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Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia or Multifocal Epithelial Hyperplasia (MEH), also known as Heck's disease, is considered a rare pathology of the oral mucosa associated with human papillomavirus types 13 and 32. For reasons not fully understood, MEH disproportionally affects specific populations of indigenous groups around the world. After the first reports in Native Americans, the epidemiology of the disease has been described in different geographical regions mainly related to particular indigenous populations, the majority of the studies are clinical case reports, but the biological determinants are still unknown. Some suggested risk factors include chronic irritation caused by smoking, a galvanic current, vitamin A deficiency, and/or a familial-genetic predisposition; however, the scientific evidence is not solid due the scarcity of case-control studies or longitudinal cohorts. In light of the evidence, further study of the pathology of MEH should be considered and proper clinical trials for effective treatments should be designed. The disease warrants further study as it is considered as neglected by research and it affects rural/remote population groups usually living in adverse socioeconomic conditions.

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Background: Limited attention has been given to oral health challenges faced by older Indigenous populations, especially in rural settings, where disparities exist. This study aims to assess oral health in a rural Mapuche community in southern Chile, utilizing geriatric technology support, and exploring the connection between geriatric health and oral well-being to fill a gap in this context. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 76 independent older adults from a rural Mapuche community who required dental care. Assessments were in a remote care setting gathering extensive data including comprehensive geriatric assessments, medical and dental conditions using a geriatric teledentistry platform (TEGO®). Statistical analysis involved descriptive analysis, logistic regression, and both multiple correspondence analysis and k-means cluster analysis. Results: The sample comprised individuals with limited formal education and a high degree of vulnerability. Geriatric assessments unveiled cognitive deterioration, frailty, depression risk, and multimorbidity. A distribution of the DMFT index, number of remaining teeth, number of occluding pairs, number of teeth with restorative needs and other relevant clinical findings was conducted based on sociodemographic, and medical-geriatric-dental characteristics, and additionally, a Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis of Dentition Variables in Relation to Geriatric Assessments was performed. The dental burden was substantial, with an average DMFT index of 25.96 (SD 4.38), high prevalence of non-functional dentition (89.3%), periodontal disease (83%), xerostomia (63.2%) and oral mucosal lesions (31.5%). Age, lower education, depression, daily medication number and sugary consumption frequency were associated with a decreased average number of teeth (p < 0.05). Multiple correspondence analysis and k-means cluster analysis identified 4 clusters, with the edentulous and functional dentition groups being the most distinct. Conclusion: This study uncovers a substantial dental burden and intricate medical-geriatric conditions interlinked among Indigenous older adults in a rural Chilean Mapuche community. The implementation of a geriatric technological ecosystem in the community enabled the resolution of less complex oral health issues and facilitated remote consultations with specialists, reducing the necessity for travel to health centers. This underscores the need for innovative dental public health initiatives to address health disparities and improve the overall well-being of older Indigenous adults.

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Introducción: El consumo de medicamentos antihipertensivos se relaciona con la aparición de múltiples enfermedades bucales en los ancianos. Objetivo: Caracterizar a adultos mayores con enfermedades bucales y medicación antihipertensiva. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional, descriptiva y transversal de 79 adultos mayores con enfermedades bucales y medicación antihipertensiva, asistidos en el Servicio de Estomatología del Policlínico 14 de Junio, de la provincia de Las Tunas, desde enero de 2021 hasta igual mes de 2022. Entre las variables analizadas figuraron: edad, sexo, medicamento consumido (según grupo antihipertensivo) y presencia de enfermedad bucal. Se emplearon métodos teóricos (analítico-sintético e inductivo-deductivo), empíricos (observación y encuesta) y estadísticos (estadística descriptiva). Se utilizó el porcentaje como medida de resumen. Resultados: En la serie predominaron el sexo femenino (63,3 %) y el grupo etario de 60-69 años (48,1 %). Se observó que los grupos de antihipertensivos más utilizados fueron los diuréticos tiazídicos, los inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina y los bloqueadores de los canales de calcio, de los cuales los medicamentos más consumidos resultaron ser la hidroclorotiazida (90,0 %), el captopril (47,0 %) y el nifedipino (20,0 %), respectivamente. Asimismo, al analizar la presencia de enfermedades bucales se obtuvo una primacía de la caries dental (90,0 %), las periodontopatías (87,3 %) y la xerostomía (57,0 %). Conclusiones: Los adultos mayores con enfermedades bucales y medicación antihipertensiva, en particular las féminas y el grupo etario de 60-69 años, se caracterizaron por consumir fármacos antihipertensivos de primera generación y por presentar enfermedades bucales frecuentes.

Introduction: The consumption of antihypertensive medications is related to the emergence of multiple oral diseases in the elderly. Objective: To characterize the elderly with oral diseases and antihypertensive medication. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional investigation was carried out of 79 elderly with oral diseases and antihypertensive medication, assisted in the Stomatology Service of 14 de Junio Polyclinic, in Las Tunas province, from January, 2021 to the same month in 2022. Among the analyzed variables we can mention: age, sex, consumed medication (according to antihypertensive group) and presence of oral disease. Theoretical methods (analytic-synthetic and inductive-deductive), empiric (observation and surveys) and statistical (descriptive statistic) were used. The percentage was used as summary measure. Results: In the series there was prevalence of the female sex (63.3 %) and the 60-69 age group (48.1 %). It was observed that the most used antihypertensive groups were the thiazidic diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and blocker of the calcium channels; among these, the most consumed medications were hydrochlorothiazide (90.0 %), captopril (47.0 %) and nifedipine (20.0 %), respectively. Also, when analyzing the presence of oral diseases a primacy of dental decay (90.0 %), periodontopaties (87.3 %) and xerostomia was obtained (57.0 %). Conclusions: Elderly with oral diseases and antihypertensive medication, in particular females and the 60-69 age group were characterized by the consumption of first generation antihypertensive drugs and the presence of frequent oral diseases.

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Traditionally, a healthy mouth is a good indicator of good general health. Poor oral hygiene reflects the health of the oral cavity and is a risk factor for overall health. Although oral diseases like dental decay and periodontitis are prevalent, awareness of oral diseases is still limited. Oral disorders include a wide range of diseases that may not be confined to the oral anatomical structures but may be manifestations of systemic diseases. Identification of the risk factors of dental and oral diseases, including socio-economic determinants, plays a major role in the type of oral health care, and in the promotion of dental health awareness. This article reviews oral diseases in the Caribbean and aims to raise awareness of this subject while suggesting a research agenda for the region.

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RESUMEN Introducción. Las intervenciones comunitarias permiten promover la salud y prevenir enfermedades en el poblador. Objetivo. Describir los diagnósticos y tratamientos realizados por estudiantes de odontología en el Campamento Universitario Multidisciplinario de Investigación y Servicio. Métodos. Se diseñó un estudio epidemiológico, con el enfoque cuantitativo en el distrito de San Pablo de Pillao, provincia Huánuco, Perú. Participaron docentes y estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina, Humana, Odontología, Nutrición y Psicología. De un total de 250 asistentes a las sesiones, 95 adultos fueron atendidos en la consulta odontológica. Se realizaron sesiones educativas referidas a "anemia y desnutrición", "enfermedades diarreicas", "infecciones respiratorias", "alcoholismo y violencia", "crecimiento y desarrollo", "lactancia materna" y "salud bucal", así como una campaña de diagnóstico y tratamiento de efecciones bucodentales. Se utilizó el programa Excel para el análisis de datos. Resultados. Se atendieron 95 pobladores adultos. El 6,3 por ciento correspondió a edéntulos totales y el 40 por ciento a edéntulos parciales. De los dentados, el 97,3 por ciento presentó caries dental con un promedio de índice CPOD (suma de los dientes cariados + dientes perdidos + dientes obturados, en la dentición pemanente) de 2,08 ± 1,56. Con respecto al estado periodontal, el 38,9 por ciento presentó inflamación gingival severa. En los adultos se realizó 35 restauraciones, 28 exodoncia y 8 ajustes de prótesis. En adultos y niños se realizaron fluorizaciones y cinco actividades educativas de promoción de la salud. Conclusiones. La presencia de caries y enfermedad gingival fue altamente prevalente; las principales actividades terapéuticas realizadas en el campamento fueron las restauraciones y exodoncia(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Community interventions make it possible to promote health and prevent disease in the population. Objective: Describe the diagnoses and treatments made by dental students at the Multidisciplinary Research and Service University Camp. Methods: A qualitative epidemiological study was designed for the district of San Pablo de Pillao, Huánuco province, Peru. The participants were teachers and students from the School of Human Medicine, Dentistry, Nutrition and Psychology. Of the total 250 subjects attending the sessions, 95 adults were cared for at the dental service. The educational sessions conducted dealt with the topics of "anemia and malnutrition", "diarrheal diseases", "respiratory infections", "alcoholism and violence", "growth and development", "breastfeeding" and "oral health", as well as a campaign about diagnosis and treatment of oral disorders. Data analysis was performed on Microsoft Excel. Results: Of the total 95 adult residents cared for, 6.3 percent were totally edentulous and 40 percent were partially edentulous. Of the dentate subjects, 97.3 percent had dental caries with a mean DLRP index (sum total of decayed + lost + restored permanent teeth) of 2.08 ± 1.56. As to periodontal status, 38.9 percent had severe gingival inflammation. A total 35 restorations, 28 exodontias and 8 prosthesis adjustments were performed on adult patients. Adults and children alike received fluoridation and attended five educational health promotion sessions. Conclusions: Dental caries and gingival disease were highly prevalent. The main therapeutic actions performed in the camp were restorations and exodontia(AU)

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RESUMEN Fundamento: Las enfermedades bucales son frecuentes en los pacientes especiales y las enfermedades sistémicas que presentan dificultan la atención en la consulta de estomatología. Objetivo: Describir el estado de salud bucal de un grupo de pacientes especiales menores de 15 años de Sancti Spíritus. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal en el período comprendido de septiembre de 2016 a febrero de 2017. El universo estuvo conformado por 64 pacientes especiales y la muestra por 55 pacientes menores de 15 años atendidos en la consulta del Hospital Pediátrico Provincial de Sancti Spíritus. Resultados: Las edades predominantes fueron de 6 a 10 años y el sexo masculino, la caries dental fue la enfermedad bucal que más se encontró en los pacientes, seguido de la enfermedad periodontal. Los factores que más incidieron fueron la deficiente higiene bucal y la dieta cariogénica. Conclusiones: Las afecciones estomatológicas más frecuentes fueron la caries dental y la enfermedad periodontal y los factores que más incidieron fueron la deficiente higiene bucal y la dieta cariogénica.

ABSTRACT Background: Oral diseases are common in special needs patients and the systemic diseases they present make difficult the assistance to the stomatology office. Objective: To describe the oral health status from a group of special needs patients younger than 15 years in Sancti Spiritus. Methodology: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out from September 2016 to February 2017. The universe consisted of 64 special needs patients and the sample by 55 patients younger than 15 years of age assisted in the consulting of the Sancti Spíritus Provincial Pediatric Hospital Results: The predominant ages were from 6 to 10 years and the male sex, dental caries was the most common oral disease in patients, followed by periodontal disease. The most influenced factors were poor oral hygiene and the cariogenic diet. Conclusions: The most frequent stomatology conditions were dental caries and periodontal disease and the most influenced factors were poor oral hygiene and cariogenic diet.

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Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal desde enero hasta mayo de 2017 de 93 niños de 1-4 años matriculados en 5 guarderías infantiles no estatales del reparto Sueño de Santiago de Cuba, con el objetivo de identificar los factores riesgo que incidieron en las enfermedades bucales que presentaban. Para recoger la información se confeccionó una planilla elaborada a los efectos y realizó el interrogatorio a padres y niños, además del examen bucal a estos últimos. Entre los factores de riesgo prevalecieron la dieta cariogénica (96,7 %), seguida por el uso del biberón (59,1 %); asimismo, la maloclusión resultó ser la alteración más frecuente, principalmente el resalte aumentado y la mordida abierta. Aunque predominaron los pacientes sin afectación, estaban expuestos a dichos factores. Por tanto, se debe insistir en el diagnóstico precoz de las maloclusiones para minimizar o evitar su impacto negativo sobre la salud de los menores.

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, of 93 children aged 1-4 years registered in 5 non-state daycare houses in Sueño neighborhood of Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January to May, 2017, with the objective of identifying the risk factors which influenced in the oral illnesses that they presented. To collect the information a schedule was made for this aim and an inquiry to parents and children was carried out, besides the oral examination to the last ones. Among the risk factors the cariogenic diet (96.7 %), followed by the use of the baby bottle (59.1 %) prevailed; also, the malocclusion turned out to be the most frequent disorder, mainly the increased prominence and the open bite. Although the patients without disorders prevailed, they were exposed to these factors. Therefore, it should be insisted in the previous diagnosis of malocclusions to minimize or to avoid their negative impact on the health of the children.

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Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, desde noviembre de 2016 hasta abril de 2017, de los 166 adultos mayores pertenecientes al consultorio médico No 20 del Policlínico Carlos Juan Finlay del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, para evaluar la presencia de enfermedades bucodentales y los factores de riesgo. Para la recolección de la información se utilizó la encuesta de salud bucal de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y la historia de salud bucal familiar. Los hábitos nocivos como la deficiente higiene bucal y la dieta cariogénica, además de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, fueron los factores de riesgo más comunes en esta población, en quienes la disfunción masticatoria y la caries dental constituyeron los problemas principales

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 166 elderly belonging to the family doctor office No 20 of Carlos J Finlay Polyclinic in the municipality of Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from November, 2016 to April, 2017, to evaluate the presence of oral-dental diseases and risk factors. The survey of oral health from the World Health Organization and the medical record of family oral health were used for gathering the information. Harmful habits as poor oral hygiene and a cariogenic diet, besides non communicable chronic diseases, were the most common risk factors in this population, for whom masticatory dysfuntion and dental decay constituted the main problems

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-caries effects of two plant extracts. The first chapter dealt with a review of the literature whose objective was to discuss the antimicrobial potential of Brazilian natural agents on the biofilm related to dental caries and gingivitis/periodontal disease. The research of the articles was carried out using PubMed. We found a total of 23 papers. Most of the studies were performed using planktonic microorganisms or under clinical trials. Nineteen articles were focused on cariogenic bacteria. From these nineteen articles, eleven were also about periodontopathogenic bacteria. Four studies addressed only periodontopathogenic bacteria. The most tested Brazilian natural agents were green propolis, essential oils of Lippia sidoides and Copaifera sp. Most of the tested agents showed similar results when compared to positive control (essential oils and extracts) or better effect than negative control (green propolis). More studies involving protocols closer to the clinical condition and the use of response variables that allows understanding the mechanism of action of natural agents are necessary before the incorporation of these natural agents into dental products. The second chapter aimed to test the effect of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Myracrodruon urundeuva All. and Qualea grandiflora Mart. leaves on the viability of the microcosm biofilm and on the prevention of enamel demineralization. The microcosm biofilm was produced on bovine enamel, using human saliva pool mixed with McBain saliva (0.2% sucrose) for 14 days. The biofilm was treated daily with the extracts for 1 min. M. urundeuva at 100, 10 and 0.1 µg/ml and Q. grandiflora at 100 and 0.1 µg/ml reduced cell viability similarly to the positive control and significantly more than negative control. M. urundeuva at 1000, 100 and 0.1 µg/ml were able to reduce the counting formation unit-CFU counting of lactobacilli sp. and Streptococcus mutans, while Q. grandiflora at 1000 and 1.0 µg/ml significantly reduced the S. mutans CFU counting. On the other hand, the natural extracts did not reduce the production of extracellular polyssacharides, lactic acid and the development of enamel caries lesions. The third chapter aimed to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extracts of M. urundeuva and Q. grandiflora (alone or combined) on the viability of S. mutans biofilm and the prevention of enamel demineralization. S. mutans strain (ATCC 21175) was reactivated in BHI broth. Minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration and minimum biofilm eradication concentration were determined to choose the concentrations to be tested under the biofilm model. S. mutans biofilm (5x105 CFU/ml) was produced on bovine enamel using McBain saliva with 0.2% sucrose for 3 days. The biofilm was treated daily with the extracts for 1 min. M. urundeuva (isolated or combined) at concentrations equal or higher than 0.625 mg/ml was able to reduce the bacteria viability, whereas Q. grandiflora extract alone showed antimicrobial effect at 5 mg/ml only (p<0.05). On the other hand, none of the extracts was able to reduce the development of enamel caries lesions. Despite the tested natural extracts have antimicrobial effect; they are unable to prevent caries in enamel.(AU)

O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos antimicrobiano e anti-cárie de dois extratos de plantas. O primeiro capítulo se referiu a uma revisão da literatura cujo objetivo foi discutir o potencial antimicrobiano dos agentes naturais brasileiros sobre o biofilme relacionado à cárie dentária e à gengivite/doença periodontal. A pesquisa dos artigos foi realizada usando o PubMed. Foram encontrados 23 trabalhos. A maioria dos estudos foi realizada utilizando microorganismos na fase planctônica ou ensaios clínicos. Dezenove artigos foram focados em bactérias cariogênicas. Dos dezenove artigos, onze também eram sobre bactérias periodontopatogênicas. Quatro estudos abordaram apenas bactérias periodontopatogênicas. Os agentes naturais brasileiros mais testados foram própolis verde, óleos essenciais de Lippia sidoides e Copaifera sp. Os agentes testados apresentaram resultados similares quando comparados ao controle positivo (óleos essenciais e extratos) ou melhor efeito que o controle negativo (própolis verde). Mais estudos próximos da condição clínica e o uso de variáveis de resposta que permitam entender o mecanismo de ação são necessários, para permitir a incorporação desses agentes naturais em produtos odontológicos. O segundo capítulo teve como objetivo testar o efeito dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de Myracrodruon urundeuva All. e Qualea grandiflora Mart. sobre a viabilidade do biofilme microcosmo e na prevenção da desmineralização do esmalte. O biofilme microcosmo foi produzido em esmalte bovino, utilizando pool de saliva humana misturada à saliva de McBain (0,2% de sacarose) durante 14 dias. O biofilme foi tratado diariamente com os extratos durante 1 min. M. urundeuva a 100, 10 e 0,1 µg/ml e Q. grandiflora a 100 e 0,1 µg/ml reduziram a viabilidade dos microrganismos de forma semelhante ao controle positivo e significativamente maior do que o controle negativo. M. urundeuva a 1000, 100 e 0,1 µg/ml foi capaz de reduzir a contagem de Unidade formadora de colônia-UFC para Lactobacilos totais e Streptococcus mutans, enquanto a Q. grandiflora a 1000 e 1,0 µg/ml reduziu significativamente a contagem de UFC para S. mutans. Os extratos naturais não conseguiram reduzir a produção de polissacarídeos extracelulares-PEC, ácido lático e o desenvolvimento da lesão cariosa em esmalte. O terceiro capítulo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de M. urundeuva. e Q. grandiflora (sozinhos ou combinados) sobre a viabilidade do biofilme de S. mutans e na prevenção da desmineralização do esmalte. Cepa de S. mutans (ATCC 21175) foi reativada em caldo BHI. Concentração inibitória mínima, concentração bactericida mínima, concentração inibitória mínima de biofilme e concentração de erradicação mínima de biofilme foram determinadas para escolher as concentrações a serem testadas sob o modelo de biofilme. O biofilme de S. mutans (5x105 CFU/ml) foi produzido em esmalte bovino, utilizando saliva de McBain com 0,2% de sacarose durante 3 dias. O biofilme foi tratado diariamente com os extratos durante 1 min. M. urundeuva (isolada ou combinada) nas concentrações iguais ou superiores a 0,625 mg/ml foi capaz de reduzir a viabilidade das bactérias, enquanto que o extrato da Q. grandflora apresentou efeito antimicrobiano somente a 5 mg/ml (p<0,05). Nenhum dos extratos reduziu o desenvolvimento da lesão da cárie. Apesar dos extratos naturais terem efeito antimicrobiano, são incapazes de prevenir o desenvolvimento da lesão cariosa em esmalte.(AU)

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CONTEXT: Herbal therapies are used worldwide to treat health conditions. In Mexico, generations have used them to treat gingivitis, periodontitis, mouth infections, and discoloured teeth. However, few studies have collected scientific evidence on their effects. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at searching and compiling scientific evidence of alternative oral and dental treatments using medicinal herbs from Mexico. METHODS: We collected various Mexican medicinal plants used in the dental treatment from the database of the Institute of Biology at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. To correlate with existing scientific evidence, we used the PubMed database with the key term '(scientific name) and (oral or dental)'. RESULTS: Mexico has various medical herbs with antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, according to ancestral medicinal books and healers. Despite a paucity of experimental research demonstrating the antibacterial, antimicrobial, and antiplaque effects of these Mexican plants, they could still be useful as an alternative treatment of several periodontal diseases or as anticariogenic agents. However, the number of studies supporting their uses and effects remains insufficient. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It is important for the health of consumers to scientifically demonstrate the real effects of natural medicine, as well as clarify and establish their possible therapeutic applications. Through this bibliographical revision, we found papers that testify or refute their ancestral uses, and conclude that the use of plants to treat oral conditions or to add to the dental pharmacological arsenal should be based on experimental studies verifying their suitability for dental treatments.

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Introducción: las enfermedades reumáticas se caracterizan por presentar una amplia gama de manifestaciones sistémicas. Sin duda alguna, la cavidad bucal es asiento de muchas de ellas, que incluso llegan a formar parte de los criterios diagnósticos de estas enfermedades. Objetivo: exponer las consideraciones sobre la relación existente entre afecciones bucales y enfermedades reumáticas. Métodos: se realizó una revisión sobre la relación entre afecciones reumáticas y manifestaciones bucales en Internet. La búsqueda abarcó artículos publicados en los últimos 5 años. Se evaluaron revistas de impacto de la Web of Sciencies, Scopus, Redalyc y Latindex relacionadas con el tema (37 revistas). Se consultaron las bases de datos de sistemas referativos, como MEDLINE, PubMed y SciELO con la utilización de varios descriptores tanto en inglés como en español. Se incluyeron artículos en idioma inglés, portugués y español. Se obtuvieron 77 artículos, se circunscribió el estudio a 49 que enfocaron esta temática de manera más integral. La revista que mayor representatividad del tema tuvo fue la Revista Cubana de Reumatología con 24,67 por ciento del total de artículos, el resto de las revistas se comportaron de manera uniforme. Análisis e integración de la información: existe estrecha relación entre las enfermedades bucales y las afecciones reumáticas. En ocasiones, las manifestaciones bucales constituyen criterios diagnósticos de las enfermedades reumáticas; las úlceras bucales, la xerostomía, la gingivitis y la afectación de la articulación temporomandibular son las de mayor incidencia. Conclusiones: las manifestaciones bucales pueden ser expresión del desorden reumático, pero también pueden inducir su aparición o ser los causantes de su descompensación. La presencia de procesos infecciosos así como la utilización de medicamentos con acción inmunosupresora y/o inmunomoduladora, son elementos que refuerzan aun más esta relación(AU)

Introduction: rheumatic diseases are characterized by a wide range of systemic manifestations. The oral cavity is home to many of these manifestations, which may even constitute diagnostic criteria for those diseases. Objective: describe the relationship existing between oral disorders and rheumatic diseases. Methods: a review was conducted on the Internet about the relationship between rheumatic diseases and oral manifestations. The search included papers published in the last five years. An evaluation was performed of high impact journals from the Web of Sciences, Scopus, Redalyc and Latindex which dealt with the subject (37 journals). Databases from reference systems such as MEDLINE, PubMed and SciELO were consulted with the aid of various search terms in English and Spanish. The papers included were in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Of the 77 papers obtained, the reviewers selected the 49 which approached the study subject in a more comprehensive manner. The journal with the highest presence of the topic was the Cuban Journal of Rheumatology, with 24.67 percent of the total papers. The remaining papers were evenly distributed among the other journals. Data analysis and integration: there is a close relationship between oral diseases and rheumatic conditions. Oral manifestations sometimes constitute diagnostic criteria for rheumatic diseases. Among the most common of these are mouth ulcers, xerostomia, gingivitis and temporomandibular joint disorders. Conclusions: oral manifestations may be the expression of rheumatic disorders, but they may also induce their emergence or be responsible for their decompensation. The presence of infectious processes, as well as the use of drugs with an immunosuppressive and/or immunomodulatory action, may further strengthen this relationship(AU)

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and anticaries effects of different commercial mouthrinses. The first chapter is about a review of literature whose the aim was to discuss the antimicrobial potential of different mouthrinses in respect to the control of dental caries and periodontal disease. The search of papers was conducted using PubMed and the keywords: "antimicrobial agent" or "antiplaque agent," "dental biofilm" and "dental caries" or "periodontal disease" or "gingivitis". We found a total of 22 papers (2011-2015). The main active agents tested were: CHXChlorhexidine, CPC-cetylpyridinium chloride and EO-Essential oils (alcohol/or alcohol-free). CHX was compared to EO in 6 studies, showing superiority in 3 studies, similarity in 1 study and inferiority in 2 studies. CPC has shown lower effect in plaque reduction compared to CHX and EO. More clinical studies are needed for better understanding the mechanism of action and the differences in performance among the antiplaque agents. The second chapter has as aim to compare the antimicrobial and anticaries effects of six commercial mouthrinses (PerioGard®, Noplak® Max, Oral-B® Complete, Listerine® Zero, Malvatricin® Plus and Cepacol® Plus Advanced) under a microcosm biofilm model formed on enamel. A microcosm biofilm was produced on bovine enamel, using inoculum from pooled human saliva mixture with McBain saliva (with 0.2% sucrose), for 14 days. The biofilm was treated with the mouthrinses daily (1 min). The bacterial viability (% death), lactic acid production (mmol/l), the colony-forming unit (CFU) counting for total microorganisms, lactobacilli, total streptococci and mutans streptococci (log10 CFU/mL) and the extracellular polysaccharides production (EPS, mg/g) were quantified in the biofilm. The degree of enamel demineralization was analyzed using transverse microradiography-TMR (%min vol. µm). Oral-B® Complete, Listerine® Zero and Malvatricin® Plus had the greatest effect on the reduction of biofilm viability (69-75% dead cells vs. 13% in the control, p<0.0001). On the other hand, the lactic acid production was significantly reduced by PerioGard®, Noplak® Max and Listerine® Zero compared to control (69% reduction, p<0.0001). There were no significant differences among the mouthrinses in respect to the CFU counting and EPS production. The enamel demineralization was significantly reduced by PerioGard®, Noplak® Max and Malvatricin® Plus compared to control (74% reduction, p<0.0001). Therefore, the commercial mouthrinses have different antimicrobial and anticaries effects. The mouthrinses containing chlorexidine or Malva sylvestris (with F, triclosan and xylitol) had the best anticaries effect under this model.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos antimicrobiano e anticárie de diferentes enxaguatórios bucais comerciais. O primeiro capítulo se refere a uma revisão da literatura cujo objetivo foi discutir o potencial antimicrobiano de diferentes enxaguatórios em relação ao controle de cárie dentária e doença periodontal. A pesquisa dos artigos foi realizada usando o PubMed e as palavras-chave: "agente antimicrobiano" ou "agente antiplaca", "biofilme dental" e "cárie dentária" ou "doença periodontal" ou "gengivite". Encontramos um total de 22 artigos (2011-2015). Os principais agentes ativos testados foram: Clorexidina-CHX, cloreto de cetilpiridínio- CPC e óleos essenciais OE (álcool / ou sem álcool). A CHX foi comparada ao OE em 6 estudos, mostrando superioridade em 3 estudos, similaridade em 1 estudo e inferioridade em 2 estudos. CPC mostrou menor efeito na redução da placa em comparação com CHX e OE. Mais estudos clínicos são necessários para uma melhor compreensão do mecanismo de ação e as diferenças no desempenho entre os agentes antiplaca. O segundo capítulo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos antimicrobiano e anticárie de seis enxaguatórios comerciais (PerioGard®, Noplak® Max, Oral-B® Complete, Listerine® Zero, Malvatricin® Plus e Cepacol® Plus Advanced) sobre um modelo de biofilme de microcosmo formado no esmalte. O biofilme de microcosmo foi produzido em esmalte bovino, utilizando o inóculo da mistura de saliva humana com saliva de McBain (com 0,2% de sacarose), durante 14 dias. O biofilme foi tratado com enxaguatórios diariamente (1 min). A viabilidade bacteriana (% de morte), a produção de ácido láctico (mmol/l), as unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) foram contadas para microrganismos totais, lactobacilos, estreptococos totais e Streptococcus mutans (log10 UFC/mL) e a produção de polissacarídeos extracelulares (PEC, mg/g) foram quantificados no biofilme. O grau de desmineralização do esmalte foi analisado utilizando a microrradiografia transversal-TMR (%min vol. µm). Oral-B® Complete, Listerine® Zero e Malvatricin® Plus tiveram o maior efeito na redução da viabilidade do biofilme (69-75% de morte celular vs 13% no controle, p<0,0001). Por outro lado, a produção de ácido lático foi significativamente reduzida por PerioGard®, Noplak® Max e Listerine® Zero comparado ao controle (redução de 69%, p<0,0001). Não houve diferenças significativas entre os enxaguatórios em relação à contagem de UFC e à produção de PEC. A desmineralização do esmalte foi significativamente reduzida pelo PerioGard®, Noplak® Max e Malvatricin® Plus em comparação ao controle (redução de 74%, p<0,0001). Portanto, os enxaguatórios bucais comerciais têm diferentes efeitos antimicrobiano e anticárie. Os enxaguatórios contendo clorexidina ou Malva sylvestris (com F, triclosan e xilitol) tiveram o melhor efeito anticárie neste modelo.(AU)

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ABSTRACT Young swimmers are particularly susceptible to the onset of oral diseases. Objective To evaluate the oral health status in young competitive and non-competitive swimmers, involving an assessment of salivary cariogenic bacteria and secretory IgA (S-IgA) concentration. Material and Methods Before training sessions (T1), 54 competitive and 69 non-competitive swimmers had the following parameters assessed: decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT), Plaque Index (PlI), and Gingival Index (GI). At T1 and after training sessions (T2), stimulated saliva was collected and microbiological and immunological analyses were performed. Results Competitive swimmers trained 2.02±0.09 hours 5 times a week, while non-competitive swimmers trained 2.03±0.18 hours a week. A total of 14.7% of competitive swimmers suffered dental trauma related to sports. Only 11.76% of the competitive swimmers took a daily dose of fluoride, against 32.65% of non-competitive swimmers (p=0.029). Neither group followed an established diet or presented statistically significant differences in terms of nutritional supplement drink and chocolate intake. There were statistically significant differences in terms of oral hygiene. No significant difference in clinical indexes (DMFT, PlI, and GI) was present. S. mutans was harbored by 18.6% of competitive and the 32.2% of non-competitive swimmers. S. sobrinus was detected in 22.03% of competitive and 91.6% of non-competitive swimmers (p<0.05). S. sanguinis was found only in the saliva of competitive swimmers. The average S-IgA of competitive swimmers decreased significantly at T2 (p<0.05). The pool water had a daily average pH of 7.22. Conclusions Microbial markers, immune status and sporting characteristics are important for establishing guidelines for management of training load in order to minimize physical stress and the risk of oral infection.

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Feline calicivirus (FCV) and felid herpesvirus type-1 (FeHV-1) are the main infectious agents of domestic and wild felines worldwide. The FCV and FeHV-1 viruses were isolated in Brazil in 1988 and 2012, respectively. Serology surveys were performed among domestic feline in the State of Rio Grande do Sul and among wild felines in central Brazilian States. Felines with acute or chronic infections may become carriers for both viruses and, viral transmission occurs mainly by ocular and nasal secretions. In addition, FCV may be transmitted by oropharyngeal secretion and fomites. The clinical signs commonly observed in cats are fever, sneezing, coughing and nasal and ocular discharge; however, oral lesions are restricted to FCV infection. A systemic syndrome showing hemorrhagic lesions, alopecia, facial edema and jaundice has been associated with FCV. Attenuated as well as inactivated vaccines against FCV and FeHV-1 were developed in the middle 1970s, and they are effective at reducing the presentation/development of the diseases, but they are not capable of eliminating the persistence of FCV and FeHV-1. This article presents a brief review of the main aspects of the FCV and FeHV-1 infections, with an emphasis in the current situation on the domestic feline population from Brazil.(AU)

Calicivírus felino (feline calicivirus - FCV) e herpesvírus felino tipo - 1 (felid herpesvirus type 1 - FeHV-1) são os principais agentes envolvidos descritos mundialmente infectando felinos domésticos e selvagens. No Brasil, o FCV e o FeHV-1 foram isolados e caracterizados em 1988 e 2012, respectivamente. Estudos sorológicos em felinos domésticos foram realizados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e em felinos selvagens em alguns estados da região central do país. Felinos com infecção aguda e/ou infecção crônica podem tornar-se portadores, para ambos os vírus, e a transmissão ocorre principalmente por secreções oculares, nasais. Além disso, o FCV pode também ser transmitido por secreções orofaringeanas e fômites. Os sinais clínicos comumente observados em felinos afetados são: febre, espirros, tosse, descarga nasal e ocular; lesões orais se restringem à infecção pelo FCV; além disso, foi descrita uma síndrome sistêmica que apresenta um quadro hemorrágico, alopecia, edema de face e icterícia. Vacinas vivas e inativadas que amenizam o quadro clínico, mas não previnem infecções persistentes pelos vírus, foram desenvolvidas nos anos 70. Este artigo apresenta uma breve revisão dos principais aspectos da infecção pelo FCV e FeHV-1, com ênfase na atual situação na população de felinos domésticos do Brasil.(AU)

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Feline calicivirus (FCV) and felid herpesvirus type-1 (FeHV-1) are the main infectious agents of domestic and wild felines worldwide. The FCV and FeHV-1 viruses were isolated in Brazil in 1988 and 2012, respectively. Serology surveys were performed among domestic feline in the State of Rio Grande do Sul and among wild felines in central Brazilian States. Felines with acute or chronic infections may become carriers for both viruses and, viral transmission occurs mainly by ocular and nasal secretions. In addition, FCV may be transmitted by oropharyngeal secretion and fomites. The clinical signs commonly observed in cats are fever, sneezing, coughing and nasal and ocular discharge; however, oral lesions are restricted to FCV infection. A systemic syndrome showing hemorrhagic lesions, alopecia, facial edema and jaundice has been associated with FCV. Attenuated as well as inactivated vaccines against FCV and FeHV-1 were developed in the middle 1970s, and they are effective at reducing the presentation/development of the diseases, but they are not capable of eliminating the persistence of FCV and FeHV-1. This article presents a brief review of the main aspects of the FCV and FeHV-1 infections, with an emphasis in the current situation on the domestic feline population from Brazil.

Calicivírus felino (feline calicivirus - FCV) e herpesvírus felino tipo - 1 (felid herpesvirus type 1 - FeHV-1) são os principais agentes envolvidos descritos mundialmente infectando felinos domésticos e selvagens. No Brasil, o FCV e o FeHV-1 foram isolados e caracterizados em 1988 e 2012, respectivamente. Estudos sorológicos em felinos domésticos foram realizados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e em felinos selvagens em alguns estados da região central do país. Felinos com infecção aguda e/ou infecção crônica podem tornar-se portadores, para ambos os vírus, e a transmissão ocorre principalmente por secreções oculares, nasais. Além disso, o FCV pode também ser transmitido por secreções orofaringeanas e fômites. Os sinais clínicos comumente observados em felinos afetados são: febre, espirros, tosse, descarga nasal e ocular; lesões orais se restringem à infecção pelo FCV; além disso, foi descrita uma síndrome sistêmica que apresenta um quadro hemorrágico, alopecia, edema de face e icterícia. Vacinas vivas e inativadas que amenizam o quadro clínico, mas não previnem infecções persistentes pelos vírus, foram desenvolvidas nos anos 70. Este artigo apresenta uma breve revisão dos principais aspectos da infecção pelo FCV e FeHV-1, com ênfase na atual situação na população de felinos domésticos do Brasil.

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Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a deep mycosis with primary lung manifestations that may present cutaneous and oral lesions. Oral lesions mimic other infectious diseases or even squamous cell carcinoma, clinically and microscopically. Sometimes, the dentist is the first to detect the disease, because lung lesions are asymptomatic, or even misdiagnosed. An unusual case of PCM with 5 months of evolution presenting pulmonary, oral, and cutaneous lesions that was diagnosed by the dentist based on oral lesions is presented and discussed.

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Patients who undergo allogeneic stem cell transplantation frequently develop an immunologic disease caused by the reactivation of the graft to the host tissues. This disease is called graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and it is usually a systemic disorder. In a large proportion of cases, oral disorders that are related to a chronic phase of GVHD (cGVHD) occur, and their treatment involves the use of topical immunosuppressive drugs. Several medications have been studied for this purpose, but only a small number of clinical trials have been published. The present study is a randomized, double-blind clinical trial that compares topical clobetasol and dexamethasone for the treatment of symptomatic oral cGVHD. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with clobetasol propionate .05% or dexamethasone .1 mg/mL for 28 days. In both arms, nystatin 100,000 IU/mL was administered with the corticosteroid. Oral lesions were evaluated by the modified oral mucositis rating scale (mOMRS) and symptoms were registered using a visual analogue scale. Thirty-five patients were recruited, and 32 patients were randomized into the study groups: 18 patients (56.3%) to the dexamethasone group and 14 patients (43.8%) to the clobetasol group. The use of clobetasol resulted in a significant reduction in mOMRS total score (P = .04) and in the score for ulcers (P = .03). In both groups, there was significant symptomatic improvement but the response was significantly greater in the clobetasol group (P = .02). In conclusion, clobetasol was significantly more effective than dexamethasone for the amelioration of symptoms and clinical aspects of oral lesions in cGVHD.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine a possible correlation between oral mucosal disease and salivary concentrations of the antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensin-1 (hβD-1) and human betadefensin- 2 (hβD-2). METHOD: The present work focussed on the establishment of a reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) procedure to quantify human beta-defensins (hβD-1 and hβD-2) in saliva samples of patients with oral diseases such as lichen planus (n = 10), Behçet (n = 10) and recurrent apthous stomatitis (n = 10). RESULTS: Linear calibration range for hβD-1 and hβD-2 defensins was 1.67−200 µg mL-1 and 3.13− 100 µg mL-1 with R2 values of 0.9998 and 0.996, correspondingly. The concentration of beta-defensins in saliva was determined by comparing the peak areas of eluted hβD-1 and hβD-2 with that of their standards. The variation of the amount of beta-defensins was evaluated by comparisons of the results obtained from the patients with oral mucosal diseases before and after treatments and the control subjects. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 1.62 µg mL- 1 and 5.39 µg mL-1 for hβD-1 and 0.94 µg mL-1 and 3.13 µg mL-1 for hβD-2, respectively. CONCLUSION: The salivary beta-defensin concentration was significantly higher in patients with oral mucosal diseases than in healthy volunteers; furthermore, in patients with oral mucosal diseases, the concentration was significantly higher before treatment than after treatment.

OBJETIVO: Este estudio tuvo por objeto determinar una posible correlación entre la enfermedad de la mucosa oral y las concentraciones salivales de la beta-defensina humana 1 (hβD-1) y la beta-defensina humana 2 (hβD-2) de los péptidos antimicrobianos. MÉTODO: El presente trabajo estuvo encaminado al establecimiento de un procedimiento de cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia de fase reversa (RP-HPLC) para cuantificar las beta-defensinas humanas (hβD-1 y hβD-2) en muestras de saliva de pacientes con enfermedades orales como el liquen plano (n = 10), Behçet (n = 10), y la estomatitis aftosa recurrente (n = 10). RESULTADOS: El rango de calibración lineal de las defensinas hβD-1 y hβD-2 fue 1.67-200 µg mL-1 y 3.13-100 µg mL-1 con valores R2 de 0.9998 y 996, respectivamente. La concentración de beta-defensinas en la saliva se determinó utilizando el área de sus estándares. La variación de la cantidad de beta defensinas fue evaluada por comparaciones de los resultados obtenidos de los pacientes con enfermedades de la mucosa oral, antes y después de los tratamientos y los sujetos de control. Se halló que el límite de detección (LDD) y el límite de cuantificación (LDC) fueron 1.62 µg mL-1 y 5.39 µg mL- 1 para hβD-1 y 0.94 µg mL-1 y 3.13 µg mL-1 hβD-2, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: La concentración de beta-defensina salival fue significativamente mayor en los pacientes con enfermedades de la mucosa oral que en los voluntarios sanos. Además, en pacientes con enfermedades de la mucosa oral, la concentración fue significativamente mayor antes del tratamiento que después del tratamiento.

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