RESUMO

Umbilical disorders, which frequently occur in calves, are among the major causes of economic losses in herds. Antibiotic therapy alone is effective for some infectious cases, but surgical intervention is often indicated. This review aims to provide an overview of the clinical and surgical perspectives of the principal umbilical disorders in calves. The umbilicus may be affected by infectious or non-infectious conditions, including hernia, persistent urachus, omphalitis, urachitis, omphalophlebitis, and omphaloarteritis. Infectious varieties can culminate in sepsis and sometimes even involve other organs. Under these conditions, the chief complaint of calves tends to be apathy and visible swelling in the umbilical region. When surgery is indicated, the veterinary surgeon needs to have a thorough understanding of umbilical disorders, which coupled with careful clinical examination, will enable the formulation of an effective surgical plan. Surgical principles linked to pre-, trans-, and post-operative care must be considered, as recovery depends upon the surgery performed, pathological factors, and the patient's individual response. Some of the most common surgeries performed include herniorrhaphy, urachus, and umbilical vein resection. Several technological resources, such as ultrasonography and laparoscopy, are new tools that can help improve the performance of these procedures.

As afecções umbilicais são frequentes em bezerros e causam prejuízos econômicos e produtivos nos rebanhos. Apesar da antibioticoterapia ser eficaz em muitos casos infecciosos, o tratamento cirúrgico pode ser indicado. Pela incipiência de revisão relacionada a temática, objetivou-se produzir uma revisão sobre a abordagem clínica e cirúrgica das principais afecções umbilicais de bezerros. O umbigo pode apresentar infecções, como onfalite, uraquite, onfaloflebite, onfaloarterite, paratopias cirúrgicas e persistência de úraco. As infecções podem progredir para quadros septicêmicos com acometimentos de outros órgãos. A queixa principal dessas afecções consiste na protrusão da região umbilical e apatia dos bezerros. Quando a indicação terapêutica for cirúrgica, uma adequada compreensão das afecções umbilicais aliada a um bom exame clínico possibilitará ao cirurgião veterinário estabelecer um bom plano cirúrgico. Princípios cirúrgicos relacionados ao pré, trans e pós-operatório devem ser levados em consideração, pois a recuperação do paciente está diretamente relacionada à tratamento cirúrgico executada, fatores patológicos e resposta individual do paciente. Dentre as cirurgias mais comuns realizadas estão as herniorrafias, cirurgias de úraco e de veias umbilicais. Vários recursos tecnológicos trazem novidades nesses procedimentos, como a ultrassonografia, com destaque para videocirurgia.

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RESUMO

Background: An omphalocele is a rare congenital malformation characterized by the protrusion of the abdominal contentsthrough the base of the umbilical cord. A defect in the midline of the abdomen results in the abdominal contents beingcovered by a membranous sac near the umbilical cord, which ultimately results in the failure of the abdominal organs toreturn to the abdominal cavity in the early gestational stages and the development of an omphalocele. This study aimed toaddress the diagnosis, medical-surgical management, and treatment for an omphalocele in a newborn calf.Case: A 2-day-old male Red Angus calf, weighing 35 kg, was referred to the HVU-UFSM. According to the owner, theanimal was born via normal delivery, had ingested milk, was alert, and had an enlarged pendulous abdomen at the umbilicus. Physical examination did not show any changes in vital functions; however, intestinal stasis was observed. Anin-depth examination revealed the presence of a round mass of tissue approximately 15 cm in diameter that was fillingthe remnant of the umbilical cord. This structure was covered by a thin, slightly dried membrane that isolated the contentsfrom the external environment. On palpation, the mass was firm and non-reducible, and an omphalocele was suspected.Given the severity of the condition, the animal immediately underwent an emergency surgical procedure to correct thecongenital defect. The surgery involved placing the intestinal loops that were present inside the sac in the abdominal cavity. At the end of the procedure, the animal was placed in a quadrupedal position to better assess omphalocele reduction.Postoperatively, the following medications were administered: a single dose of an analgesic along with a dipyrone andhyoscine-based antispasmodic (25 mg/kg, IM), an enrofloxacin-based antibiotic (2.5 mg/kg, IM) once a day for 7 days...

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: An omphalocele is a rare congenital malformation characterized by the protrusion of the abdominal contentsthrough the base of the umbilical cord. A defect in the midline of the abdomen results in the abdominal contents beingcovered by a membranous sac near the umbilical cord, which ultimately results in the failure of the abdominal organs toreturn to the abdominal cavity in the early gestational stages and the development of an omphalocele. This study aimed toaddress the diagnosis, medical-surgical management, and treatment for an omphalocele in a newborn calf.Case: A 2-day-old male Red Angus calf, weighing 35 kg, was referred to the HVU-UFSM. According to the owner, theanimal was born via normal delivery, had ingested milk, was alert, and had an enlarged pendulous abdomen at the umbilicus. Physical examination did not show any changes in vital functions; however, intestinal stasis was observed. Anin-depth examination revealed the presence of a round mass of tissue approximately 15 cm in diameter that was fillingthe remnant of the umbilical cord. This structure was covered by a thin, slightly dried membrane that isolated the contentsfrom the external environment. On palpation, the mass was firm and non-reducible, and an omphalocele was suspected.Given the severity of the condition, the animal immediately underwent an emergency surgical procedure to correct thecongenital defect. The surgery involved placing the intestinal loops that were present inside the sac in the abdominal cavity. At the end of the procedure, the animal was placed in a quadrupedal position to better assess omphalocele reduction.Postoperatively, the following medications were administered: a single dose of an analgesic along with a dipyrone andhyoscine-based antispasmodic (25 mg/kg, IM), an enrofloxacin-based antibiotic (2.5 mg/kg, IM) once a day for 7 days...(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

As afecções umbilicais merecem destaque entre as enfermidades que acometem bezerros no primeiro mês de vida, pela alta incidência durante essa fase da vida dos neonatos e pelas relevantes perdas econômicas, decorrentes da mortalidade, custos de tratamento e atendimento veterinário, além de sequelas que poderão determinar menores ganho de peso e produção leiteira. O diagnóstico dessas enfermidades muitas vezes é prejudicado pela dificuldade em se detectar os acometimentos das estruturas intra-abdominais do umbigo, o que afetará negativamente a escolha do tratamento mais adequado e o estabelecimento do real prognóstico para cada animal. No presente estudo, realizou-se a análise ultrassonográfica dos animais com inflamação/infecção dos componentes umbilicais sendo possível observar algumas características em relação a mensurações e ecogenicidade, presentes nos componentes umbilicais acometidos. A partir dessas avaliações concluiu-se que a medida mais adequada para identificar animais com possíveis processos inflamatórios nos componentes umbilicais é a espessura da parede dos vasos umbilicais quando comparada ao diâmetro dos mesmos. Ainda, o estudo possibilitou verificar algumas particularidades do comportamento dos componentes do cordão umbilical em bezerros sadios da raça Holandesa, bem como determinar que os vasos umbilicais intra-abdominais iniciam uma involução em porção mais interna e progridem para as extremidades próximas ao anel umbilical com o evoluir da idade. Destaca-se que o confronto desses resultados com aqueles poucos descritos na literatura disponível mostrou-se com notáveis diferenças.(AU)

Umbilical disorders deserve mention among the illnesses affecting calves in the first month of life. The high incidence during this phase of life of newborns and relevant economic losses arising from mortality, cost of treatment and veterinary care, beyond sequelae may determine lower weight gain and milk production. The diagnosis of these diseases is often hampered by the difficulty to detect the involvement of intra-abdominal umbilical structures, which negatively affect the choice of the most appropriate treatment and the actual outcome for each calf. In the present study, we performed ultrasound examinations of calves with inflammation/infection in the umbilical components and observed some characteristics related with measurements and echogenicity present in umbilical affected components. From these evaluation it was concluded that the wall thickness of the umbilical vessels is the more reliable standard to determine changes in these components, as compared with that of the diameter of the umbilical vessels. Furthermore, from this study we observed some peculiarities of involution of the intra-abdominal umbilical cord components in healthy Holstein calves used for the control group to characterize the behavior of the umbilical structures during the progress of the age in the newborns. It is noteworthy that the comparison of these results with those found in the rare literature available showed notable differences.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

As afecções umbilicais merecem destaque entre as enfermidades que acometem bezerros no primeiro mês de vida, pela alta incidência durante essa fase da vida dos neonatos e pelas relevantes perdas econômicas, decorrentes da mortalidade, custos de tratamento e atendimento veterinário, além de sequelas que poderão determinar menores ganho de peso e produção leiteira. O diagnóstico dessas enfermidades muitas vezes é prejudicado pela dificuldade em se detectar os acometimentos das estruturas intra-abdominais do umbigo, o que afetará negativamente a escolha do tratamento mais adequado e o estabelecimento do real prognóstico para cada animal. No presente estudo, realizou-se a análise ultrassonográfica dos animais com inflamação/infecção dos componentes umbilicais sendo possível observar algumas características em relação a mensurações e ecogenicidade, presentes nos componentes umbilicais acometidos. A partir dessas avaliações concluiu-se que a medida mais adequada para identificar animais com possíveis processos inflamatórios nos componentes umbilicais é a espessura da parede dos vasos umbilicais quando comparada ao diâmetro dos mesmos. Ainda, o estudo possibilitou verificar algumas particularidades do comportamento dos componentes do cordão umbilical em bezerros sadios da raça Holandesa, bem como determinar que os vasos umbilicais intra-abdominais iniciam uma involução em porção mais interna e progridem para as extremidades próximas ao anel umbilical com o evoluir da idade. Destaca-se que o confronto desses resultados com aqueles poucos descritos na literatura disponível mostrou-se com notáveis diferenças.(AU)

Umbilical disorders deserve mention among the illnesses affecting calves in the first month of life. The high incidence during this phase of life of newborns and relevant economic losses arising from mortality, cost of treatment and veterinary care, beyond sequelae may determine lower weight gain and milk production. The diagnosis of these diseases is often hampered by the difficulty to detect the involvement of intra-abdominal umbilical structures, which negatively affect the choice of the most appropriate treatment and the actual outcome for each calf. In the present study, we performed ultrasound examinations of calves with inflammation/infection in the umbilical components and observed some characteristics related with measurements and echogenicity present in umbilical affected components. From these evaluation it was concluded that the wall thickness of the umbilical vessels is the more reliable standard to determine changes in these components, as compared with that of the diameter of the umbilical vessels. Furthermore, from this study we observed some peculiarities of involution of the intra-abdominal umbilical cord components in healthy Holstein calves used for the control group to characterize the behavior of the umbilical structures during the progress of the age in the newborns. It is noteworthy that the comparison of these results with those found in the rare literature available showed notable differences.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Dentre as enfermidades congênitas e traumáticas observadas em bezerros,  destacam-se as hérnias umbilicais, nas quais órgãos abdominais podem compor o seu conteúdo herniário, sofrendo estrangulamento e necrose. Nesse sentido, o envolvimento do abomaso é raro, porém quando presente nota-se a formação de fístula abomaso-umbilical. Por ser a fístula abomaso-umbilical incomum e devido aos trabalhos científicos serem parcos sobre o assunto, o objetivo do presente relato é  descrever o caso de um bezerro com emagrecimento progressivo e drenagem de  secreção láctea através de um orifício umbilical. Após instituição do tratamento cirúrgico, o paciente obteve melhora clínica significativa, não demonstrando até o presente momento (um ano e quatro meses após a cirurgia) sintomatologia clínica correlacionada. Não obstante, ressaltar importantes pontos acerca dessa onfalopatia, pois o diagnóstico e o tratamento precoces podem contribuir para melhorar a qualidade de vida e sobrevida dos animais afetados.

Among the congenital and traumatic diseases observed in calves there are the umbilical hernias, in which abdominal organs may select their hernia contents, suffering strangulation and necrosis. In this sense, the involvement of the abomasum is rare, but when present it is noted the formation of abomasal-umbilical fistula. Being the rare abomasal-umbilical fistula and due to scientific papers on the subject being scarce, the aim of this report is to describe the case of a calf with progressive weight loss and drainage milk secretion via an umbilical hole. After institution of surgical treatment, the patient had significant clinical improvement, not showing to date (one year and four months after surgery) correlated clinical symptoms. However, emphasize important points about this onfalopatia because the diagnosis and early treatment can contribute to improving the quality of life and survival of affected animals.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Dentre as enfermidades congênitas e traumáticas observadas em bezerros,  destacam-se as hérnias umbilicais, nas quais órgãos abdominais podem compor o seu conteúdo herniário, sofrendo estrangulamento e necrose. Nesse sentido, o envolvimento do abomaso é raro, porém quando presente nota-se a formação de fístula abomaso-umbilical. Por ser a fístula abomaso-umbilical incomum e devido aos trabalhos científicos serem parcos sobre o assunto, o objetivo do presente relato é  descrever o caso de um bezerro com emagrecimento progressivo e drenagem de  secreção láctea através de um orifício umbilical. Após instituição do tratamento cirúrgico, o paciente obteve melhora clínica significativa, não demonstrando até o presente momento (um ano e quatro meses após a cirurgia) sintomatologia clínica correlacionada. Não obstante, ressaltar importantes pontos acerca dessa onfalopatia, pois o diagnóstico e o tratamento precoces podem contribuir para melhorar a qualidade de vida e sobrevida dos animais afetados.(AU)

Among the congenital and traumatic diseases observed in calves there are the umbilical hernias, in which abdominal organs may select their hernia contents, suffering strangulation and necrosis. In this sense, the involvement of the abomasum is rare, but when present it is noted the formation of abomasal-umbilical fistula. Being the rare abomasal-umbilical fistula and due to scientific papers on the subject being scarce, the aim of this report is to describe the case of a calf with progressive weight loss and drainage milk secretion via an umbilical hole. After institution of surgical treatment, the patient had significant clinical improvement, not showing to date (one year and four months after surgery) correlated clinical symptoms. However, emphasize important points about this onfalopatia because the diagnosis and early treatment can contribute to improving the quality of life and survival of affected animals.(AU)

Assuntos