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Introduction: The incidence of squamous carcinoma of the oropharynx (OPSCC) has presented an increase worldwide, a fact that occurs along with a phenomenon of epidemiological transition, whose pathogenesis is linked to human papilloma virus (HPV) in a significant part of the cases. Published evidence at the Latin American level is scarce. The present study aims to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated in a public oncology reference centre in Chile. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out. Patients with histological confirmation of OPSCC aged 18 years or older, referred to the National Cancer Institute of Chile between 2012 and 2023 were included. The association with HPV was determined by immunohistochemistry for p16. Results: 178 patients were analysed, most of them in locoregionally advanced stages involving the palatine tonsil. Seventy-seven percent were male, with a median age of 60 years. Sixty-seven percent of patients were positive for p16, with a progressive increase to 85% in the last 2 years of the study. The p16(+) patients were younger and had fewer classical risk factors. Primary treatment was radiotherapy in 94% of patients. Conclusion: The epidemiological profile of patients with OPSCC treated in a Chilean public oncology referral centre reflects the epidemiological transition observed in developed countries. This change justifies the need to adapt health policies and conduct research that considers the characteristics of this new epidemiological profile.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the level of oral cancer awareness and risk factors perception and the relationship between this awareness and the sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. Material and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted among rural and urban residents in Lagos State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling method was utilized. The sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics of respondents, as well as their knowledge about oral cancer risk factors, were assessed with a validated questionnaire. The bivariate association was done using an independent t-test and one-way ANOVA. Multivariate regression was used to determine the association between predictor variables and oral cancer knowledge scores. The statistical significance level is set at p<0.05. Results: 590 participants between 18 and 82 years (mean age 34.5 ±13.7) completed the survey. The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 25.7%, of which 16 (1.5%) were heavy smokers (20+ cigarettes per day). The prevalence of alcohol consumption was 66.1%, with 57 (9.7%) being heavy drinkers, consuming drinks for 5-7 days of the week. A high proportion of the respondents (>60%) exhibited gaps in their knowledge of oral cancer. Uneducated participants had lower oral cancer knowledge than those with >12 years of formal education (aOR = 5.347; 95% CI: 4.987-6.240). Participants who were smokers had lower oral cancer knowledge compared with non-smokers (aOR = 3.341; 95% CI: 2.147-4.783); Participants who consumed alcohol had more deficient oral cancer knowledge compared with non-drinkers (aOR = 1.699; 95% CI: 1.087-2.655); While heavy smokers aOR = 4.023; 95% CI: 3.615-4.825) and heavy drinkers aOR = 4.331; 95% CI: 3.158-5.939) had lower oral cancer knowledge compared with those who did not abuse both substances. Conclusion: A high proportion of the respondents exhibited gaps in their knowledge of oral cancer in their responses. Delayed diagnosis of oral cancer can be reduced by increasing the awareness and knowledge of the populace about risk factors and also in the recognition of its signs and symptoms.

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OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review to determine the global prevalence of HPV in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature was searched through October 2022 in main databases to address the question "What is the global prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in oral and oropharyngeal cancer?" Studies had to identify HPV by PCR, ISH, or p16 immunohistochemistry to be eligible. Quality was assessed using the JBI checklist for prevalence studies. Meta-analyses were performed, and reporting followed PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: Sixty-five studies were included, and most of them had methodological limitations related to sampling and the HPV detection tool. The pooled prevalence of HPV-positivity was 10% (event rate = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.13; P < 0.01; I2 = 88%) in the oral cavity and 42% (event rate = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.36, 0.49; P = 0.02; I2 = 97%) in oropharynx. The highest HPV prevalence in OSCC was reached by Japan, meanwhile, in OPSCC, Finland and Sweden were the most prevalent. HPV16 is the genotype most frequent with 69% in OSCC and 89% in OPSCC, being the tonsils the intraoral location more affected by HPV (63%, p < 0.01, I2 76%). CONCLUSION: The evidence points to an apparent burden in HPV-related OPSCC, mostly in North America, Northern Europe, and Oceania, especially due to the HPV16 infection suggesting different trends across continents. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This updated systematic review and meta-analysis provide sufficient evidence about the global HPV prevalence in OSCC and OPSCC and the most frequent HPV subtype worldwide.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer es una enfermedad que afecta a un gran número de personas a nivel mundial y que genera una gran tasa de mortalidad. El cáncer oral y orofaríngeo es considerado un problema de salud pública, especialmente en países de bajos y medianos ingresos. Para el año 2023, se estima que 11.580 personas morirán en Estados Unidos por esta causa. OBJETIVO: Determinar la variación en la mortalidad por cáncer oral y orofaríngeo en Chile, entre 1955-2021. METODOLOGÍA ESTUDIO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO: Los datos de mortalidad que se utilizaron fueron obtenidos desde instituciones como INE y DEIS a través de los registros de defunción del país, clasificados según género. Las tasas brutas de mortalidad para cada año de estudio fueron calculadas a partir de los datos de mortalidad y datos de población entregados por las instituciones. RESULTADOS: Las tasas brutas de mortalidad entre los años de estudio oscilaron de un 0,92 a 1,53. los hombres obtuvieron una tasa promedio de 1,64 por 100.000 habitantes y las mujeres una tasa promedio de 0,67 por 100.000 habitantes. CONCLUSIÓN: La tasa bruta de mortalidad por cáncer oral y orofaríngeo en Chile fue en aumento entre los años 1955 y 2021 tanto en hombres como en mujeres.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer is a disease that affects a large number of people worldwide and generates a high mortality rate. Oral and oropharyngeal cancer is considered a public health problem, especially in low- and middle-income countries. By the year 2023, it is estimated that 11,580 people will die in the United States from this cause. OBJECTIVE: Determine the variation in mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Chile between 1955 and 2021. METHODS: The mortality data was obtained from institutions such as the National Institute of Statistics and the Chile Ministry of Health through the country's death registries, which were classified by gender. Crude mortality rates for each year of the study were calculated from the institutions' mortality data and population data. RESULTS: Crude mortality rates between study years ranged from 0.92 to 1.53. men obtained an average rate of 1.64 per 100,000 inhabitants, and women obtained an average rate of 0.67 per 100,000 inhabitants. CONCLUSION: The crude mortality rate from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Chile increased between 1955 and 2021 in both men and women.

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BACKGROUND: Opioids are the most effective drugs currently available for cancer pain management. The administration of morphine, in addition to its analgesic effect, can alter tumor development. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the immunoexpression of opioid receptors µ and κ in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and correlate it with prognostic factors, proliferation markers, and cell death. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional observational study was carried out with 50 patients diagnosed at Haroldo Juaçaba Hospital. Sociodemographic, clinicopathological, and overall survival data were collected, and excisional biopsies were taken for immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays for opioid receptors µ and κ, Ki-67, and caspase-3. Immunolabeling was evaluated and correlated with other variables using Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman correlation, log-rank (Mantel-Cox), and Cox regression tests. RESULTS: Immunoexpression of opioid receptors µ and κ, Ki-67, and caspase-3 was significantly higher in p16+ and p16- primary tumors and lymph node metastases than in surgical resection margins. The overall survival of patients with p16- tumors was 57.53 ± 8.43 months and that of patients with p16+ tumors was slightly higher at 75.92 ± 11.14 months. Multivariate analysis showed that the expression of opioid receptors µ and κ in the nucleus was directly associated with a lower and higher risk of death, respectively. CONCLUSION: We found increased expression of opioid receptors µ and κ in tumor tissues. The nuclear expression of opioid receptors µ and κ influences overall survival and may be a prognostic factor of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

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Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of oral and maxillofacial pathology laboratories (OMPLs) in Brazilian public universities to the diagnosis of lip, oral cavity, and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). A cross-sectional study was performed using biopsy records from a consortium of sixteen public OMPLs from all regions of Brazil (North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast, and South). Clinical and demographic data of patients diagnosed with lip, oral cavity, and oropharyngeal SCC between 2010 and 2019 were collected from the patients' histopathological records. Of the 120,010 oral and maxillofacial biopsies (2010-2019), 6.9% (8,321 cases) were diagnosed as lip (0.8%, 951 cases), oral cavity (4.9%, 5,971 cases), and oropharyngeal (1.2%, 1,399 cases) SCCs. Most cases were from Brazil's Southeast (64.5%), where six of the OMPLs analyzed are located. The predominant profile of patients with lip and oral cavity SCC was Caucasian men, with a mean age over 60 years, low schooling level, and a previous history of heavy tobacco consumption. In the oropharyngeal group, the majority were non-Caucasian men, with a mean age under 60 years, had a low education level, and were former/current tobacco and alcohol users. According to data from the Brazilian National Cancer Institute, approximately 9.9% of the total lip, oral cavity, and oropharyngeal SCCs reported over the last decade in Brazil may have been diagnosed at the OMPLs included in the current study. Therefore, this data confirms the contribution of public OMPLs with respect to the important diagnostic support they provide to the oral healthcare services extended by the Brazilian Public Health System.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the impact of the different phases of the covid-19 pandemic on hospitalizations for oral (CaB) and oropharyngeal (CaOR) cancer in Brazil, carried out within the scope of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). METHODS We obtained data regarding hospital admissions due to CaB and CaOR between January 2018 and August 2021 from the SUS Hospital Information System, analyzing hospital admissions as rates per 100,000 inhabitants. We divided the pandemic (January 2020 to August 2021) and pre-pandemic (January 2018 to December 2019) periods into four-month periods, comparing the pandemic period rates with analogous rates for the pre-pandemic period - for Brazil, by macro-region and by a group of procedures performed during hospitalization. We also analyzed the impact of the pandemic on the average cost of hospitalizations, expressing the results in percentage change. RESULTS Rates of hospitalization in the SUS due to CaB and CaOR decreased during the pandemic in Brazil. The most significant reduction occurred in the second four-month period of 2020 (18.42%), followed by decreases in the third four-month period of 2020 (17.76%) and the first and second four-month periods of 2021 (respectively, 14.64% and 17.07%), compared with 2019. The South and Southeast showed the most expressive and constant reductions between the different phases of the pandemic. Hospitalizations for clinical procedures suffered a more significant decrease than for surgical procedures. In Brazil, the average expenditure per hospitalization in the four-month pandemic periods was higher than in the reference periods. CONCLUSION After more than a year of the pandemic's beginning in Brazil, the SUS hospital care network for CaB and CaOR had yet to be re-established. The repressed demand for hospitalizations for these diseases, which have fast evolution, will possibly result in delays in treatment, negatively impacting the survival of these patients. Future studies are needed to monitor this situation.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o impacto das diferentes fases da pandemia de covid-19 sobre as hospitalizações por câncer bucal (CaB) e de orofaringe (CaOR) no Brasil, realizadas no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). MÉTODOS Os dados quanto às internações hospitalares por CaB e CaOR, entre janeiro de 2018 e agosto de 2021, foram obtidos no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS. As internações foram analisadas sob a forma de taxas por 100 mil habitantes. Os períodos de pandemia (janeiro de 2020 a agosto de 2021) e pré-pandemia (janeiro de 2018 a dezembro de 2019) foram divididos em quadrimestres; as taxas quadrimestrais do período pandêmico foram comparadas às taxas análogas do período pré-pandemia - para o Brasil, por macrorregião e por grupo de procedimentos realizados na internação. O impacto da pandemia sobre o valor médio das internações também foi analisado. Os resultados foram expressos em variação percentual. RESULTADOS As taxas de internação hospitalar no SUS por CaB e CaOR reduziram durante a pandemia no Brasil. Em comparação com os quadrimestres de 2019, a maior redução foi identificada no segundo quadrimestre de 2020 (18,42%), seguida das reduções do terceiro quadrimestre de 2020 (17,76%) e do primeiro e segundo quadrimestres de 2021 (respectivamente, 14,64% e 17,07%). Sul e Sudeste apresentaram as reduções mais expressivas e constantes entre as diferentes fases da pandemia. As internações para procedimentos clínicos sofreram maior redução do que para procedimentos cirúrgicos. No Brasil, o gasto médio por internação nos quadrimestres da pandemia foi maior do que nos quadrimestres de referência. CONCLUSÃO Após mais de um ano do início da pandemia no Brasil, a rede hospitalar de cuidado ao CaB e CaOR do SUS ainda não tinha se restabelecido. A demanda reprimida de hospitalizações por essas doenças, que são de rápida evolução, possivelmente resultará em atrasos para tratamento, com impacto negativo para a sobrevida desses pacientes; futuros estudos são necessários para monitorar essa situação.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the time elapsed from first symptoms to the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer (OOC) and to identify variables associated with treatment delay. This is an observational study with retrospective and prospective data collection. Patients with a diagnosis of OOC seen at the Head and Neck Surgery outpatient clinic of a Brazilian public hospital were included and followed up to treatment initiation. Participants answered a questionnaire for the collection of socioeconomic, demographic, cultural, and clinical information, as well as information about the time elapsed from first symptoms to the first appointment with a head and neck surgeon. Time to treatment was classified into four intervals: 1- first symptoms to first medical appointment; 2- first medical appointment to specialized medical care; 3- specialized medical care to preparation for treatment; and 4- preparation for treatment to treatment initiation. Bivariate statistics were computed. Out of 100 participants, nine died before treatment. Mean time to treatment was 217 days. Highest mean time was observed for interval 2 (94 days), followed by interval 1 (63 days), interval 4 (39 days), and interval 3 (21 days). At interval 1, a longer time was associated with severe alcohol consumption, severe smoking, and family history of cancer. At interval 2, the delay was associated with appointment with a general practitioner, clinical diagnosis of disease other than cancer, and antibiotic prescription. At interval 4, delay in treatment was associated with surgical treatment. Patients with OOC experience delays from symptom onset to treatment initiation. The longest interval was associated with professional delay, followed by patient delay in help-seeking.

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To investigate the association between sociodemographic factors and variables related to oral health services in oral and oropharyngeal cancer mortality in Brazil, between 2000 and 2019. This study had an ecological design. Standardized mortality rates were compared between age group, sex, and regions. Age-Period-Cohort analysis was applied. Oral health services variables were analyzed in correlation tests. Survival analysis included Kaplan-Meier estimators, log-rank tests, and Cox regression. The mortality rate increased with age and was higher in men. Southeast and south regions had the highest rates for men, and the northeast and southeast had it for women. Age-Period-Cohort analysis showed a slight increase in female deaths and an increasing trend in the annual percent change in mortality for men over age 55. In survival analysis, males, Black individuals and southern residents were more strongly associated with death. The correlation between oral health teams' coverage was high and negative, while the number of dental specialty centers and soft tissue biopsies had a high and positive correlation. Mortality and survival patterns were dependent on sex, age, geographic region and race/ethnicity. It was observed that preventive and diagnostic procedures were not being performed, which may be related to the increase in mortality.

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BACKGROUND: Brazil experienced an expansion of the population's access to oral health policies after the creation of the Unified Health System (SUS, Sistema Único de Saúde). Through public policies, the consolidation of Primary Health Care (PHC) and the incorporation of dental care into primary and hospital care took place. The objective of this study was to identify epidemiological aspects, including the temporal trend, of hospital morbidity from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil, considering hospitalizations for this neoplasm in a hospital network linked to the public care system. METHODS: Observational study based on information on hospital admissions for oral cancer throughout Brazil. The research used data from the Brazilian Cancer Registry Information System. For the temporal series analysis, generalized linear regression model was used with the Prais-Winsten method. RESULTS: Of the 121,971 patients hospitalized with oral and oropharyngeal cancers, 76.40% were male and 23.60% were female, resulting in a M:F ratio of 3.24:1. Regarding the anatomical region of involvement among hospitalized patients with oral cavity neoplastic lesions, there was a predominance in non-specific places in the mouth, such as the floor of the mouth, soft and hard palate, among others (32.68%), followed by lesions in the region of tongue (28.89%). In this population, the predominant age group was between the fifth decade (31.09%) and sixth decade of life (24.99%); men presented neoplastic lesions of oral and oropharyngeal cancers at an earlier age than women. In all regions of the country, the staging of cases diagnosed in the tertiary health network accredited to the José Alencar Gomes da Silva National Cancer Institute (INCA) was late, with higher tendency for metastasis. The temporal trend of the adjusted in-hospital morbidity rates showed to be increasing in the Northeast, South and Midwest regions for the male gender. For females, they were increasing in the Northeast and South regions. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the distribution of in-hospital morbidity rates of oral and oropharyngeal cancers in the country is irregular. There is a greater number of cases identified by the study in male patients and in the Southeast and South regions; with an increasing tendency of this coefficient in both genders.

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We investigated the differences in prognosis according to the type of healthcare coverage of patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OOSCC). This study included 875 medical records. Patients covered by the publicly funded Unified Health System (SUS) had a low educational level, with advanced T stage and delayed treatment initiation. Multivariate analyses revealed an association between T stage (p = .035) and poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma, and age (p = .029) in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Surgical treatment (p = .036) and marital status (p = .015) were considered predictors of better prognosis in OOSCC. Exclusive SUS-dependency can be considered an indirect prognostic factor for OOSCC.

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Abstract Less-than-optimal reliability of mortality information systems regarding the underlying cause of death can mask the reality of oral (OC) and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) mortality. This study aimed to assess the impact on the magnitude and temporal trends of OC and OPC mortality in Brazil of two statistical approaches to redistribute deaths with ill-defined underlying causes. We analyzed deaths with ill-defined causes in Brazil by macro-region, between 1996-2018. The Mortality Information System provided official information on deaths. Two correction methods were applied: the EF method, which proportionally reallocates deaths classified as R00-R99 in the ICD-10 to the remaining specific causes of death according to the proportion of deaths with certified causes; and the GBD method, which considers the concept of garbage codes, redistributing deaths from several ICD-10 chapters according to previously established coefficients. For the trend analysis of mortality (certified and redistributed), the Prais-Winsten method was carried out. The OC and OPC death rates had an evident increase after the redistribution by the two techniques in all regions of the country; the increase was higher using the GBD method. In the Northeast and North regions, this method more than doubled the certified death rates. The redistribution methods also changed time series trends. In epidemiological studies of mortality from OC and OPC, it is necessary to redistribute deaths from ill-defined causes when analyzing data from less-than-optimal information systems. The choice of the correction method is critical; epidemiological studies must manage it as a methodological decision that has significant impacts on results.

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Introdução:O carcinoma de células escamosas de cavidade oral e orofaringe é uma neoplasia epitelial maligna comum, respondendo pela maioria dos casos de tumores de cabeça e pescoço. Ele está relacionado a hábitos comportamentais, como tabagismo e etilismo de longa duração, e à infecção pelo Papilomavírus humano. Objetivos:Esse estudo objetivou descrever o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes diagnosticados com essa neoplasia na Liga Mossoroense de Estudos e Combate ao Câncer. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo observacional com delineamento transversal a partir de dados presentes nos prontuários clínicos e laudos anatomopatológicos e no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade no período entre 2006 a 2018. Os dados foram analisados a partir do Software R, utilizandoo teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney para as análises inferenciais e o método de Kaplan-Meier para análise da sobrevida. Resultados:225 prontuários foram analisados, sendo 70,22% de homens, 65,33% na faixa etária entre 46-70 anos e cor branca (51,57%). Destes, 25,78% eram tabagistas e 39,11% tabagistas e etilistas. O principal tratamento identificado foi a associação de cirurgia, quimioterapia e radioterapia. Observou-se que 49,10% dos óbitos foram em decorrência dessa neoplasia. O principal estádio patológico encontrado foi o quatro A (34,22%). Foi identificada maior sobrevida nos pacientes acima de 70 anos, cujo tratamento foi exclusivamente cirúrgico. Menor sobrevida foi identificada em indivíduos que tinham associação de hábitos (etilismo e tabagismo). Conclusões:Nossos resultados sugerem que a evolução à óbito foi o principal desfecho clínico e, isso pode estar relacionado aos hábitos comportamentais que influenciam diretamente o curso e prognóstico da doença. Ademais, destaca-se a importância do diagnóstico precoce a fim de reduzir óbitos e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos, assim como a necessidade de implementar políticas educativas sobre os principais fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento dessa neoplasia (AU).

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx is a common malignant epithelial neoplasm, accounting for most cases of head and neck tumors. It is related to behavioral habits, such as long-standing smoking and alcoholism, as well as to the human Papillomavirus infection. Objectives: This study aimed at describing the epidemiological profile of the patients diagnosed with this neoplasm in the Mossoró League for Studying and Combating Cancer. Methodology:An observational study with a cross-sectional design was carried out based on data present in the medical records and anatomopathological reports and in the Mortality Information System during the 2006-2018 period. The data were analyzed using the R Software, resorting to the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitneytest for the inferential analyses and to the Kaplan-Meier method for survival analysis. Results: 225 medical records were analyzed: 70.22% belonging to men, 65.33% aged between 46 and 70 years old and white-skinned (51.57%). Of these, 25.78% were smokers and 39.11% were smokers and alcoholics. The main treatment identified was the association of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It was observed that 49.10% of the deaths were due to this neoplasm. The main pathological stage found wasfour A(34.22%).Longer survival was identified in patients over 70 years of age, whose treatment was exclusively surgical. Shorter survival was identified in individuals who had associated habits (alcoholism and smoking). Conclusions:Our results suggest that evolution to death was the main clinical outcome; this can be related to the behavioral habits that exert a direct influence on the course and prognosis of the disease. Furthermore, the importance of early diagnosis is highlighted in order to reduce the number of deaths and improve the individuals' quality of life, as well as the need to implement educational policies on the main risk factors associated with the development of this neoplasm (AU).

Introducción: El carcinoma de células escamosas de la cavidad oral y la orofaringe es una neoplasia epitelial maligna común, que representa la mayoría de los casos de tumores de cabeza y cuello. Se relaciona con hábitos de comportamiento, como el tabaquismo y el alcoholismo, y la infección por el virus papiloma humano. Objetivos:Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir el perfil epidemiológico de los pacientes diagnosticados con esta neoplasiaen la Liga Mossoroense de Estudios y Combate al Cáncer. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal a partir de los datos presentes en las historias clínicas e informes patológicos y en el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad en el período 2006-2018. Los datos se analizaron mediante el Software R, con utilización de la Prueba de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney para análisis inferencial y el método de Kaplan-Meier para análisis de supervivencia. Resultados:Se analizaron 225 historias clínicas, 70,22% en hombres, 65,33% con edades entre 46-70 años y blancos (51,57%). De estos, 25,78% eran fumadores y 39,11% eran fumadores y alcohólicos. El principal tratamiento identificado fue la asociación de cirugía, quimioterapia y radioterapia. 49,10% de las muertes se debieron a esta neoplasia. El principal estadio patológico encontrado fue cuatro A (34,22%). Se identificó mayor sobrevida en pacientes mayores de 70 años, cuyo tratamiento fue exclusivamente quirúrgico. Se identificó una menor sobrevida en personas que tenían hábitos asociados. Conclusiones:Nuestros resultados sugieren que la evolución hacia la muerte fue el principal resultado clínico y esto puede estar relacionado con hábitos de comportamiento que influyen directamente en el curso y pronóstico de la enfermedad. Además, se destaca la importancia del diagnóstico precoz para reducir las muertes y mejorar la calidad de vida, así como la necesidad de implementar políticas educativas sobre los principales factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de esta neoplasia (AU).

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Introdução:O câncer de cabeça e pescoço é um conjunto de neoplasias que atingem o trato aero digestivo superior. Essas neoplasias apresentam sintomatologia variada, que depende da localização do tumor, gravidade e tempo de ocorrência. Objetivo:Avaliar o nível de conhecimento da população, usuária da atenção básica, acerca da prevenção e tratamento dos Cânceres de Cabeça e Pescoço.Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo de campo transversal descritivo, em que se coletou informações acerca do conhecimento sobre cânceres de cabeça e pescoço, informações sociodemográficas, histórico familiar, características clínicas e de tratamentos. A coleta foi realizada em julho de 2019, em três Estratégias de Saúde da Família da cidade de Piripiri,Piauí. A pesquisa foi submetida e aprovadapelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com o Parecer nº 3.221.522.Resultadose discussão:A maioria dos entrevistados foram mulheres solteiras com idade média de 44,4 anos e de baixa renda. Dentre os questionamentos realizados, grande parte não soube responderquestões sobre conhecimentos gerais a respeito dessas enfermidades. Outro fator importante é a baixa procura por serviços de saúde. Conclusões:Observou-se que os entrevistados apresentam desinformação a respeito da prevenção e tratamento desse grupo de cânceres, sendo necessário o fortalecimento de ações de educação popular em saúde (AU).

Introduction:Head and neck cancer is a group of neoplasms that affect the upper aerodigestive tract. These neoplasms have varied symptoms, depending on the location of the tumor, severity and time of occurrence.Objective:To assess the level of knowledge of the population, users of primary care, about the prevention and treatment of Head and Neck Cancer. Methodology:This is a descriptive cross-sectional study, in which information about knowledge about head and neck cancers, sociodemographic information, family history, clinical and treatment characteristics was collected. The collection was carried out in July 2019, in three Family Health Strategies in the city of Piripiri, Piauí. The research was submitted and approved by theResearch Ethics Committee with Opinion No. 3,221,522. Resultsand discussion:Most of the interviewees were single women with an average age of 44.4 years and low income. Among the questions asked, most of them did not know how to answer questions about general knowledge about these diseases. Another important factor is the low demand for health services. Conclusions:It was observed that the interviewees have misinformation regarding the prevention and treatment of this group of cancers, and it is necessary to strengthen popular health education actions (AU).

Introducción:El cáncer de cabeza y cuello es un grupo de neoplasias que afectan el tracto aerodigestivo superior. Estas neoplasias tienen síntomas variados, que dependen de la ubicación del tumor, la gravedad y el momento de aparición. Objetivo:Evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de la población, usuarios de la atención primaria de salud, sobre la prevención y el tratamiento del Cáncer de Cabeza y Cuello. Metodología:Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal, en el que se recopiló información sobre conocimientos sobre cánceres de cabeza y cuello, información sociodemográfica, antecedentes familiares, características clínicas y de tratamiento. La recolección se realizó en julio de 2019, en tres Estrategias de Salud de la Familia en la ciudad de Piripiri, Piauí. La investigación fue sometida y aprobada por el Comité de Ética en Investigación con Opinión No. 3.221.522. Resultados y discusión:La mayoría de los encuestados eran mujeres solteras con una edad promedio de 44,4 años y bajos ingresos. Entre las preguntas formuladas, la mayoría de ellos no sabía cómo responder preguntas sobre conocimientos generales sobre estas enfermedades. Otro factor importante es la baja demanda de servicios de salud. Conclusiones:Se observó que los entrevistados tienen desinformación sobre la prevención y tratamiento de este grupo de cánceres, y es necesario fortalecer las acciones de educación popular en salud (AU).

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Diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in advanced stages may be associated with social nature factors, access to health care, education, occupation, and behavioral/ cultural factors. Aim: To determine the factors related to high clinical-staging in patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma in the oral and oropharyngeal region in a Cancer Center in Brazil between 2009 and 2015. Methods: It is an epidemiological, retrospective, and exploratory study. Patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma had their medical records analyzed. The variables considered were sociodemographic, lifestyle, and disease characteristics. Descriptive and exploratory tests (Pearson's, chi-square test and, Student's t-test) were realized. Results: We analyzed 365 patient records, among which 289 (79.17%) were male, and 73 (20.0%) were female. Age ranged from 16 to 101 years, with a mean of 61.13. Regarding education, 157 (43.01%) studied < 8 years, 103 (28.21%) were illiterate and 102 (27.94%) studied > 8 years. 305 (83.56%) patients live in urban areas. There was an association between high clinical-staging and low educational level. For high clinical-staging, symptomatology, tobacco, and alcohol intake as well. Conclusion: Patients with low educational levels tend to report the disease later, and their diagnostics occurred in advanced stages. Thus, specific public health policies for this population, including access to dental care to recognize the clinical signs and early diagnosis, are necessary

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BACKGROUND: Oral and oropharyngeal cancers are considered important public health problems worldwide. This study aims to analyze the association between late diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal cancers in Brazil and the contextual indicators of socioeconomic variables and coverage of Primary Health Care (PHC), and to assess the temporal trend of late diagnosis. METHODS: In this cross-sectional observational study, secondary data were evaluated with a time series analysis. All Brazilian cities that reported at least one case of oral and oropharyngeal cancers each year in the period between 2000 and 2013 were included; and the staging was analyzed by calculating the ratio risk for late diagnosis for each municipality. The association between staging and socioeconomic variables and offer of PHC was calculated using multiple linear regression. The time trend of the risk ratio for late-stage diagnosis was calculated using the Prais-Winsten method. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty Brazilian municipalities had at least one annual case of oral and oropharyngeal cancers notified to the INCA hospital system between 2000 and 2013. The adjusted model showed that the higher the Gini value (greater social inequality) and the lower the HDI value (less human development) was, the higher was the number of tumors diagnosed at a late stage, considering the size of the tumor. A greater risk for late diagnosis was identified, as early as at the stage of lymph node involvement, when there was a higher level of social inequality and lower level of coverage by Oral Health Teams (OHT) in PHC. The greater the social inequality, the greater was the risk of late diagnosis, as early as in the stage of metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that, during the evaluated period, there was an increase in the number of cases diagnosed at the most advanced stage. Furthermore, there was association between higher levels of social inequality and an increase in the proportion of late diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. In addition, the inclusion of Oral Health Teams in Primary Health Care promoted the early diagnosis of these types of cancers.

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Trans Oral Robotic Surgery (TORS) is an emerging technique that provides several benefits over existing treatment regimens for head and neck cancer, including smaller incisions, less bleeding, shorter term inpatient hospitalization, and reduced intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. TORS allows a high resolution, magnified, three-dimensional wide view of the surgical field through an endoscope, avoiding large external cervical incisions and split-lip mandibulotomy, usually required in cancer surgeries of the oropharynx. The anatomy of the Oropharynx viewed from the perspective of the robotic surgeon is different from the anatomy taught in medical schools and residence/fellowship programs, which is more directly related to emergency procedures, open field surgery, and imaging exams. Developing an understanding of the anatomic relationships and landmarks from the "inside out" perspective is critical for any surgeon willing to perform surgical procedures through a transoral robotic approach. Here we address the major anatomic landmarks and structures in head and neck robotic surgeries and advantages and disadvantages of this approach. We emphasize the importance of imaging for successful outcomes, pointing out important anatomic landmarks considered as blind spots for surgeons in clinical and endoscopic evaluations. We also describe the Brazilian current scenario and future perspectives of Robotic Surgery in terms of training and access to this technique, including institutions that currently offer this service in the different regions of Brazil.

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Cases of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma are on the rise and the disease now ranks as the most common human papillomavirus-related cancer. Although risk factors have been extensively discussed in the literature, the role of the DNA mismatch repair system remains unanswered. To evaluate the impact of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein immunostaining on the tumor progression and prognosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). This retrospective observational study comprised 50 cases of OPSCC. Immunohistochemistry for MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, MLH1, Ki67, p16 and caspase-3 was performed. The expression of these proteins was assessed in surgical resection margins, primary tumor (PT), and lymph node metastasis (LNM) of p16+ and p16- OPSCC. Clinical-pathological involvement in immunostaining was evaluated with Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn or Mann-Whitney test, Wilcoxon test and Spearman's correlation. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed with Log-Rank Mantel-Cox and Cox regression. MSH6 and caspase-3 showed high expression in PT (p16+ and p16 -) and in LNM (p16+ and p16-), and high levels of MSH2 were found in LNM (p16+ and p16 -). An imbalance in MutSα also was observed. PMS2 and caspase-3 expression was associated with poor survival in p16- OPSCC and, in multivariate analysis, MSH2, MSH6 and MLH1 had the poorest prognostic impact in p16+ OPSCC. MMR protein immunostaining is involved in OPSCC progression, dissemination and prognosis. The overexpression of MMR proteins as a response to increased DNA mismatch caused by cell proliferation and MSH2, MSH6 and MLH1 proteins might constitute a prognostic marker in p16+ OPSCC.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Estimate the effect of age, period, and birth cohort on mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil and its macro-regions. METHODS Deaths from oral and oropharyngeal cancer from 1983 to 2017 were analyzed. The Poisson regression model was applied, using estimable functions proposed by Holford. RESULTS From 1983 to 2017, 142,634 deaths from oral and oropharyngeal cancer were registered in Brazil, 81% among men, and the South and Southeast regions had the highest rates. The most significant period effects were observed in male mortality in the Southeast and Central-West regions for the 2003-2007 reference period. In the North, Northeast, and Central-West regions, an increased risk of mortality was observed in the most recent male cohorts. In the North region, the most significant risk identified was for men born during 1973-1977 (RR = 1.47; 95%CI 1.05-2.08); in the Northeast, for men born during 1988-1992 (RR = 2.77; 95%CI 1.66-4.63); and in the Central-West, for women born during 1973-1977 (RR = 2.01; 95%CI 1.19-3.39). In the Southeast and South regions, the most recent cohorts had lower mortality rates. The lowest risk in the Southeast region was observed in the male cohort born during 1978-1982 (RR = 0.53; 95%CI 0.45-0.62) and 1983-1987 in the South region (RR = 0.25; 95%CI 0.12-0.54). CONCLUSIONS Age had a significant effect on mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in all regions. In the North, Northeast, and Central-West regions, an increase in risk was observed in the most recent cohorts, while in the South and Southeast regions, these cohorts presented a lower risk when compared to the older cohorts.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar o efeito da idade, período e coorte de nascimento na mortalidade por câncer de boca e orofaringe no Brasil e suas macrorregiões. MÉTODO Foram analisados os óbitos por câncer de boca e orofaringe de 1983 a 2017. Aplicou-se o modelo de regressão de Poisson, utilizando funções estimáveis propostas por Holford. RESULTADOS No período de 1983 a 2017, foram registrados no Brasil 142.634 óbitos por câncer de boca e orofaringe, 81% entre o sexo masculino, e as regiões Sul e Sudeste apresentaram as taxas mais altas. Os maiores efeitos de período foram observados na mortalidade masculina das regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste para o período de referência 2003-2007. Nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste foi observado aumento do risco de mortalidade nas coortes masculinas mais recentes. Na região Norte o maior risco identificado foi para homens nascidos entre 1973 e 1977 (RR = 1,47; IC95% 1,05-2,08); no Nordeste, para homens nascidos entre 1988 e 1992 (RR = 2,77; IC95% 1,66-4,63); e no Centro-Oeste, para mulheres nascidas entre 1973 e 1977 (RR = 2,01; IC95% 1,19-3,39). Nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, as coortes mais recentes apresentaram taxas de mortalidade mais baixas. O menor risco na região Sudeste foi observado na coorte masculina nascida entre 1978 e 1982 (RR = 0,53; IC95% = 0,45-0,62), e entre 1983 e 1987 na região Sul (RR = 0,25; IC95% 0,12-0,54). CONCLUSÕES A idade teve efeito significativo na mortalidade por câncer de boca e orofaringe em todas as regiões. Nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, foi observado aumento do risco nas coortes mais recentes, enquanto nas regiões Sul e Sudeste essas coortes apresentaram risco menor quando comparadas às coortes mais antigas.

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Abstract Introduction: Cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx presents aggressive behavior and its diagnosis is, in most cases, performed in advanced stages. Total glossectomy is a therapeutic option in locally advanced cancer, and the only one in the recurrent or residual disease, after chemoradiotherapy. Objective: To evaluate the clinical-epidemiological profile, postoperative complications, survival rates and functional aspects of patients with oral cavity and oropharynx cancer after total glossectomy. Methods: It was a retrospective study where 22 patients were included with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer after total glossectomy at the Hospital Regional do Vale do Paraíba, em Taubaté, São Paulo. Results: All patients were male, with a median age of 57 years, most of tumors are located in the tongue and floor of the mouth and classified as stage IVa. Total glossectomy as initial treatment was performed in 18 and as salvage in four patients. The major pectoralis myocutaneous flap was used for reconstruction in all cases. The main postoperative complication was wound infection and salivary fistula. Conclusion: Overall survival was 19% and cancer-specific survival was 30.8% in five years. Eight patients were rehabilitated for exclusive oral feeding without the dependence tracheostomy and enteral tube, all with an overall survival greater than 15 months.

Resumo Introdução: O câncer da cavidade oral e da orofaringe apresenta comportamento agressivo e seu diagnóstico é, na maioria dos casos, realizado em fases avançadas. A glossectomia total é uma opção terapêutica no câncer localmente avançado e a única no resgate de pacientes com doença residual ou recorrente, após a quimiorradioterapia. Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico, as complicações pós-operatórias, as taxas de sobrevida e os aspectos funcionais de pacientes com câncer da cavidade oral e da orofaringe submetidos à glossectomia total. Método: Estudo retrospectivo em que foram incluídos 22 pacientes com câncer de cavidade oral e orofaringe submetidos à glossectomia total no Hospital Regional do Vale do Paraíba, em Taubaté, São Paulo. Resultados: Todos os pacientes eram do gênero masculino, com mediana de 57 anos, com tumores principalmente na língua e no assoalho da boca e classificados, em sua maioria, como estádio clínico IVa. A glossectomia total como tratamento inicial foi realizada em 18 e como resgate em quatro pacientes. O retalho miocutâneo peitoral maior foi utilizado para a reconstrução em todos os casos. A principal complicação pós-operatória foi a infecção da ferida operatória e a fístula salivar. Conclusão: A sobrevida global foi de 19% e a específica por câncer de 30,8% em cinco anos. Oito pacientes foram reabilitados para alimentação oral exclusiva sem a dependência de traqueostomia e ou de dieta enteral, todos com sobrevida global maior do que 15 meses.

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