumen Introducción: La correcta alimentación de los soldados es clave para mantener la salud y el buen rendimiento, actualmente, la obesidad constituye un problema de salud pública calificada como la "epidemia del siglo". Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo nutricionales asociados al sobrepeso y obesidad en una Brigada del Ejército Mexicano. Material y métodos: Se determinó la fuerza de asociación entre los factores de riesgo nutricionales y el desarrollo de sobrepeso y obesidad. La asociación se realizó mediante X2 y OR, y la diferencia de medias con prueba Z. Resultados: Se observó diferencia entre casos y controles en consumo de calorías (z=9.34, P<0.01), proteínas (z=10.22, P<0.01), grasas (z=8.84, P<0.0) y carbohidratos (z=7.04, P<0.01). El consumo de verduras y frutas <1 vez/semana, y el de bebidas azucaradas >1 vez/semana fueron factores de riesgo para desarrollar sobrepeso y obesidad (X2=4.406; p=0.036; OR=2.1), (X2= 5.6; p=0.018; OR=2.25), (X2=7.368; p=0.007; OR=4.5), respectivamente. El no consumir la mayor cantidad de calorías en el comedor y el que la cafetería y la calle sean el sitio de mayor consumo de calorías fueron factores de riesgo (X2=14.44; p=0.000; OR=4.3), (X2=13.74; p=0.000; OR=5.56) y (X2=6.375; p=0.012; OR =4.12), respectivamente. Conclusiones: El consumo menor o igual a una vez a la semana de verduras y frutas, el consumir bebidas azucaradas más de una vez a la semana, el consumir la mayor cantidad de calorías de la cafetería y de la calle y el no consumir la mayor cantidad de calorías en el comedor fueron factores de riesgo para desarrollar sobrepeso-obesidad.

Abstract Introduction: Correctly feeding soldiers is key to maintaining health and good performance. Obesity is currently a public health problem classified as the "epidemic of the century". Objective to identify the nutritional risk factors associated with overweight and obesity in a Mexican Army Brigade. Material and methods: The strength of association between nutritional risk factors and the development of overweight and obesity was determined. The association was made using X2 and OR, and the difference in means with the Z test. Results: Different differences between cases and controls in the consumption of calories (z = 9.34, P <0.01), proteins (z = 10.22, P <0.01), fats (z = 8.84, P <0.0) and carbohydrates (z = 7.04, P <0.01). Consumption of vegetables and fruits <1 time / week and consumption of sugary drinks> 1 time / week were risk factors for developing overweight and obesity (X2 = 4,406; p = 0.036; OR = 2.1), (X2 = 5.6 ; p = 0.018; OR = 2.25), (X2 = 7.368; p = 0.007; OR = 4.5), respectively. Failure to consume the highest amount of calories in the dining room and the fact that the cafeteria and the street are the site of the highest calorie consumption were risk factors (X2 = 14.44; p = 0.000; OR = 4.3), (X2 = 13.74; p = 0.000; OR = 5.56) and (X2 = 6.375; p = 0.012; OR = 4.12), respectively. Conclusions: Consumption less than or equal to once a week of vegetables and fruits, consumption of sugary drinks more than once a week, consumption of the greatest number of calories in the cafeteria and the street and non-consumption of the greatest amount of calories in the dining room were risk factors for developing overweight-obesity.

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OBJECTIVE: This article analyses the relationship between socio-economic status and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the primary school population in Costa Rica. DESIGN: A National School Weight/Height Census was disseminated across Costa Rica in 2016. The percentage of children who were overweight or obese was calculated by sex, age and socio-economic indicators (type of institution: private, public, mix; type of geographic location: rural, urban and the level of development of the district of residence: quartiles). A mixed-effects multinomial logistic regression model and mixed-effects logistic regression model were used to analyse the association between the prevalence of being overweight or obese and district socio-economic status. SETTING: The survey was carried out in public and private primary schools across Costa Rica in 2016. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 347 366 students from 6 to 12 years were enrolled in public and private primary schools. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children was 34·0 %. Children in private schools were more likely to be overweight or obese than students in public schools (OR = 1·10 [1·07, 1·13]). Additionally, children were less likely to be overweight or obese if attending a school in a district of the lowest socio-economic quartile compared with the highest socio-economic quartile (OR = 0·79 [0·75, 0·83]) and in a rural area compared with the urban area (OR = 0·92 [0·87, 0·97]). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood obesity in Costa Rica continues to be a public health problem. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children was associated with indicators of higher socio-economic status.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the magnitude and distribution of malnutrition in all forms (stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity) by level of education and socio-economic status (SES). DESIGN: Representative data from three national surveys were used: the socio-economic characteristics of Uruguayan households the 2012-2013; the Survey of Child Health, Nutrition and Development and the Survey of Chronic Disease Risks. We defined overweight, obesity, wasting/underweight and stunting/short stature according to WHO criteria. We conducted a comparison between malnutrition prevalence values per SES and education level. SETTING: In total, 1 183 177 households were surveyed, including 2265 children's and 752 women's households, forming a nationally representative sample in urban areas with more than 5000 habitants. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 3079 children aged <4 years from the National Survey of Child Health, Nutrition and Development 2013 and 752 women aged 20-49 years from the National Survey of Chronic Disease Risks 2013 were included. RESULTS: Among children aged <4 years, stunting and overweight disproportionately affected low-wealth groups, with 5·45 % of children in the lower income tertile and 3·44 % in the upper tertile presenting stunting (P < 0·05). Overweight and obesity were higher in the third tertile of income. Among the women, 54·8 % (95 % CI 48·0, 61·6) had excess weight (overweight and obesity) and significant differences were found between those with the lowest and highest levels of SES. Regarding excess weight with respect to educational level, significant differences were also found between the low and high levels and between the medium and high levels. CONCLUSIONS: In Uruguay, there are slight differences in the prevalence of all forms of malnutrition according to SES and education levels in the populations considered. Excess weight in children and women poses the greatest public health nutritional challenge at all levels of SES and education. The fact that more educated mothers are more overweight differs from the findings in other countries and should be studied in more detail. Stunting in children is also important, requiring more focused interventions. Notably, excess weight is higher in more educated mothers, a fact that differs from other countries. Further analysis is important to understand this discrepancy.

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Introducción: El objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer la relación entre la calidad de vida, el sobrepeso y la obesidad, así como comparar si existen diferencias significativas por sexo. Método: Se utilizó el cuestionario de salud SF-36v2, que mide la salud funcional y el bienestar a partir de ocho dimensiones: función física, rol físico, dolor corporal, salud general, vitalidad, función social, rol emocional y salud mental. El tipo de investigación es cuantitativa con un diseño prospectivo, transversal y observacional. Las técnicas estadísticas que se utilizaron para el análisis de la información fueron el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y la prueba t para muestras independientes. Para la magnitud del efecto se utilizó la d de Cohen. La muestra se seleccionó a partir del muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia; el total de participantes fue de 320. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas en dos de las dimensiones, con un tamaño del efecto pequeño, menor a una desviación estándar. Conclusión: Las mujeres sienten más energía y vitalidad que los hombres, éstos algunas veces se ven más afectados por los problemas de salud física o emocional que interfieren en su vida social.

Introduction: The objective of this article is to show the relation between the quality of life, overweight and obesity, and to compare if there are significant differences by gender. Methodology: The SF-36v2 questionnaire was used to measure the functional health and wellness from eight dimensions: physical function, physical role, body pain, general health, vitality, social function, emotional role and mental health. The study is quantitative with a traversal, observational and prospective design. The statistical techniques that were used to the data analysis was the Pearson relation coefficient and the t test to independent samples. The d of Cohen was used to obtain the magnitude of the effect. The sample was selected from a non-probabilistic sample by convenience; the total of participants was of 320. Results: Significant statistic differences were found in two of the dimensions, with a small magnitude of the effect, less than a standard deviation. Conclusion: Women feel more energy and vitality than men, whom sometimes are more affected by the physical or emotional health problems that interfere in their social life.

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Introducción: La determinación de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular debe realizarse en etapas precoces como en la edad universitaria. Esto tiene como propósito identificar los factores modificables, sobre todo en edades tempranas de la vida. Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de alteraciones antropométricas, hipertensión arterial, hiperglicemia, hábito de fumar, sedentarismo, ingesta de alcohol y alteraciones electrocardiográficas en los alumnos de la Universidad Gran Asunción (Itá, Paraguay) en los años 2017 y 2018. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo realizado en varones y mujeres, mayores de 18 años, estudiantes de todas las carreras universitarias, que acudieron en los años 2017 y 2018. Se realizó examen clínico y electrocardiográfico previo consentimiento informado. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva para la descripción de las variables. Resultados: Se incluyeron 121 mujeres (edad media 21±4 años) y 62 varones (edad media 20±3 años). Se hallaron las siguientes frecuencias: sobrepeso 27%, obesidad 14%, circunferencia abdominal aumentada 26%, índice de conicidad aumentado 45%, hipertensión arterial 18%, sedentarismo 80%, hábito de fumar 0,5% e ingesta de alcohol 15%. Las anomalías electrocardiográficas se detectaron en 19% siendo la más frecuente la bradicardia sinusal. Se detectaron dos casos de síndrome QTc prolongado en pacientes asintomáticos. Conclusión: Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más frecuentes fueron el sedentarismo, el sobrepeso y la hipertensión arterial. Las anomalías electrocardiográficas se detectaron en 19% siendo la bradicardia sinusal la más frecuente.

Introduction: The determination of cardiovascular risk factors should be carried out in early life stages such as university age. The purpose of this is to identify modifiable factors, especially at early ages of life. Objectives: To determine the frequency of anthropometric alterations, arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia, smoking habit, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol intake and electrocardiographic alterations in the students of the Gran Asunción University (Itá, Paraguay) in the years 2017 and 2018. Materials and methods: Prospective observational study carried out in males and females, over 18 years old, students of all university careers, who attended the university in the years 2017 and 2018. A clinical and electrocardiographic examination was performed with informed consent. Descriptive statistics was applied for the description of the variables. Results: One hundred twenty one women were included (average age 21±4 years) and 62 men (average age 20±3 years). The following frequencies were found: overweight 27%, obesity 14%, increased abdominal circumference 26%, conicity index increased 45%, hypertension 18%, sedentary lifestyle 80%, smoking habit 0.5% and alcohol intake 15%. The electrocardiographic anomalies were detected in 19%, with sinus bradycardia being the most frequent. Two cases of prolonged QTc syndrome were detected in asymptomatic patients. Conclusion: The most frequent cardiovascular risk factors were sedentary lifestyle, overweight and high blood pressure. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were detected in 19%, with sinus bradycardia being the most frequent.

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As part of the nutritional transition, undernutrition is globally declining while changes brought by economic development have ushered in increases in overweight and its related economic costs and health consequences around the world. We examine trajectories in stunting and overweight from age one year to mid-adolescence and from mid-childhood to early adulthood among two cohorts from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam using data from the Young Lives study. We examine descriptive data and then model trajectories in stunting and overweight status over age. Group-based trajectory analysis with five ages of overweight and stunting for each country-cohort reveals (1) trajectories of catch-up growth for a subset of study children between the ages of 12 and 19 in the older cohort in Ethiopia (20.1% of the cohort), India (20.5%), Peru (16.9%), and Vietnam (14.0%); (2) trajectories of increasing probabilities of stunting as children age from 12 to 22 in the older cohort in India (22.2%) and Peru (30.7%); (3) trajectories of early (childhood) increases in overweight probabilities (younger cohort: India, 3.4%, Peru, 19.4%, and Vietnam, 8.1%), and of later (adolescence) increases in overweight probabilities (older cohort: Ethiopia, 0.5%, India, 6.3%, Peru, 40.9%, and Vietnam, 9.4%). Multinomial logit prediction of membership in trajectory categories reveals that higher wealth quartiles and maternal schooling are protective against high stunting probability trajectory group membership, but higher wealth and urban residence predict high overweight probability trajectory group membership. This evidence suggests a window of opportunity for interventions to reduce stunting and to avert overweight development in adolescence, in addition to the often-emphasized first 1000 days after conception. A life-course approach to policies and programs to target both undernutrition and overweight should be considered.

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RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar los hábitos alimentarios, estilos de vida y condiciones laborales, que influyen en el sobre peso y la obesidad de trabajadores informales, Medellín. 2016 Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal, con fuentes primarias de información a un censo de 686 trabajadores. Se aplicó encuesta asistida. Con Índice de Masa Corporal se definió Sobrepeso y obesidad. Análisis univariado, bivariado y regresión logística predictiva. Resultados: edad 50 años (± 11,76), escolaridad cinco años, 10 horas de trabajo al día, y 23 años en su labor. Sobrepeso 42,3% (290), obesidad 26,2% (180), 28,9% (198) sedentarios, 25,5% (175) consumía licor y, 16,8% (115) cigarrillo, 79,6% (546) consumía alimentos en su trabajo y 53,4% (366) sin horario establecido. Preferían alimentos hervidos, asados y fritos. Mayor IMC para quienes percibían tener sobre peso/obesidad (P<0,001. RP=13,96. IC: 8,28;23,53), y consumían alimentos al vapor (p=0,019. RP=1,59. IC:1,08; 2,33), <IMC en fumadores (p=0,002. RP=0,48. IC: 0,30;0,76). Conclusión: sobre peso/obesidad en estos trabajadores informales, aporta a configurar su perfil de vulnerabilidad laboral. Esta condición puede ser revertida.

ABSTRACT Objective: Determine the eating habits, lifestyles and working conditions that influence the overweight and obesity of informal workers, Medellín. 2016 Methods: cross-sectional descriptive study, with primary sources of information to a census of 686 workers. Assisted survey was applied. Body Weight Index was defined as Overweight and Obesity. Univariate analysis, bivariate and predictive logistic regression. Results: age 50 years (± 11.76), schooling five years, 10 hours of work per day, and 23 years of work. Overweight 42.3% (290), obesity 26.2% (180), 28.9% (198) sedentary, 25.5% (175) consumed liquor and, 16.8% (115) cigarette, 79.6 % (546) consumed food at work and 53.4% (366) without established hours. They preferred boiled, roasted and fried foods. Higher BMI for those who perceived to have overweight / obesity (p<0.001. RP=13.96. IC: 8.28;23.53), and consumed steamed foods (p=0.019. RP=1.59. IC:1.08;2.33), <BMI in smokers (p=0.002. RP =0.48. IC: 0.30;0.76). Conclusion: about weight/obesity in these informal workers, contributes to configure their profile of labor vulnerability. This condition can be reversed.

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Objetivou-se verificar os efeitos de um programa de exercícios (PEF) com jogos pré-esportivos atletismo, voleibol e basquetebol em crianças com sobrepeso e obesidade. Partici-param 74 crianças, agrupadas em GC (n = 36) e GI (n = 38). Os voluntários foram submetidos a avaliações antropométricas e avaliações das capacidades físicas (CF), pré e pós 52 semanas. Todos frequentavam aulas de Educação Física escolar, e o GI participou do PEF. No GC, não ocorreram diferenças significativas nas variáveis indicadoras da adiposidade (VIA), houve piora na agilidade e na velocidade, sem alterações significativas em outras CF. No GI, houve redução de VIA e melhora das CF, exceto resistência abdominal. Conclui-se que o PEF pro-porcionou benefícios aos voluntários do GI.

The objective of this study was to verify the effects of an exercise program (PEF) with pre-sports athletics, volleyball and basketball in overweight and obese children. Participants were 74 children, grouped in CG (n = 36), and GI (n = 38). The volunteers were submitted to an-thropometric assessments and physical abilities (CF) assessments, pre and post 52 weeks. All attended school Physical Education classes, and the GI participated in the PEF. In the CG, there were no significant differences in the adiposity indicators (VIA), agility and speed worsening, without significant changes in other CF. In the GI, there was reduction of VIA and improvement of the CF, except abdominal resistance. It was concluded that the PEF provided benefits to the volunteers of the GI.

Se objetivó verificar los efectos de un programa de ejercicios (PEF) con juegos pre-deportivos atletismo, voleibol y baloncesto en niños con sobrepeso y obesidad. Participaron 74 niños, agrupados en GC (n = 36), y GI (n = 38). Los voluntarios fueron sometidos a evaluaciones antropométricas y evaluaciones de las capacidades físicas (CF), pre y post 52 semanas. Todos frecuentaban clases de Educación Física escolar, y el GI participó en el PEF. En el GC no hubo diferencias significativas en las variables indicadoras de la adiposidad (VIA), hubo em-peoramiento en la agilidad y la velocidad, sin cambios significativos en otras CF. En el GI hubo reducción de VIA y mejora de las CF, excepto resistencia abdominal. Se concluye que el PEF proporcionó beneficios a los voluntarios del GI.

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Introducción. La malnutrición se define como una serie de desequilibrios que incluyen desde la des-nutrición, déficit proteico o calórico, sobrepeso y obesidad. Objetivo. Determinar los factores clínicos y sociodemográficos asociados a la prevalencia de malnu-trición en niños entre 2 y 5 años, en el periodo 2016-2017, en la Empresa Social del Estado (E.S.E) de primer nivel, Oicatá, Boyacá.Método. Estudio de prevalencia analítica, con un muestro aleatorio de 194 niños y niñas, entre los 2 y 5 años, suministrado por la base de datos de controles de crecimiento y desarrollo entre los años 2016 y 2017. Resultados. De los 194 niños incluidos en la investigación, el género de mayor predominio fue el femenino en un 50,5%, con una media de edad 4 años y un Índice de Masa Corporal de 15.35 (kg/cm2). Se halló una prevalencia para desnutrición aguda y crónica de 1,2% y 1,8% respectivamente, asociada a factores como antecedentes patológicos, nacimiento por cesárea, bajo peso al nacer, parto pre término y una lactancia materna menor a 2 meses. Se encontraron más cifras de malnutrición por déficit que por exceso.Conclusiones. La prevalencia de malnutrición en el municipio de Oicatá evidenció mayores cifras hacia la desnutrición crónica y su existencia con la asociación a múltiples factores clínicos y sociode-mográficos, para padecer tal condición en los menores de 5 años.

Introduction. Malnutrition is defined as a series of imbalances ranging from malnutrition, protein or calorie deficit, overweight and obesity. Objective: Determine the clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with the prevalence of malnutrition in children between 2 and 5 years of age during 2016-2017 in first level State Social Enterprise, Oicatá, Boyacá. Methods. Analytical prevalence study, of a random sample of 194 children between the ages of 2 and 5 years provided by growth and development controls database between the years 2016 and 2017. Results. Of the 194 children included in the research, the gender of predominance was the female in 50.5%, with an average age of 4 years and a Body Mass Index of 15.35 (kg/cm2). A prevalence for acute and chronic malnutrition of 1.2% and 1.8% respectively, was found, these may be associated with factors such as pathological antecedents, cesarean birth, low birth weight, preterm childbirth and breastfeeding for less than 2 months after birth. Higher statistics of malnutrition were by deficit than by excess. Conclusions. The prevalence of malnutrition in Oicatá municipality, showed higher rates towards chronic malnutrition and its association to multiple clinical and sociodemographic factors to develop that condition in children under 5 years

Introdução. A desnutrição é definida como uma série de desequilíbrios que incluem desnutrição, déficit proteico ou calórico, sobrepeso e obesidade.Objetivo. Determinar os fatores clínicos e sociodemográficos associados à prevalência de desnutrição em crianças entre 2 e 5 anos, no período de 2016 a 2017, na Empresa Social Estadual (E.S.E) de pri-meiro nível, Oicatá, Boyacá. Método. Estudo de prevalência analítica, com amostra aleatória de 194 crianças, entre 2 e 5 anos, fornecido pelo banco de dados de controles de crescimento e desenvolvi-mento entre 2016 e 2017.Resultados. Das 194 crianças incluídas na pesquisa, o sexo mais prevalente foi o feminino com 50,5%, a idade média foi de 4 anos e índice de massa corporal de 15,35 (kg / cm2). Foi encontrada uma pre-valência de desnutrição aguda e crônica de 1,2% e 1,8%, respectivamente, associada a fatores como história patológica, nascimento por cesariana, baixo peso ao nascer, parto prematuro e aleitamento materno por menos de 2 meses. Mais números de desnutrição foram encontrados por déficit do que por excesso.Conclusões. A prevalência de desnutrição no município de Oicatá evidenciou maiores números de desnutrição crônica e sua existência com a associação a múltiplos fatores clínicos e sociodemográficos para sofrer essa condição em crianças menores de 5 anos

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Irisin is involved in the compensatory mechanisms for metabolic regulation and appears to be associated with glucose homeostasis and lipid profile. However, it's possible implications on obesity-associated cardiometabolic complications have not been completely elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the association between irisin level and anthropometric data, metabolic parameters, blood pressure, and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) level among children with overweight/obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study included 24 children with overweight/obesity (9 girls and 15 boys) and 63 children with normal weight (25 girls and 38 boys). The anthropometric data, blood pressure, blood biochemistry, EPCs and irisin levels were evaluated. Children with overweight/obesity had significantly higher circulating irisin and EPCs levels than those with normal weight (P < 0.001). Additionally, we found that irisin level was positively correlated with BMI (rho = 0.407), waist circumference (rho = 0.449), triglycerides (rho = .334), glucose (rho = 0.226), insulin (rho = 0.533), HOMA (rho = 0.545), and negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol level (rho = -0.218). Importantly, we also found that irisin levels were significantly correlated with systolic (rho = 0.420), diastolic (rho = 0.331) blood pressure and circulating EPCs level (rho = 0.391). CONCLUSION: Our study provides evidence that overweight/obese children had elevated circulating levels of both irisin and EPCs and address the gap in the literature with regard to the understanding of the implications of irisin on obesity-related cardiometabolic complications among these children and also highlight the possible involvement of irisin regulation on insulin resistance and endothelial function in childhood overweight and obesity.

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