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Despite promising advancements in oral immunotherapy for food allergies, medical implementation faces limitations. Non-specific treatment options based on inhibiting the type 2 inflammatory pathway, including monoclonal antibodies, are under investigation. TNX-901 and omalizumab have demonstrated increased reaction thresholds, reducing adverse events in peanut-allergic patients. Dupilumab, blocking the IL-4 receptor, shows positive results in both food allergies and eosinophilic esophagitis. Antibodies against alarmins and anti-IL-5, such as etokimab and mepolizumab, have proven efficacy in preclinical studies and clinical trials. While further studies are needed to establish their practical clinical use and determine suitability for different types of food allergies, these monoclonal antibodies present a promising horizon for the treatment of such conditions.

A pesar de los avances prometedores en la inmunoterapia oral para alergias alimentarias, su implementación médica enfrenta limitaciones. Se investigan opciones no específicas basadas en la inhibición de la vía inflamatoria tipo 2, incluyendo anticuerpos monoclonales. El TNX-901 y omalizumab han demostrado aumentar los umbrales de reacción, reduciendo eventos adversos en pacientes con alergia al cacahuate. El dupilumab, que bloquea el receptor alfa de IL-4, muestra resultados positivos en alergias alimentarias, así como en la esofagitis eosinofílica. Anticuerpos contra alarminas y anti-IL-5, como etokimab y mepolizumab, han demostrado eficacia en estudios preclínicos y ensayos clínicos. Aunque se necesitan más estudios para establecer su uso clínico práctico y determinar la idoneidad para distintos tipos de alergias alimentarias, estos anticuerpos monoclonales presentan un horizonte prometedor para el tratamiento de dichas condiciones.

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OBJECTIVES: Colostrum is the first secretion produced by the mammary glands and is present through the seventh day after birth. Colostrum has important immunomodulatory components and protective factors that contribute to the protection and development of newborns. The oropharyngeal administration of colostrum (OAC) has been proposed as a potential nutritional option for very low-birth-weight (VLBW) newborns (<1500 g). This study aimed to analyze the clinical outcomes of VLBW infants receiving OAC. METHODS: This is a retrospective longitudinal study with nonprobability sampling of VLBW infants on the OAC protocol. VLBW infants for whom no OAC data were available, who received no dose, or who died within the first 7 d of life were excluded. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare quantitative variables and the Wilcoxon test to assess the evolution of anthropometric values with a significance level of 5% (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Enteral nutritional therapy was commenced after 1 d (median: 1 d; interquartile range [IQR], 1-1 d). Full enteral feeding was achieved after 11 d (median: 11.0 d; IQR, 9.0-16.0 d). Birth weight was recovered after 11 d (median: 11 d; IQR, 7.0-14.0 d). OAC was commenced at 3 d of life, and 32.5 doses (IQR, 21.0-44.0 d) were given in total. There were significant differences in the evolution of anthropometric characteristics during hospitalization, with a tendency to recover birth weight more quickly the higher the number of doses administered (P = 0.07). Time to full enteral feeding was significantly longer and time to recovery of birth weight significantly shorter when OAC was commenced ≤3 d after birth (P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: OAC was associated with a shorter time to recover birth weight and time to full enteral feeding.

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Oral tolerance is a physiological phenomenon described more than a century ago as a suppressive immune response to antigens that gain access to the body by the oral route. It is a robust and long-lasting event with local and systemic effects in which the generation of mucosally induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) plays an essential role. The idea of using oral tolerance to inhibit autoimmune and allergic diseases by oral administration of target antigens was an important development that was successfully tested in 1980s. Since then, several studies have shown that feeding specific antigens can be used to prevent and control chronic inflammatory diseases in both animal models and clinically. Therefore, oral tolerance can be classified as an antigen-specific form of oral immunotherapy (OIT). In the light of novel findings on mechanisms, sites of induction and factors affecting oral tolerance, this review will focus on specific characteristics of oral tolerance induction and how they impact in its therapeutic application.

RESUMO

Proteins and phenolic compounds can interact and form soluble and insoluble complexes. In this study, the complexation of whey protein isolate (WPI) with caffeic acid (CA) or (-)­epigallocatechin­3­gallate (EGCG) is investigated as a strategy to attenuate oral sensitization in C3H/HeJ mice against WPI. Treatment with WPI-CA reduced the levels of IgE, IgG1, IgG2a and mMCP-1 in serum of mice measured by ELISA. This might be related to CD4+LAP+Foxp3+ T and IL-17A+CD4+ T (Th17) cell activation, evidenced by flow cytometry of splenocytes. Treatment with WPI-EGCG, in turn, decreased the levels of IgG2a and mMCP-1 in serum of mice, possibly by the modulation of Th1/Th2 response and the increase of CD4+ Foxp3+ LAP- T and IL-17A+CD4+ T (Th17) cell populations. In conclusion, WPI-CA and WPI-EGCG attenuated oral sensitization in C3H/HeJ mice through different mechanisms. We consider that the complexation of whey proteins with CA and EGCG could be a promising strategy to induce oral tolerance.

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BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an allergic inflammatory disease that is triggered by food allergens and characterized by progressive esophageal dysfunction. Recently, EoE has been identified in patients who underwent oral immunotherapy (OIT) for IgE-mediated food allergy, suggesting an association. OBJECTIVE: We sought to ascertain whether significant associations exist between IgE-mediated food allergies and EoE. METHODS: Using the analysis of electronic medical record data and manual chart review, we examined our subspecialty care network of 35,528 children and adolescents to identify and characterize patients with IgE-mediated and EoE food allergy. The most common food allergens were defined, and the prevalence of EoE in patients with IgE-mediated food allergy was determined. Logistic regression was used to measure the extent to which IgE-mediated food allergy to specific foods is associated with EoE. RESULTS: The most common causes of EoE were milk, soy, egg, grains, and meats, an allergen pattern that is distinct from that of IgE-mediated food allergy. The prevalence of EoE in patients with IgE-mediated food allergy was higher than that reported in the general population (4.7% vs 0.04%). The distribution of IgE-mediated food allergens in patients with EoE was similar to that of the general population, and IgE-mediated allergy to egg (2.27; 1.91-2.64), milk (4.19; 3.52-4.97), or shellfish (1.55; 1.24-1.92) was significantly associated with an EoE diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support a clinical association between these conditions that has implications for the management of children with food allergy, and particular relevance to patients undergoing OIT.

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Food allergy prevalence has increased during the last years, affecting 15-20% of children, in this case, egg allergy affects from 0.5-2.5%. Most of the egg allergic reactions are type I or IgE mediated antibodies against egg proteins. Five major proteins have been identified: ovomucoid (Gal d1), ovoalbumin (Gal d2), ovotransferrin (Gal d3), lysozyme (Gal d4) and albumin (Gal d5). Ovomucoid protein, which is found in the egg white, is heat resistant and enzyme resistant. This protein is the most allergenic and the most common in egg composition. Clinical diagnosis requires a detailed questionnaire. Skin prick test or Ige specific diagnosis are made as first choice. Skin prick tests are quick and useful to determine the presence of IgE specific antibodies to egg. Specific IgE for egg can be measured using standarized IgE studies in vitro, making a quantitative measure. Traditionally with the clinical history a diagnosis can be made. Standarized oral double blinded-placebo controlled challenge continues to be the gold standard for food allergy diagnosis. The identification and elimination of egg proteins from the diet is the primary treatment and the only one validated to this food, but there are more studies needed to stablish protocols for each specific egg allergen before the oral inmunotherapy becomes a routine practice.

La prevalencia de alergia alimentaria se incrementó en los últimos años: afecta de 15 a 20% de la población infantil; específicamente, la alergia al huevo afecta de 0.5 a 2% de población pediátrica. La mayor parte de las reacciones alérgicas al huevo son tipo I; es decir, son mediadas por anticuerpos de tipo IgE dirigidos contra proteínas contenidas en este alimento. Se ha identificado cinco alergenos mayores: ovomucoide (Gal d1), ovoalbúmina (Gal d2), ovotransferrina (Gal d3), lisozima (Gal d4) y albúmina (Gal d5). La mayor concentración de proteínas alergénicas están en la clara del huevo (Gal d1-4), mientras que en la yema de huevo sólo encontramos una (Gal d5). La proteína ovomucoide, que contiene la clara, es resistente al calor y a las enzimas digestivas; se considera la proteína con mayor poder alergénico y la ovoalbúmina es la proteína más abundante. El diagnóstico clínico requiere una detallada anamnesis. Por lo general, se realiza cualquiera de las pruebas (cutáneas o IgE específica) como primera opción. Las pruebas cutáneas son una prueba rápida y útil para determinar la existencia de anticuerpos IgE específicos al huevo. La IgE específica al huevo puede medirse cuantitativamente mediante estudios estandarizados de IgE in vitro. En conjunto con una buena historia clínica, se utilizan para apoyar el diagnóstico clínico. El reto oral estandarizado, doble ciego, controlado con placebo, aún es el patrón de referencia para el diagnóstico de alergia alimentaria. La identificación y eliminación en la dieta de la proteína de huevo responsable de las reacciones alérgicas es el tratamiento primario y el único validado contra la alergia a este alimento, pero se necesitan más estudios para establecer los protocolos para cada alergeno específico del huevo, antes de que la inmunoterapia oral se convierta en una práctica rutinaria.