RESUMO
Despite Wolbachia being widespread among terrestrial isopods, studies on this symbiotic relationship are still incipient in the Neotropical region. The aims of the present study were to investigate the presence and prevalence of Wolbachia in natural populations of terrestrial isopod species in South America, and to analyze the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Wolbachia strains. A total of 1172 individuals representing 11 families and 35 species were analyzed. We observed distinct evolutionary scenarios according to the geographical origins of the species: strains harbored by most of the introduced species belong to the Oniclade in supergroup B and are identical to those found in their original ecozone (i.e. Palearctic). On the other hand, the strains found in native Neotropical terrestrial isopods showed low prevalence, high diversity and none of them belonged to the Oniclade, although most belonged to supergroup B. The dynamics of infection in Neotropical species seems to be the result of several events of loss and acquisition of the bacteria, which refutes the hypothesis of an ancestral acquisition of Wolbachia in Oniscidea. The presence of strains from supergroups A and F was also detected for the first time in terrestrial isopods, revealing a Wolbachia diversity previously unknown for this group of host.
Assuntos
Isópodes/microbiologia , Wolbachia/classificação , Wolbachia/genética , Animais , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Sequência de Bases , Biodiversidade , Evolução Biológica , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Variação Genética/genética , Geografia , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA , América do Sul , SimbioseRESUMO
Wolbachia are endosymbiotic bacteria that commonly infect arthropods, inducing certain phenotypes in their hosts. So far, no endemic South American species of terrestrial isopods have been investigated for Wolbachia infection. In this work, populations from two species of Balloniscus (B. sellowii and B. glaber) were studied through a diagnostic PCR assay. Fifteen new Wolbachia 16S rDNA sequences were detected. Wolbachia found in both species were generally specific to one population, and five populations hosted two different Wolbachia 16S rDNA sequences. Prevalence was higher in B. glaber than in B. sellowii, but uninfected populations could be found in both species. Wolbachia strains from B. sellowii had a higher genetic variation than those isolated from B. glaber. AMOVA analyses showed that most of the genetic variance was distributed among populations of each species rather than between species, and the phylogenetic analysis suggested that Wolbachia strains from Balloniscus cluster within Supergroup B, but do not form a single monophyletic clade, suggesting multiple infections for this group. Our results highlight the importance of studying Wolbachia prevalence and genetic diversity in Neotropical species and suggest that South American arthropods may harbor a great number of diverse strains, providing an interesting model to investigate the evolution of Wolbachia and its hosts.
RESUMO
We analysed species abundance and composition during one year of sampling at Itapuã State Park, a conservation unit in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Samples were collected monthly from May 2003 to April 2004 along a 4 km forest trail divided in three transects along the slopes of a small hill. Terrestrial isopods were hand searched by three people for 40 minutes at two sampling sites along each transect, summing 240 minutes of sampling effort per transect per month. Six species distributed in six families were found. The collector curve stabilised when half the samples were taken, demonstrating sampling sufficiency: analytical estimates did not predict more species to be found in the trail. Atlantoscia floridana (van Name, 1940) was dominant in all transects. Abundance varied along the year with a summer and a winter peak, but peaks were not consistent among transects. The first part of the trail, used for ecotourism, was less diverse, had less species (4 as compared to 6 in the other transects), and was thus also less similar in composition.
Foi analisada a abundância e composição de espécies ao longo de um ano de amostragens no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, uma unidade de conservação no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no sul do Brasil. As amostragens foram feitas mensalmente de maio de 2003 a abril de 2004, em uma trilha de 4 km na floresta, dividida em três transectos ao longo da encosta de uma pequena montanha. Os isópodos terrestres foram coletados manualmente por três pessoas por 40 minutos em dois locais em cada transecto, totalizando 240 minutos de esforço amostral por transecto, por mês. Foram encontradas seis espécies distribuídas em seis famílias. A curva do coletor estabilizou depois da metade das amostragens, demonstrando suficiência amostral: estimativas analíticas não predizem mais espécies na trilha. Atlantoscia floridana (van Name, 1940) foi a espécie dominante em todos os transectos. A abundância variou ao longo do ano com um pico no verão e no inverno, mas os picos não são consistentes entre os transectos. A primeira parte da trilha, usada para o ecoturismo, foi a menos diversa, apresentando menos espécies (4 comparadas às 6 nos outros transectos), e foi, portanto, menos similar na composição.
RESUMO
We analysed species abundance and composition during one year of sampling at Itapuã State Park, a conservation unit in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Samples were collected monthly from May 2003 to April 2004 along a 4 km forest trail divided in three transects along the slopes of a small hill. Terrestrial isopods were hand searched by three people for 40 minutes at two sampling sites along each transect, summing 240 minutes of sampling effort per transect per month. Six species distributed in six families were found. The collector curve stabilised when half the samples were taken, demonstrating sampling sufficiency: analytical estimates did not predict more species to be found in the trail. Atlantoscia floridana (van Name, 1940) was dominant in all transects. Abundance varied along the year with a summer and a winter peak, but peaks were not consistent among transects. The first part of the trail, used for ecotourism, was less diverse, had less species (4 as compared to 6 in the other transects), and was thus also less similar in composition.
Foi analisada a abundância e composição de espécies ao longo de um ano de amostragens no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, uma unidade de conservação no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no sul do Brasil. As amostragens foram feitas mensalmente de maio de 2003 a abril de 2004, em uma trilha de 4 km na floresta, dividida em três transectos ao longo da encosta de uma pequena montanha. Os isópodos terrestres foram coletados manualmente por três pessoas por 40 minutos em dois locais em cada transecto, totalizando 240 minutos de esforço amostral por transecto, por mês. Foram encontradas seis espécies distribuídas em seis famílias. A curva do coletor estabilizou depois da metade das amostragens, demonstrando suficiência amostral: estimativas analíticas não predizem mais espécies na trilha. Atlantoscia floridana (van Name, 1940) foi a espécie dominante em todos os transectos. A abundância variou ao longo do ano com um pico no verão e no inverno, mas os picos não são consistentes entre os transectos. A primeira parte da trilha, usada para o ecoturismo, foi a menos diversa, apresentando menos espécies (4 comparadas às 6 nos outros transectos), e foi, portanto, menos similar na composição.