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The evolution of digital media has increased the number of crimes committed using digital equipment. This has led to the evolution of the computer forensics area to digital forensics (DF). Such an area aims to analyze information through its main phases of identification, collection, organization, and presentation (reporting). As this area has evolved, many techniques have been developed, mainly focusing on the formalization of terminologies and concepts for providing a common vocabulary comprehension. This has demanded efforts on several initiatives, such as the definition of ontologies, which are a means to identify the main concepts of a given area. Hence, the existing literature provides several ontologies developed for supporting the DF area. Therefore, to identify and analyze the existing ontologies for DF, this paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) in which primary studies in the literature are studied. This SLR resulted in the identification of ontology building methodologies, ontology types, feasibility points, evaluation/assessment methods, and DF phases and subareas ontologies have supported. These results were based on the analysis of 29 ontologies that aided in answering six research questions. Another contribution of this paper is a set of recommendations on further ontology-based support of DF investigation, which can guide researchers and practitioners in covering existing research gaps.

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O uso da Tecnologia da Informação está presente nos mais diversos domínios, inclusive no da saúde, ao utilizar várias metodologias e ferramentas computacionais. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o modelo conceitual baseado em ontologia sobre o domínio HIV/aids denominado OntoHI. No processo para desenvol-ver a OntoHI adotam-se a metodologia SABiO e a ontologia de fundamentação UFO, além do conhecimento de especialistas da área da saúde, o que garante a representação da realidade. Artefatos da ontologia aqui apresentados: representação gráfica, glossário de termos, questões de competência. O controle de qualidade se dá através dos processos de validação e verificação das questões de competências. A OntoHI possibilita a integração com representações de outros domínios. Pode ser utilizado como artefato para a construção de ferramentas computacionais, principalmente sistemas de informações e aplicativos móveis para acompanhar o tratamento de pacientes, além de poder ser expandida para se adaptar a novas situações

The use of Information Technology is present in the most diverse domains, including health care, using various methodologies and computational tools. The goal of this work is to present an ontology-driven con-ceptual model on the HIV/AIDS domain called OntoHI. In the process of developing OntoHI, the SABiO methodology and the UFO foundational ontology are adopted, in addition to the specialist's knowledge in the field of health care, which guarantees a consistent representation of reality. Ontology artifacts that are presented here: graphical representation, glossary of terms, validation of competence questions. Quality control happens in the process of validation and verification of competency questions. OntoHI enables in-tegration with representations from other domains. It can be used as an artifact for building computational tools, mainly information systems and mobile applications to monitor patient treatment, in addition to being able to be expanded to adapt to new situations

El uso de las Tecnologías de la Información ocurre en los más diversos dominios, incluido el de la salud, uti-lizando diversas metodologías y herramientas computacionales. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el modelo conceptual basado en ontologías sobre el dominio del VIH/sida denominado OntoHI. En el proceso de desarrollo de OntoHI se adoptan la metodología SABiO y la ontología de fundamentos OVNI, además del conocimiento de especialistas en el campo de la salud, lo que garantiza la representación de la realidad. Artefactos ontológicos presentados: representación gráfica, glosario, temas competenciales. El control de calidad se lleva a cabo a través del proceso de validación y verificación de problemas de competencia. Onto-HI permite la integración con representaciones de otros dominios. Puede usarse como artefacto para cons-truir herramientas computacionales, principalmente sistemas de información y aplicaciones móviles para monitorear el tratamiento del paciente, además de poder expandirse para adaptarse a nuevas situaciones

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In Brazil, epidemiological understandings of zoonosis have historically articulated with race and class hierarchies, placing so-called non-modern bodies at the core of etiological theories and sanitary interventions. I describe how the Guarani-Mbya people living in the Jaraguá Indigenous Land in the city of São Paulo question the racialized narratives that human-rat contact is a major driver of infections such as leptospirosis. By analyzing Indigenous concepts of body, disease, and dirt, I suggest that the Guarani-Mbya disease ontology reflects a criticism of urbanization, in that it is considered to have pathogenic effects on the lives of Indigenous peoples and rats.

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Complex system development and maintenance face the challenge of dealing with different types of models due to language affordances, preferences, sizes, and so forth that involve interaction between users with different levels of proficiency. Current conceptual data modelling tools do not fully support these modes of working. It requires that the interaction between multiple models in multiple languages is clearly specified to ensure they keep their intended semantics, which is lacking in extant tools. The key objective is to devise a mechanism to support semantic interoperability in hybrid tools for multi-modal modelling in a plurality of paradigms, all within one system. We propose FaCIL, a framework for such hybrid modelling tools. We design and realise the framework FaCIL, which maps UML, ER and ORM2 into a common metamodel with rules that provide the central point for management among the models and that links to the formalisation and logic-based automated reasoning. FaCIL supports the ability to represent models in different formats while preserving their semantics, and several editing workflows are supported within the framework. It has a clear separation of concerns for typical conceptual modelling activities in an interoperable and extensible way. FaCIL structures and facilitates the interaction between visual and textual conceptual models, their formal specifications, and abstractions as well as tracking and propagating updates across all the representations. FaCIL is compared against the requirements, implemented in crowd 2.0, and assessed with a use case. The proof-of-concept implementation in the web-based modelling tool crowd 2.0 demonstrates its viability. The framework also meets the requirements and fully supports the use case.

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Crop disease management in smart agriculture involves applying and using new technologies to reduce the impact of diseases on the quality of products. Coffee rust is a disease that factors such as poor agronomic management activities and climate conditions may favor. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the relationships between these factors and this disease to learn how to face its consequences and build intelligent systems to provide appropriate management or help farmers and experts make decisions accordingly. Nevertheless, there are no studies in the literature that propose ontologies to model these factors and coffee rust. This paper presents a new ontology called RustOnt to help experts more accurately model data, expressions, and samples related to coffee rust and apply it whilst taking into account the geographical location where the ontology is adopted. Consequently, this ontology is crucial for coffee rust monitoring and management by means of smart agriculture systems. RustOnt was successfully evaluated considering quality criteria such as clarity, consistency, modularity, and competence against a set of initial requirements for which it was built.

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BACKGROUND: Knowledge is often produced from data generated in scientific investigations. An ever-growing number of scientific studies in several domains result into a massive amount of data, from which obtaining new knowledge requires computational help. For example, Alzheimer's Disease, a life-threatening degenerative disease that is not yet curable. As the scientific community strives to better understand it and find a cure, great amounts of data have been generated, and new knowledge can be produced. A proper representation of such knowledge brings great benefits to researchers, to the scientific community, and consequently, to society. METHODS: In this article, we study and evaluate a semi-automatic method that generates knowledge graphs (KGs) from biomedical texts in the scientific literature. Our solution explores natural language processing techniques with the aim of extracting and representing scientific literature knowledge encoded in KGs. Our method links entities and relations represented in KGs to concepts from existing biomedical ontologies available on the Web. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method by generating KGs from unstructured texts obtained from a set of abstracts taken from scientific papers on the Alzheimer's Disease. We involve physicians to compare our extracted triples from their manual extraction via their analysis of the abstracts. The evaluation further concerned a qualitative analysis by the physicians of the generated KGs with our software tool. RESULTS: The experimental results indicate the quality of the generated KGs. The proposed method extracts a great amount of triples, showing the effectiveness of our rule-based method employed in the identification of relations in texts. In addition, ontology links are successfully obtained, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the ontology linking method proposed in this investigation. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that our proposal is effective on building ontology-linked KGs representing the knowledge obtained from biomedical scientific texts. Such representation can add value to the research in various domains, enabling researchers to compare the occurrence of concepts from different studies. The KGs generated may pave the way to potential proposal of new theories based on data analysis to advance the state of the art in their research domains.

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Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) are concerned with the use of artificial intelligence techniques for performing adaptive tutoring to learners' according to what they know about the domain. Researchers are increasingly interested in applying gamification in e-learning systems to engage students and to drive desired learning behaviors. However, little attention has been drawn to the effective application of gamification in ITS, and how to connect theories of both concepts in a standard and formal way. Moreover, gamified ITS should manipulate a huge amount of knowledge regarding several models, i.e., gamification, domain, student and pedagogical models. Formally connecting such theories as well as representing system's knowledge relies on the use of ontologies. In this paper, we present an ontological model that connects gamification and ITS concepts. Our model takes advantage of ontologies to allow automated reasoning (e.g., on the domain, student, pedagogical or gamification models), to enable interoperability, and create awareness about theories and good practices for the designers of gamified ITS. To evaluate our model, we use an ontology evaluation method based on five knowledge representation roles. We also illustrate how it could support the development of an intelligent authoring tool to design gamified ITS.

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A conceptual model abstractly defines a number of concepts and their relationships for the purposes of understanding and communication. Once a conceptual model is available, it can also be used as a starting point for the development of a software system. The development of conceptual models using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) facilitates the representation of modeled concepts and allows software developers to directly reuse these concepts in the design of a software system. The OBO Foundry represents the most relevant collaborative effort towards the development of ontologies in the biomedical domain. The development of UML conceptual models in the biomedical domain may benefit from the use of domain-specific semantics and notation. Further, the development of these models may also benefit from the reuse of knowledge contained in OBO ontologies. This paper investigates the support for the development of conceptual models in the biomedical domain using UML as a conceptual modeling language and using the support provided by the OBO Foundry for the development of biomedical ontologies, namely entity kind and relationship types definitions provided by the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) and the OBO Core Relations Ontology (OBO Core), respectively. Further, the paper investigates the support for the reuse of biomedical knowledge currently available in OBOFFF ontologies in the development these conceptual models. The paper describes a UML profile for the OBO Core Relations Ontology, which basically defines a number of stereotypes to represent BFO entity kinds and OBO Core relationship types definitions. The paper also presents a support toolset consisting of a graphical editor named OBO-RO Editor, which directly supports the development of UML models using the extensions defined by our profile, and a command-line tool named OBO2UML, which directly converts an OBOFFF ontology into a UML model.

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n este ensayo se analizan los Sistemas para la Organización del Conocimiento (SOC) con el objetivo de establecer su definición y la forma en que evolucionó históricamente. Se propone que los SOC son fundamentales en la bibliotecología, en tanto que estandarizan los procesos ordenadores y posibilitan el efectivo rescate de la información. Se determina que: (1) en la parte conceptual confluyen diversos conceptos de SOC, (2) su evolución histórica está asociada a visiones interdisciplinarias (epistemología, ciencias cognitivas, bibliotecología, ciencias computacionales), (3) históricamente, han pasado por diversas etapas, asociadas a los paradigmas organizadores imperantes y, (4) actualmente, están en un proceso de ajuste a contextos digitales asociados a la Web 2.0, la Web Semántica y el Linked Data. Finalmente, puede concluirse que el estudio teórico de los SOC es importante, ya que contribuye a una mejor planeación de las aplicaciones prácticas que éstos pueden tener en la organización de recursos de información.

his essay analyzes Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) with the aim to establish its concept and historical evolution. It proposes that KOS are essential in library science because standardizes the ordering process and enable an effective information retrieval. It determines that: (1) in the conceptual facet converges many concepts of KOS, (2) their historical evolution is associated with interdisciplinary visions (epistemology, cognitive sciences, library science, computer science), (3) along the time, have gone through various stages, associated with prevailing organizers paradigms and, (4) currently, KOS are in a process of adjustment to digital contexts: associated with the Web 2.0, Semantic Web and Linked Data. Finally, it concludes that the theoretical study about the KOS is important because it contributes to a better planning of the practical applications that it may have in the organization of information resources.

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El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer un modelo para el diseño y construcción de un sistema de organización del conocimiento basado en ontologías. Se propone, a través del uso de métodos descriptivos y criterios de otros autores, un modelo a partir del cual se puede obtener un sistema de información basado en ontologías. Se muestra y se explica la relación entre cada una de las partes del modelo, y se demuestran sus propiedades holísticas. Se plantean los resultados obtenidos de la evaluación del modelo para su validación a través del criterio de expertos. Todos los pasos establecidos a través del modelo resultaron importantes. La mayoría de los encuestados estuvieron a favor y en ningún caso se consideró que los pasos eran poco importantes o no importantes. Con la aplicación del modelo se espera estructurar las bases de un dominio del conocimiento en específico, tras una progresiva sustitución de los modelos convencionales del proceso de recuperación de la información por un modelo cognitivo...

The study is aimed at proposing a model for the design and construction of a knowledge organization system based on ontologies. Descriptive methods and criteria provided by other authors were used to devise and propose a model to obtain an information system based on ontologies. It is expected that the bases of a specific knowledge domain may be structured with the application of this method, following gradual replacement of conventional information retrieval models by a cognitive model. A discussion is also provided about the relationship between the various parts of the model, showing its holistic properties. The results obtained from evaluation of the model are presented for consideration by experts. All the steps established by the model were important. Most respondents were in favor and none considered that the steps were not very important or not important at all...

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A Ciência da Informação surgiu há aproximadamente quarenta anos, é multidisciplinar por natureza e uma de suas contribuições é o planejamento e a organização de Sistemas de Conhecimento com o uso de computador. Os cientistas da informação são profissionais formados em diversas áreas e se utilizam das ontologias para organizar o conhecimento. Um dos desafios é o uso de ontologias para sistemas de conhecimento contido nas bases de patentes. O presente ensaio aborda aspectos relacionados à necessidade de uso de ontologias no campo de domínio da Teoria da Resolução de Problemas Inventivos para a construção de Sistemas de Conhecimento capazes de oferecer soluções na prática da Inovação Sistemática; analisa a literatura disponível sobre o assunto; esclarece questões a respeito da Teoria TRIZ; e questiona se o uso de Ontologias contribui na aplicação do desenvolvimento dos métodos da TRIZ. As reflexões finais deixam em aberto o campo de estudos que envolvam ontologias, TRIZ e Sistemas de Conhecimento, como proposta de objeto de estudo a parti r da Ciência da Informação e da Engenharia do Conhecimento (AU)

The Science of the Information appeared there are approximately forty years, it is by nature multidisciplinary, and one of your contributions is the planning and the organization of Systems of Knowledge with the computer use. The cientists of the information are professional formed in severalareas and they are used of the ontologies to organize knowledge. One of the challenges is the ontologies use for knowledge systems contained in the basesof patents.The present empirical text approaches aspects related to the need of ontologies use in the field of domain of the Theory of the Resolution of Inventive Problems to the construction of Systemsof Knowledge that it capable off ering solutions in practice of the Systematic Innovation. It analyzes the available literature about subject, and it’s clears regarding about the TRIZ Theory, and the use of Ontologies is questioned if they contribute in the application of the development of the methods of TRIZ. The final reflections leave in open the field of studies of ontologies, TRIZ and Systems of Knowledge, as proposal of study object starting from the Science of the Information and of the Engineering of the Knowledge (AU)

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A Ciência da Informação surgiu há aproximadamente quarenta anos, é multidisciplinar por natureza e uma de suas contribuições é o planejamento e a organização de Sistemas de Conhecimento com o uso de computador. Os cientistas da informação são profissionais formados em diversas áreas e se utilizam das ontologias para organizar o conhecimento. Um dos desafios é o uso de ontologias para sistemas de conhecimento contido nas bases de patentes. O presente ensaio aborda aspectos relacionados à necessidade de uso de ontologias no campo de domínio da Teoria da Resolução de Problemas Inventivos para a construção de Sistemas de Conhecimento capazes de oferecer soluções na prática da Inovação Sistemática; analisa a literatura disponível sobre o assunto; esclarece questões a respeito da Teoria TRIZ; e questiona se o uso de Ontologias contribui na aplicação do desenvolvimento dos métodos da TRIZ. As reflexões finais deixam em aberto o campo de estudos que envolvam ontologias, TRIZ e Sistemas de Conhecimento, como proposta de objeto de estudo a parti r da Ciência da Informação e da Engenharia do Conhecimento

The Science of the Information appeared there are approximately forty years, it is by nature multidisciplinary, and one of your contributions is the planning and the organization of Systems of Knowledge with the computer use. The cientists of the information are professional formed in severalareas and they are used of the ontologies to organize knowledge. One of the challenges is the ontologies use for knowledge systems contained in the basesof patents.The present empirical text approaches aspects related to the need of ontologies use in the field of domain of the Theory of the Resolution of Inventive Problems to the construction of Systemsof Knowledge that it capable off ering solutions in practice of the Systematic Innovation. It analyzes the available literature about subject, and it's clears regarding about the TRIZ Theory, and the use of Ontologies is questioned if they contribute in the application of the development of the methods of TRIZ. The final reflections leave in open the field of studies of ontologies, TRIZ and Systems of Knowledge, as proposal of study object starting from the Science of the Information and of the Engineering of the Knowledge

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O aumento da interoperabilidade entre sistemas de informação em saúde é possível utilizando o padrão de modelagem openEHR. Para verificar a corretude de arquétipos nesse padrão, este trabalho propõe-se convertê-los em ontologias OWL e realizar o teste de mutação. Assim, pretende-se revelar defeitos na modelagem do domínio antes de sua integração com outros sistemas.

Increasing interoperability among health information systems is possible using openEHR standard modeling. In this work it is proposed to convert this pattern archetypes into OWL ontologies and perform mutation testing, to verify their correctness. Thus, we intend to reveal defects in the modeling domain before its integration with other systems.

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O presente texto interroga a noção de experimentos. Deslocando a atenção do debate sobre sexo e heteronormatividade para relacionalidades entre humanos e não/humanos, insere-se numa imaginação fabulativa queer voltada às ontologias variáveis do contemporâneo que não podem ser homogeneizadas por um decretado fim das dicotomias. São apresentadas notas sobre experimentos em dança e psicologia social que se configuram como apontamentos iniciais de um programa de pesquisa em andamento.(AU)

This essay interrogates the notion of experiment. Displacing the debate from sex and heteronormativity to the relationship between humans and non-humans, it proposes a fable like queer imagination turned to contemporary variable ontologies that cannot become homogeneous by an end of dichotomies enactment. Notes on dance and social psychology experiments are presented as initial propositions of an ongoing research program.(AU)

Este ensayo interroga la noción de experimento. Desplazando la atención de lo debate sobre el sexo y la hetenormatividad para las relaciones entre humanos e no humanos, se inscribe en una imaginación fabularía queer direccionada a las ontologías variables contemporáneas que no pueden ser homogeneizadas por un decretado fin de la dicotomías. Son presentadas notas sobre experimentos con danza y psicología social que se configuran como proposiciones iniciales de un programa de investigación en corso.(AU)

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This paper describes a notable convergence between biological organization and programming language abstractions. Our aim is to explore possibilities of cross-fertilization, at both conceptual and empirical levels, towards the understanding of what cognition and cognitive systems might be.

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