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Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is considered the main pest of the olive tree (Olea europaea L., Oleaceae) in Brazil and Uruguay. The aim of this work was to study the mating and oviposition behavior of P. forficifera in the field and laboratory. In the field, the sex emitting the mating pheromone was determined and in the laboratory, the rate of emergence of males and females; the age, time and duration of mating; number of copulations and oviposition time of P. forficifera were recorded. The field results showed that it was possible to capture up to five males per trap in just one night in traps with the presence of female P. forficifera. Copulation occurs between the seventh and twenty-third day of life and is most frequent during the third and sixth hours of scotophase. The average duration of the first copulation was 174 min, with 35% of couples recopulating, and there were cases of up to five copulations. Oviposition times were concentrated between 20:00 and 02:00. The results obtained provide insight into the reproductive behavior of P. forficifera and are useful for future studies aimed at identifying the sex pheromone to improve monitoring of the pest in olive orchards.

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The olive crop has expanded in the southeastern region of South America, particularly in Brazil. Thus, the objectives of this study were to identify the diversity of endophytic microorganisms associated with olive leaves with culture-dependent and culture-independent methods, to explore which factors influence the composition and abundance of this microbial community, to identify the trophic mode of these fungi by FunGuild and, to verify type associations between bacterial and fungal communities. Leaf samples were collected from 93 plants in nine locations in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. Leaves were first superficially disinfected before fungal isolation and next-generation metabarcoding sequencing was completed targeting the 16S rRNA regions for bacteria and ITS1 for fungi. In total, 800 isolates were obtained, which were grouped into 191 morphotypes and molecularly identified, resulting in 38 genera, 32 of which were recorded for the first time in cultivated olive trees in Brazil. For the isolated fungi, the most abundant trophic level was pathotrophic and for the culture-independent method was unidentified followed by symbiotrophic. The metabarcoding results revealed that factors such as plant age, altitudinal gradient, and geographic location can influence the microbial community of commercial olive plants, while the specific cultivar did not.

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Introduction: Phleum pratense (Phl p) and Olea europaea (Ole e) are common allergenic pollen. Objectives: To describe the sensitization patterns to Phl p and Ole e allergens in a subset of allergic rhinitis patients with positive skin prick tests (SPTs) to these pollens and compare the allergen immunotherapy (AIT) choice before and after determination of molecular components. Methods: Candidates to pollen immunotherapy with positive SPTs to both Phl p and Ole e were recruited. All of them underwent an SPT with a panel of aeroallergens and measurements of serum specific IgE (sIgE) to Phl p, Ole e, Phl p1, Phl p5, Phl p7, Phl p12, Ole e1, Ole e7, and Bet v2. Results: Forty adults were included. Of these, 83% and 65% were sIgE-positive to Phl p and Ole e, using the 0.35 kUA/L and 0.70 kUA/L cut-offs, respectively. Moreover, 42.5% of patients had positive sIgE to Phl p1 and/or Phl p5, 2.5% only to Ole e1, and 47.5% to both (0.35 kUA/L cutoff). By increasing the cut-off to 0.7 kUA/L, 55% of patients were sensitized to Phl p1 and/or Phl p5, and no patient was sensitized only to Ole e1. After component-resolved diagnosis, AIT choice was changed in 15 (37.5%) patients, with a decrease in the number of prescriptions of AIT with both grass and olive pollens and with olive alone, together with an increase in the prescriptions of AIT with grass pollen alone. Conclusion: Genuine sensitization to Olea europaea was reduced, and the sensitization patterns were heterogeneous. Knowledge of pattern of sensitization to molecular components changed immunotherapy prescription in more than one third of the patients.

Introdução: Os polens de Phleum pratense (Phl p) e de Olea europaea (Ole e) são fontes alergênicas comuns. Objetivos: Descrever os padrões de sensibilização aos alergênios destes dois polens num subconjunto de pacientes com rinite alérgica polínica e comparar a escolha de imunoterapia, antes e depois da determinação de alergênios moleculares para Phl p e Ole e. Métodos: Foram recrutados candidatos para imunoterapia com polens, com testes cutâneos positivos para Phl p e Ole e. Todos realizaram um painel de testes em picada a aeroalergênios e determinação de IgE séricas específicas para Phl p, Ole e, rPhl p1, rPhl p5, rPhl p7, rPhl p 12, rOle e 1, nOle e 7, rBet v2. Resultados: Foram incluídos 40 adultos. Em relação à sIgE para Phl p e Ole e, 83% e 65% dos pacientes apresentaram positividade para ambos, usando o cut-off de 0,35 kUA/L e 0,70 kUA/L, respectivamente. A positividade para Phl p1 e/ou Phl p 5 foi encontrada em 42,5%, para Ole e 1 apenas em 2,5%, enquanto 47,5% apresentaram sIgE positivo para ambos (cut-off corte de 0,35 kUA/L). Aumentando o cut-off para 0,7 kUA/L, 55% foram sensibilizados para Phl p1 e/ou Phl p5, nenhum paciente foi sensibilizado apenas para Ole e 1. Após a determinação dos alergênios para os componentes moleculares, a escolha de imunoterapia foi alterada em 15 (37,5%) pacientes, com uma diminuição no número de vacinas para Phleum + Olea e apenas para Olea e um aumento na prescrição de vacinas para Phleum. Conclusão: A sensibilização genuína do Olea europaea foi reduzida e os padrões de sensibilização foram heterogêneos. O conhecimento da sensibilização aos componentes moleculares dos alergênios mudou a prescrição de imunoterapia em mais de um terço dos pacientes.

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Medir la concentración del polen en la atmósfera se ha convertido en objeto de interés a nivel mundial debido al aumento de las enfermedades alérgicas, ya que en muchas personas es causa de polinosis. Objetivos: se centró en la elaboración de un calendario de polen del olivo, basado en medir su concentración en las ciudades de Tacna (desde 2015 al 2018) y Arica (periodo 2018), y determinar la prevalencia de resultados positivos para extracto alergénico de polen del olivo en pacientes con síntomas de rinitis y/o asma provenientes de las ciudades de Tacna y Arica (periodo 2015-2018). Métodos: Se midió la concentración de polen, mediante el método volumétrico tipo Hirst, según estándares establecidos por el comité de aerobiología de la Sociedad Española de Alergología e Inmunología Clínica (SEAIC). Se incluyó una muestra total de 350 sujetos con síntomas respiratorios (200 de Tacna y 150 de Arica). Resultados: En Tacna, en 2015, 2016, 2017 y 2018, la concentración máxima de polen de olivo fue de 246 granos/m3 ; 110 granos/m3 ; 78 granos/ m3 y 688 granos/m3 respectivamente. En Arica en 2018, la concentración máxima de polen del olivo fue de 318 granos/ m3 . Se encontró que un 34% (68/200) y un 28% (42/150) de sujetos con síntomas respiratorios estaban sensibilizados u obtuvieron pruebas positivas al extracto de polen del olivo en sujetos de las ciudades de Tacna y Arica respectivamente. Conclusión: En ambas ciudades las concentraciones máximas de polen del olivo se encontraron principalmente entre los meses de septiembre a noviembre, siendo octubre el mes de mayores conteos. Se identificó sujetos alérgicos por test cutáneo al polen del olivo en las ciudades de Tacna y Arica.

The measurement of the concentration of pollen in the atmosphere has become an object of interest worldwide for the increase of allergy diseases, since in many people it is the cause of pollinosis. Objectives: focused on the elaboration of a calendar of olive tree pollen based on the measurement of the pollen concentration in Tacna (since 2015 to 2018) and Arica (period 2018) cities, and to determine the prevalence of positive results for allergenic extract of olive pollen in patients with symptoms of rhinitis and / or asthma, who came from Tacna and Arica cities (period 2015 to 2018). Methods. The pollen concentration was measured using the volumetric method according to standards established by the Aerobiology Committee of the Spanish Society of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (SEAIC), we included 350 subjects (200 from Tacna and 150 from Arica). Results: In Tacna, in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, the maximum concentration of olive pollen was 246 grains/m3; 110 grains/m3; 78 grains/m3 and 688 grains/m3 respectively. In Arica in 2018, the maximum concentration of olive pollen was 318 grains/m3. We found 34% (68/200) and 28% (42/150) were sensitized or results positive test to the olive pollen extract in subjects with respiratory symptoms from Tacna and Arica cities respectively. Conclusion: The olive pollen in the atmosphere of Tacna and Arica is mainly concentrated in the months of September to November, being October the month with higher count. Allergic subjects were identified by skin test to olive pollen in Tacna and Arica cities.

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Olive trees exhibiting slow development, yellowing, and high intensity of shoot proliferation with small leaves were observed in commercial plantings, in the municipality of Extrema, Minas Gerais (MG) state in 2015. The incidence of symptomatic plants was about 70% and diseased trees presented yield reduction. Here we report the association of symptomatic olive trees with a phytoplasma and describe its molecular identification. Symptomatic plants (38 trees) were sampled in three growing areas located in the same municipality. The samples consisted of bunch of leaves and young shoots. The total DNA was extracted using DNeasy® Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Phytoplasma detection was conducted by nested PCR with primers P1/16S-SR (Lee et al. 2004) followed by R16F2n/R16R2 (Gundersen and Lee 1996). PCR assays generated amplicons (~1.2 kb) from 28 trees out of 38 symptomatic plants, confirming the association of phytoplasma with diseased plants. The disease was named olive witches' broom. The genomic fragments amplified by nested PCR were cloned into Escherichia coli DH5α and sequenced. The sequence representative of the olive phytoplasma was designated OWB-Br01 (Olive Wiches' Broom-Brazil 01) and deposited in GenBank under accession number MH141985. This sequence shared 99% sequence identity with phytoplasmas affiliated with 16SrVII group. According to the iPhyClassifier online tool (Zhao et al. 2009) the olive witches'-broom phytoplasma was classified as a variant of subgroup 16SrVII-B with a pattern similarity coefficient of 0.99. The phylogenetic tree showed that OWB-Br01 phytoplasma emerges from the same branch of the reference phytoplasma of the 16SrVII-B subgroup (Erigeron witchesá¾½-broom phytoplasma - GenBank AY034608), indicating that the olive tree phytoplasma is a member of the 16SrVII-B subgroup. The pathogenicity test was performed with 28 healthy plants (cultivar Arbequina) grown in pots, which were grafted by simple english forklift with scions obtained from olive plants (Arbequina) six years old, naturally infected by the phytoplasma. The initial symptoms were observed four months after grafting and at eight months 22 grafted plants exhibited slow growth, yellowing, and small leaves as those naturally observed in the fields. Molecular characterization allowed identify the phytoplasma as a member of the 16SrVII-B subgroup. In Brazil, representatives of the 16SrVII group were previously reported in association with diverse botanical species. Thus, a strain of 16SrVII-C subgroup was identified in sunn hemp (Flôres et al. 2013); the reference phytoplasma of 16SrVII-D subgroup was found in erigeron plants (Flôres et al. 2015); and the representative of 16SrVII-F was detected in the wild species Vernonia brasiliana. (Fugita et al. 2017). Specifically regarding subgroup 16SrVII-B, the reference phytoplasma of this subgroup was described from erigeron and periwinkle (Barros et al. 2002), while other members of this subgroup were reported in cauliflower (Pereira et al. 2016a) and ming aralia (Pereira et al. 2016b). The disease here studied is a threat since olive planting is in large expansion in Brazil. A potential control option could be use of propagative material from sources free of the pathogen. Based on our findings, olive tree represents a new host for subgroup 16SrVII-B phytoplasma, which is different from 16Sr groups previously reported as associated with olive witches' broom in other countries.

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The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus), is the most widespread locust species. Frequent applications of insecticides have inevitably resulted in environmental pollution and development of resistance in some natural populations of the locust. To find a new and safe alternative to conventional insecticides, experiments were conducted to assess the effect of olive leaf extracts on L. migratoria fifth instar larvae. The methanolic extracts were prepared from the leaves sampled during four phenological growth stages of olive tree which are as follows: Cluster formation (Cf), Swelling inflorescence buds (Sib), Full flowering (Ff), and Endocarp hardening (Eh). The most relevant result was noted with the extract prepared from the leaves collected at the Sib-stage. Results showed that treatment of newly emerged larvae resulted in a significant mortality with a dose-response relationship. The olive leaf extracts toxicity was also demonstrated by histopathological changes in the alimentary canal resulting in a considerable disorganization and serious damage of the midgut, ceca, and proventriculus structure. Epithelial cells alterations, less dense and degraded striated border, disintegrated regeneration crypts, vacuolarized cells, extrusion of cytoplasmic contents, and rupture of muscular layer were evident in the midgut and ceca of treated larvae. Data of biochemical analyzes showed that olive leaf extracts induced a significant decrease of the hemolymph metabolites (proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids). In a second series of experiments, we showed that the olive leaf extracts reduced the activity of acetylcholinesterase and induced the glutathione S-transferases with a dose-response relationship.

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ABSTRACT Thousands of years of tradition of olive cultivation in Montenegro is witnessed with the 'Old olive' estimated to be more than 2000 years old. 'Old olive' draws attention to its genetic potential and the relation to the closest grown olive cultivars. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to give the basic description of 'Old olive' (through 20 morphological and 37 chemical properties) as well as to determine its DNA profile and to examine the closeness with major olive cultivar grown, cv. 'Žutica'. The obtained data showed the differences between examined samples. 'Old olive' started flowering (27. May) more than 10 days later than cv. 'Žutica' (14. May), and began ripening 15 days later (20th October and 5th October, respectively). From 21 morphological parameters analysed all traits of fruit (weight 2.11g in 'Old olive' and 3.55g in cv. 'Žutica'), and inflorescence density (6.39 versus 5.55) showed very significant and significant differences, respectively. The chemical properties also showed very significant differences in olive oil content in the fresh (11.28 versus 19.68%) and dry matter (27.97 versus 47.78%), and significant differences in the content of linolenic acid (0.76 versus 0.54g/100 of FA and of campesterol (3.4 versus 3.1%). Three out of eleven SSR markers (DCA05, DCA09, DCA16) distinguished obtained DNA fragments, and showed as important tool in differentiation of two samples. Further study of the 'Old olive' as a living memory of olive cultivation in Montenegro, should be to examine its relation with other ancient olive trees and local varieties.

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The mite Oxycenus maxwelli (Keifer) (Eriophyidae) is reported for the first time in Brazil infesting olive trees, Olea europaea. Specimens were found on seedlings at Maria da Fé, state of Minas Gerais, in 2007. Although minor symptoms were not noticed, significant damage to plants were observed. There is no reliable evidence of when the mite could have been introduced. It is believed that the mite occurs since the first introductions of olive trees, around 1820, through vegetative propagating material, but the mite remained unnoticed due to the lack of studies with olive trees in Brazil.

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This work had as an objective, to analyze, both physically and chemically, five olive tree varieties  kept in the EPAMIG Germplasm Bank at the Experimental Farm, in the town of  Maria da Fé, MG. Physical characteristics of the fruits and seeds (weight, diameter and length) and some chemical characteritics of the oils extracted from five varieties (acidity, iodine, saponification, peroxide indices and the fatty acid profile) were evaluated. The Negroa variety presented an average percent of lipids (28.2%) significantly higher than the others (p 0.05). Out of the studied varieties,  both Negroa and JB1 showed the highest yield and acidity values and the saponification, iodine and peroxide indices were more consistent with the ANVISA norms (2005) and the Codex Alimentarius (2003). All the varieties grown at Maria da Fé presented oleic acid levels within those recommended by Codex alimentarius and significantly higher than the analyzed commercial extra virgin oleic acid level (p 0.05). The fatty acid profile found showed that all the varieties (JB1, Negroa, Ascolano 315, 0025 and 0004) have adequate values for the main groups of fatty acids, compared with the legislation. The results point out that the Negroa and JB1 varieties present better potential for use in olive oil production.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar, física e quimicamente, cinco variedades de oliveiras mantidas no banco de germoplasma pela EPAMIG, na Fazenda Experimental no município de Maria da Fé, MG. Foram avaliadas características físicas dos frutos e sementes (peso, diâmetro e comprimento) e algumas características químicas dos azeites extraídos de cinco variedades (índice de acidez, iodo, saponificação, peróxidos e perfil de ácidos graxos). A variedade Negroa apresentou percentual médio de lipideos (28,2%) significativamente maior que as demais (p 0,05). Dentre as variedades estudadas a Negroa e JB1 apresentaram maior produtividade e valores de acidez, índice de saponificação, iodo e peróxidos mais compatíveis com as normas da ANVISA (2005) e o Codex Alimentarius (2003). Todas as variedades cultivadas em Maria da Fé apresentaram conteúdos de ácido oléico dentro do recomendado pelo Codex alimentarius e significativamente maior que o teor de ácido oléico do azeite comercial extra virgem analisado (p 0,05). O perfil de ácidos graxos encontrado demonstrou que todas as variedades (JB1, Negroa, Ascolano 315, 0025 e 0004) estão com seus valores adequados para os principais grupos de ácidos graxos, quando comparados com a legislação. Os resultados indicam que das variedades analisadas a Negroa e JB1 apresentam melhor potencial para utilização na produção de azeite de oliva.

RESUMO

This work had as an objective, to analyze, both physically and chemically, five olive tree varieties  kept in the EPAMIG Germplasm Bank at the Experimental Farm, in the town of  Maria da Fé, MG. Physical characteristics of the fruits and seeds (weight, diameter and length) and some chemical characteritics of the oils extracted from five varieties (acidity, iodine, saponification, peroxide indices and the fatty acid profile) were evaluated. The Negroa variety presented an average percent of lipids (28.2%) significantly higher than the others (p 0.05). Out of the studied varieties,  both Negroa and JB1 showed the highest yield and acidity values and the saponification, iodine and peroxide indices were more consistent with the ANVISA norms (2005) and the Codex Alimentarius (2003). All the varieties grown at Maria da Fé presented oleic acid levels within those recommended by Codex alimentarius and significantly higher than the analyzed commercial extra virgin oleic acid level (p 0.05). The fatty acid profile found showed that all the varieties (JB1, Negroa, Ascolano 315, 0025 and 0004) have adequate values for the main groups of fatty acids, compared with the legislation. The results point out that the Negroa and JB1 varieties present better potential for use in olive oil production.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar, física e quimicamente, cinco variedades de oliveiras mantidas no banco de germoplasma pela EPAMIG, na Fazenda Experimental no município de Maria da Fé, MG. Foram avaliadas características físicas dos frutos e sementes (peso, diâmetro e comprimento) e algumas características químicas dos azeites extraídos de cinco variedades (índice de acidez, iodo, saponificação, peróxidos e perfil de ácidos graxos). A variedade Negroa apresentou percentual médio de lipideos (28,2%) significativamente maior que as demais (p 0,05). Dentre as variedades estudadas a Negroa e JB1 apresentaram maior produtividade e valores de acidez, índice de saponificação, iodo e peróxidos mais compatíveis com as normas da ANVISA (2005) e o Codex Alimentarius (2003). Todas as variedades cultivadas em Maria da Fé apresentaram conteúdos de ácido oléico dentro do recomendado pelo Codex alimentarius e significativamente maior que o teor de ácido oléico do azeite comercial extra virgem analisado (p 0,05). O perfil de ácidos graxos encontrado demonstrou que todas as variedades (JB1, Negroa, Ascolano 315, 0025 e 0004) estão com seus valores adequados para os principais grupos de ácidos graxos, quando comparados com a legislação. Os resultados indicam que das variedades analisadas a Negroa e JB1 apresentam melhor potencial para utilização na produção de azeite de oliva.

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