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Fermented soybean grain (FSBG) is considered improper to use as a protein source in animal nutrition, since it is assumed that defects cause changes on its chemical composition and favor mycotoxins production, but chemical composition data does not support this theory and in vivo studies are missing. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of FSBG in feedlot lamb diets. For that, two types of FSBG (partially fermented and completely fermented, PFSBG and CFSBG) and one standard soybean grain (SSBG) were obtained and evaluated alone or as a component of experimental diets by in vitro and in vivo studies, where FSBG totally replaced SSBG in feedlot lamb diets, which was included in the experimental diets in 17.4% on dry matter basis as protein source. Before the studies, both soybeans were sent to a specialized laboratory where no mycotoxins were detected. As a result, lower DM and carbohydrate contents but higher crude protein, fiber, and indigestible NDF contents were measured in CFSBG than in SSBG. Furthermore, both types of FSBG showed lower digestibility in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) than SSBG when evaluated separately; however, when evaluated in experimental diets, the substitution of SSBG for FSBG did not affect IVDMD. It was also observed that FSBG also had less rumen-degradable protein than SSBG (mean 47.9 vs 86.4%). In the in vivo study, FSBG did not affect nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, or animal performance (i.e., average daily gain and carcass gain). Thus, mycotoxins-free FSBG may be an alternative to totally replace SSBG in feedlot lamb diets.

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Seed storage compound deposition is influenced by both maternal and filial tissues. Within this framework, we analyzed strategies that operate during the development and filling of soybean embryos, using in vitro culture systems combined with metabolomics and proteomics approaches. The carbon:nitrogen ratio (C:N) of the maternal supply and the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) are specific and interacting signals inducing differential metabolic reprogrammings linked to changes in the accumulation of storage macromolecules like proteins or oils. Differences in the abundance of sugars, amino acids, enzymes, transporters, transcription factors, and proteins involved in signaling were detected. Embryos adapted to the nutritional status by enhancing the metabolism of both carbon and nitrogen under lower C:N ratio condition or only carbon under higher C:N ratio condition. ABA turned off multiple pathways especially in high availability of amino acids, prioritizing the storage compounds biosynthesis. Common responses induced by ABA involved increased sucrose uptake (to increase the sink force) and oleosin (oil body structural component) accumulation. In turn, ABA differentially promoted protein degradation under lower nitrogen supply in order to sustain the metabolic demands. Further, the operation of a citrate shuttle was suggested by transcript quantification and enzymatic activity measurements. The results obtained are useful to help define biotechnological tools and technological approaches to improve oil and protein yields, with direct impact on human and animal nutrition as well as in green chemistry.

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The objective of this study was to compare the effect of supplementing dairy cow diets with contrasting sources of omega-6 (soybean oil) and omega-3 (fish oil) PUFA on rumen microbiome. For 63 d, 15 mid-lactating cows were fed a control diet (n = 5 cows; no fat supplement) or control diet supplemented with 2.9% dry matter (DM) of either soybean oil (SO; n = 5 cows) or fish oil (FO; n = 5 cows). Ruminal contents were collected on days 0, 21, 42, and 63 for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Beta diversity and Shannon, Simpson and Chao1 diversity indices were not affected by dietary treatments. In terms of core microbiome, Succiniclasticum, Prevotella, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, and NK4A214_group were the most prevalent taxa regardless of treatments. Bifidobacterium was absent in SO diet, Acetitomaculum was absent in FO, and Sharpea was only detected in SO. Overall, results showed that at 2.9% DM supplementation of either SO or FO over 63 days in dairy cow diets does not cause major impact on bacterial community composition and thus is recommended as feeding practice.

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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an oilseed crop that present agronomic advantages and nutritional contributions in regions where water and soil fertility are limiting. In September 2020 and October 2022, anthracnose symptoms were observed on sesame fields in Mocorito (25°29'04"N;107°55'03"W) and Guasave (25°45'40"N;108°48'44"W), Sinaloa, Mexico. The disease incidence was estimated at up to 35 % (10 has) in five fields. Twenty samples were collected with symptoms on the leaves. On leaves, lesions were irregular and necrotic. Colletotrichum-like colonies were consistently isolated on PDA medium and five monoconidial isolates were obtained. One isolate was selected as a representative for morphological characterization, multilocus phylogenetic analysis, and pathogenicity tests. The isolate was deposited in the Culture Collection of Phytopathogenic Fungi of the Biotic Product Development Center at the National Polytechnic Institute under the accession number IPN 13.0101. On PDA, colonies were flat with an entire margin, initially white, then dark gray with black acervuli and setae. The growth rate was 9.3 mm/day. Conidia (n=100) on PDA were hyaloamerosporae, 17.5- 22.7 × 3.6-4.5 µm, smooth-walled, falcated and pointed at both ends, with granular content. Acervuli showed setae acicular (2-3 septate setae) tapered to the apex. The mycelial appressoria were brown, obclavate and irregular. Morphological features matched those of the Colletotrichum truncatum species complex (Damm et al. 2009). For molecular identification, total DNA was extracted, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (White et al. 1990), and partial sequences of actin (ACT), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) genes were amplified by PCR (Weir et al. 2012) and sequenced. The sequences were deposited in GenBank under accession nos. OQ214919 (ITS), OQ230773 (ACT), and OQ230774 (GAPDH). BLASTn searches in GenBank showed 100%, 100%, and 100% identity to MN842788 (ITS), MG198003 (ACT), and MF682518 (GAPDH) of C. truncatum, respectively. A phylogenetic tree based on the Maximum Likelihood method and Bayesian Inference including published ITS, ACT, and GAPDH sequence data for C. truncatum species complex was generated (Talhinhas and Baroncelli 2021). In the phylogenetic tree, the isolate IPN 13.0101 was placed in the same clade of C. truncatum. Pathogenicity of the isolate IPN 13.0101 was verified on 15 sesame seedlings leaves (Dormilon variety) (15-day-old) disinfected with sodium hypochlorite and sterile water. Each leave was inoculated with 200 µL of a conidial suspension (1 × 106 spores/mL). Five plants non inoculated served as controls. All plants were kept in a moist chamber for two days, and subsequently transferred to a shade house where the temperature ranged from 25 to 30°C. All inoculated leaves developed irregular and necrotic lesions ten days after inoculation, whereas no symptoms were observed on the control leaves. The fungus was consistently re-isolated from the diseased leaves, fulfilling Koch´s postulates. The experiment was conducted twice with similar results. Colletotrichum spp. has been previously reported (Farr and Rossman, 2023) to cause sesame anthracnose in Mexico (Alvarez, 1976), Thailand (Giatgong, 1980) and Cuba (Arnold, 1986), but this is the first report of C. truncatum causing sesame anthracnose in Mexico. This disease is a recurrent problem in sesame fields in Sinaloa, therefore further studies are required to understand its impact.

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Our hypothesis was that different whole oilseeds included in the diet for steers confined could alter the diversity of rumen bacteria compared to a diet without oilseeds or an exclusively forage diet. It was aimed to evaluate the effects of oilseeds inclusion in the diet on bacterial diversity in the solid fraction of the ruminal content of steers, by gene sequences of the conserved 16S rDNA region. Six crossbred steers castrated males, fitted with ruminal cannula were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design, using 21-day period. At the start of the experiment, the live weight of the animals averaged 416 ± 9.7 kg (mean ± SD). A total of 2,180,562 16S rDNA sequences were generated for the Bacteria domain by MiSeq sequencing. The bacterial diversity was composed of 24 bacterial phyla, with the most abundant being Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria. Other phyla with less diversity were also identified including Eurychaeota, Tenericutes, SR1 Absconditalbacteria, Synergistetes, Actinobacteria, Saccharibacteria, Elusimicrobia, Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Fusobacteria, Lentisphaerae. The similarity in the bacterial community averaged 50% for all the experimental diets. Steers-fed corn silage exhibited a great diversity of bacteria of the Firmicutes phylum. The steers-fed oilseeds in the diet had a great diversity of bacteria from the phylum Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. The inclusion of whole oilseeds in the steer diets can alter the rumen bacteria population by up to 50% of total diversity.

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This study evaluated the levels of heavy metals in the soil and castor bean plant after fertilization with sewage sludge (SS) subjected to different stabilization processes. The study was conducted in a Haplic Cambisol with the following treatments: control (CO), fertilization with solarized sewage sludge (SSS), composted sewage sludge (CSS), vermi composted sewage sludge (VSS), limed sewage sludge (LSS), and mineral fertilizer (MF). The experimental design included a subdivided plot scheme with fertilization being the primary factor and soil layers or leaf parts being the secondary factor. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance and the Scott-Knott test with 5% significance. Fertilization with SSS, CSS, and LSS led to the highest increase in Zn in the soil, mainly in the surface layer. In the leaf tissues, Zn and Cu levels were higher with the CO and SSS treatments, whereas the Ni level was higher with SSS, CSS, VSS, and MF treatments. In general, Zn and Cu levels were higher in the leaf limb than in the petiole, whereas Ni, Pb, and Cr levels were higher in the petiole than in the leaf limb. In any case, no symptoms of toxicity in the plants and no risk of soil contamination were observed with any of the fertilization treatments.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de metais pesados no solo e na planta de mamoneira em resposta à adubação com lodo de esgoto (LE) submetido a diferentes processos de estabilização. O experimento foi desenvolvido em Cambissolo Háplico com os tratamentos: testemunha, adubação com LE solarizado, LE compostado, LE vermicompostado, LE caleado e adubação mineral. O delineamento experimental foi em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo as adubações o fator primário e as camadas do solo ou as partes da folha o fator secundário. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. No solo, as adubações com LE solarizado, compostado e caleado promoveram os maiores incrementos dos teores de Zn, principalmente na camada superficial. No tecido foliar, os teores de Zn e Cu foram mais elevados na testemunha e no LE solarizado, enquanto o Ni foi mais elevado nos LE solarizado, compostado, vermicompostado e na adubação mineral. De modo geral, os maiores teores de Zn e Cu ocorreram no limbo foliar em comparação ao pecíolo, enquanto os teores de Ni, Pb e Cr foram mais elevados no pecíolo do que no limbo foliar. Contudo, não foram constatados sintomas de toxidez nas plantas e nenhum risco de contaminação do solo com os diferentes tipos de adubações realizadas.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate bacterial species and diversity of methanogenic Archaea in the solid fraction of the ruminal content, through the gene sequences of the conserved 16S rDNA region, in response to the following diets: canola, cottonseed, sunflower, soybean, corn silage, and control diet. Six rumen-fistulated crossbred steers, with body weight (BW) of 416.33 ± 93.30 kg, were distributed in a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Regardless of the diet provided, amylolytic, proteolytic, and lactic bacteria were identified in the rumen fluid. Cellulolytic bacteria were predominant for all diets, reaching 47.75% of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in animals fed with the cottonseed diet. Amylolytic bacteria reach 62.51% of OTU in animal fed sunflower diet, while proteolytic bacteria correspond to 65.96% of OTU in this same diet. Also, Megasphaera elsdenii bacterium was identified for all diets, with a greater percentage of OTU in steers fed the cottonseed diet. The diversity analysis of the species identified the methanogenic Archaea Methanobrevibacter ruminantium in all diets. We conclude that the control and corn silage diets have the most similar bacterial flora; diets with oilseeds had 47.5% similarity in rumen flora bacteria species. Animals fed with soybean showed a reduced number of methanogenic Archaea in the rumen content, which could be an alternative feed for cattle due to their low potential for energy losses with the production of methane.

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The Brazil nut (BN) is a promising food due to its numerous health benefits, but it is still necessary to systematically review the scientific evidence on these benefits. Thus, we examined the effects of regular BN consumption on health markers in humans according to the health state (with specific diseases or not) of the subjects. PubMed, Embase®, and Scielo databases were used to search for clinical trials. The PRISMA guideline was used to report the review, and the risk of bias for all studies was assessed. Twenty-four studies were included in the present review, of which fifteen were non-randomized. BNs were consumed in the context of a habitual free-living diet in all studies. Improvement in antioxidant status through increased levels of selenium and/or glutathione peroxidase activity in plasma, serum, whole blood, and/or erythrocytes was observed in all studies that evaluated antioxidant status, regardless of the health state of the sample. In addition, healthy subjects improved lipid markers and fasting glucose. Subjects with obesity had improvement in markers of lipid metabolism. Subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus or dyslipidemia improved oxidative stress or DNA damage. Subjects undergoing hemodialysis benefited greatly from BN consumption, as they improved lipid profile markers, oxidative stress, inflammation, and thyroid function. Older adults with mild cognitive impairment improved verbal fluency and constructional praxis, and controversial results regarding the change in a marker of lipid peroxidation were observed in subjects with coronary artery disease. In conclusion, the benefits of BN consumption were found in different pathways of action and study populations.

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Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.: Pedaliaceae) is the second most cultivated oilseed in Mexico with 80,000 ha per year. The seeds of this crop are used as a condiment, for the extraction of oil, and its medicinal properties. In October 2020, collar rot symptoms were observed in six sesame fields (SOPC-9539 TD variety) located in the Carrizo Valley (26°15'33.1"N; 109°01'37.9"W), El Fuerte, Sinaloa, México. Initially, small brown spots in the basal stem of the infected plants were observed. At advanced stages of the disease, the circumference of stem was necrotic with the presence of white mycelium that extends to the roots. Infected plants were showing symptoms of yellowing, wilting, and finally death. Disease incidence was estimated at 15%, counting the total of diseased plants in five counts done in arbitrary quadrants within the sesame fields. For fungal isolation, stem sections from the symptomatic basal stem were surface disinfected with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, then triple rinsed with sterile distilled water. The tissue sections were dried on sterile blotting paper and plated in Petri dishes with potato dextrose agar (PDA) culture medium. The plates were incubated at 28ºC in darkness for 48 h. Sclerotinia-like colonies were consistently isolated and four isolates from different locations were purified by the hyphal-tip method. Fungal colonies were formed of compact white mycelium, with the formation of sclerotia on the margin of the plate 6 days after inoculating PDA cultures. Sclerotia averaged 3.1 mm in diameter and 0.024 g. One isolate was deposited in the Culture Collection of Phytopathogenic Fungi of the Faculty of Agriculture of Fuerte Valley at the Sinaloa Autonomous University under Accession no. FAVF654. To confirm identification, genomic DNA was extracted from one isolate, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by PCR and sequenced directly using the primer pair ITS5/ITS4 (White et al. 1990). The resulting consensus sequence was deposited in GenBank under accession no. ON401416. BLASTn alignments in GenBank showed 100% identity of our sequence with the sequence of the type strain of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ATCC 46762 (accession no. JX648201). Pathogenicity of the fungus was demonstrated by inoculating healthy sesame plants (Dormilón and SOPC-9539 TD ies), germinated in plastic pots with sterile substrate. Plants were inoculated with the FAVF654 isolate by applying 3 sclerotia at the base of each of the 12 plants. Twelve plants were left uninoculated, which served as controls. All the inoculated plants, of both varieties, developed the characteristic symptoms of the disease 7 days after inoculation, while the control plants remained symptomless. The pathogenicity test was performed twice with the same result. The fungus was reisolated from all the inoculated plants, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has been reported on sesame plants in Bulgaria and Korea (Farr and Rossman, 2022). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing collar rot in sesame plants in Mexico and the Americas. This disease considerably reduces the yield of sesame; therefore it is necessary to develop effective disease-management strategies.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and meat quality of lambs fed sugarcane silage containing increasing levels of detoxified castor bean meal (DCBM). Twenty-four Santa Inês male sheep were used, with initial body weight of 25.34 ± 2.57 kg, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 70, 140, and 210 g/kg of DCBM in the sugarcane silage). Intake and digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were positively influenced (P < 0.05) by the levels of DCBM. There was a linear increase (P < 0.05) on the intake and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber with the inclusion of DCBM. The daily and total gains showed a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of DCBM, with a maximum point of 241.64 g/d and 18.12 kg at the level of 161.9 g/kg of DCBM. There was a linear increase (P < 0.01) on the hot carcass with the inclusion of DCBM. The inclusion of DCBM did not influence (P > 0.05) the levels of total lipids (2.1%) in lamb meat, but the levels of oleic acid (C18:1 n-6c) and total monounsaturated fatty acids presented a quadratic effect (P < 0.05). It is recommended to include 160 g/kg of detoxified castor bean meal in sugarcane silage.

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Pachyrhizus erosus, commonly named jicama, is native to Mexico and is cultivated for its tuberous roots which are edible. In November 2021, field sampling was carried out in municipality of Huaquechula (18.748640N, 98.550817W, 1,580 m above sea level), state of Puebla, México. The disease had an incidence between 20 and 30% in approximately 10 ha. Infected plants showed wilting, yellowing foliage, rotting with white mycelium, abundant sclerotia were observed in the roots and tuber. Tuber splits transversely over time. Twenty plants with symptoms of disease were carried out to isolate the fungus. The sclerotia found in the tubers were disinfected with 3% NaOCl, rinsed twice with sterile distilled water, and excess moisture was removed and, transferred on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) culture medium and incubated at 28°C. Mycelial fragments from symptomatic tubers, were plated directly to PDA. Twenty representative isolates were obtained by hyphal-tip method, one for each diseased plant sampled (10 isolates from sclerotia and the other 10 from fragments of mycelium). After 10 days, colonies showed fast-growing, dense, cottony-white aerial mycelium, forming globoid to irregular sclerotia, measuring 1.0-1.7 mm in diameter (mean = 1.42 mm; n=100). The number of sclerotia produced per Petri dish ranged from 54 to 542 (mean = 274, n = 50). These sclerotia were initially white and gradually turned brown. Microscopic examination showed septate hyphae with some cells having clamp connections. Based on morphological characteristics, the fungal isolates were identified as Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) CC Tu & Kimbr (Syn: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc) (Mordue 1974). For molecular identification, a representative isolate (Sr.1), the ITS region was amplified (650 bp) using primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990). The obtained sequence (GenBank: ON206899) was subjected to BLAST analysis, where it had 100% identity with A. rolfsii isolates (GenBank: MG836252 and MH517363). Phylogenetic analysis with the neighbor-joining method in MEGAX, grouped the Sr.1 isolate into a common clade with different A. rolfsii isolates. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating 20 tubers detached from healthy P. erosus variety "Criolla de Morelos", into which a portion of mycelium from the Sr.1 isolate was inserted with a sterile wooden stick at one point per tuber. In five tubers, only a sterile wooden stick was inserted as negative controls. The tubers were placed under laboratory conditions with relative humidity close to 100% and a temperature of 28°C. Symptoms like those observed in the field were observed after five days. Control tubers showed no symptoms. Additional pathogenicity tests were performed on 50 plants of 100-day-old P. erosus of the variety "Criolla de Morelos", grown in pots with sterile soil. Ten sclerotia of 10 days old were deposited at the base of the stem, 10 mm below the soil surface; as control treatment only, sterile distilled water was deposited on 20 plants. The plants were placed in a greenhouse (Center for Technological Innovation in Protected Agriculture of the Popular Autonomous University of the State of Puebla), at 28 ± 1°C and 90% of temperature and relative humidity, respectively. After 15 days, all inoculated plants showed symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Control plants showed no symptoms. A. rolfsii was re-isolated from inoculated tubers and stem, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Previously, A. rolfsii was reported in Mexico, causing southern blight on sesame (Hernández-Morales et al. 2018). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Athelia rolfsii causing southern blight on P. erosus in Mexico (Farr and Rossman 2022). This research is important to design management strategies and prevent its spread to other P. erosus-producing areas.

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Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is among the main oleaginous crops used in Brazil. During January, 2017, at CCA/UFPB laboratory and greenhouses (Areia/Brazil, 6°58'12″ S; 35°42'15″ W), we observed various sunflower seeds (cultivar Olisun 3, 2017-2018 crop) highly infested with Fusarium. Those seeds were from crops in the municipality of Alagoinha -PB/Brazil (06º57'00'' S; 35º32'42'' W), supplied by Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária/EMBRAPA. The emerged seedlings from these seeds were also contaminated, with 5% to 26% of them exhibiting stunting and malformation. Fusarium strains were isolated from symptomatic plants, and a single spore was used to grow pure colonies on potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) and synthetic-nutrient-poor-agar (SNA) media. Mycelia of PDA colonies were floccous and dense varying from yellow to orange. Fungal colonies developed aerial mycelium, producing orange pigments. On SNA, hyaline macroconidia, measuring 2.9-4.1 x 32.4-65.0 µm, slightly falcate with three to six septa. Oval microconidia, measuring 2.4-3.6 x 5.1-9.0 µm, were abundant in false heads forming on monophyalides. Chlamydospores were absent. Sterile hyphae were rarely formed. Colectively, the morphological features corresponded to species that belong to the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (Leslie & Summerell, 2006). To assure the species identity, we sequenced the elongation factor 1α region of two representative isolates (i.e., F2 and F3, GenBank access numbers: MZ666934 and MZ666935, respectively) and compared them to the other Fusarium species found at Fusarium-ID and GenBank databases. Subsequently, we performed a maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis including previously published sequences (Nicolli et al., 2020). Both isolates exhibited 100% similarity with Fusarium pseudocircinatum (MN386745), and clustered with its ex-type at 100% bootstrap values. The isolates were then grown on PDA amended with manitol to adjust the osmotic pressure to -1.0 Mpa, at 25 ± 2 ° C, for seven days (Sousa et al., 2008). A total of 100 disinfested sunflower seeds (cultivar Olisun 3, 2018-2019 crop) were distributed over the colonies and 48h later they were sown on sterile substrate maintained inside a greenhouse. About 30 days after inoculation, the emerged plants exhibited symptoms of stunting and malformation (60%) compared to controls, which were healthy. F. pseudocircinatum was reisolated from the symptomatic plants, completing Koch's postulates and identified based on above morphological and molecular biological methods. This test was performed twice. Fusarium pseudocircinatum is a broadly distributed and ecologicaly diverse species that infects several wild and cultivated plants. For instance, it was reported on seeds of the wild 'Peroba Rosa' (Aspidosperma polyneuron Muell. Arg.) in Brazil (Mazarotto et al. 2020). Infection of sunflowers may cause plant stand failures, thus resulting in yield and economic losses for Brazilian growers. The correct identification of any pathogen, especialy a generalist one such as F. pseudocircinatum, is crucial to develop eficient management strategies. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of F. pseudocircinatum causing stunting and malformation of sunflower plants in Brazil.

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The Amazon biome is rich in oilseed plant species, which have essential physical-chemical, nutritional and pharmacological properties, in addition to potential economic value for different biotechnological and industrial applications. In the extraction of fixed oils, some Amazon fruit that are oleaginous matrices are acquiring more prominence, such as tucumã (Astrocaryum vulgare), pupunha (Bactris gasipaes), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), pracaxi (Pentaclethra macroloba), patawa (Oenocarpus bataua), among others. These oilseed fruits have natural antioxidants, essential fatty acids, and good oxidative stability. The essential oils from these oilseed species have antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties, in addition to the presence of natural antioxidants, such as carotenoids and tocopherols. Thus, Amazonian oilseed species are valuable resources. For these properties to be preserved during fruit processing, the process of extracting the oil is critical. More studies are needed on their properties and applications, seeking to add commercial value, and the optimization of oils and fats processing to obtain quality products. Therefore, this article aims to present Amazonian fruits' potential to obtain fixed and essential oils and possible application in the food industry.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate performance, gastrointestinal morphometry, carcass, and non-carcass traits in lambs finished on different levels of canola grain in the diet. Twenty-seven Santa Ines lambs with an average initial weight of 19.33 ± 1.39 kg were given different levels of canola grain in the diet: 0, 8, and 16%. Weights and body condition scores were determined at the beginning, every 14 days and at the end of the experimental period. Animals were slaughtered to assess gastrointestinal morphometry, carcass and non-carcass traits. The statistical design used was completely randomized. The inclusion of canola grain showed a linear effect (0.723) for the width and height of ruminal papillae in the ventral region of the rumen. Intestinal villi and crypts showed a quadratic effect, with peaks of 0.62 µm and 0.43 µm, with the inclusion of 8 and 16%, respectively. When evaluating carcass traits, a decreasing linear effect was found for hot and cold carcass yield with 16% inclusion of canola. Canola grain can be used as an alternative in diets for finishing sheep up to 8% inclusion in the diet without affecting performance, ruminal and intestinal histometry, carcass, and non-carcass traits.

The objective of this study was to evaluate performance, gastrointestinal morphometry, carcass, and non-carcass traits in lambs finished on different levels of canola grain in the diet. Twenty-seven Santa Ines lambs with an average initial weight of 19.33 ± 1.39 kg were given different levels of canola grain in the diet: 0, 8, and 16%. Weights and body condition scores were determined at the beginning, every 14 days and at the end of the experimental period. Animals were slaughtered to assess gastrointestinal morphometry, carcass and non-carcass traits. The statistical design used was completely randomized. The inclusion of canola grain showed a linear effect (0.723) for the width and height of ruminal papillae in the ventral region of the rumen. Intestinal villi and crypts showed a quadratic effect, with peaks of 0.62 µm and 0.43 µm, with the inclusion of 8 and 16%, respectively. When evaluating carcass traits, a decreasing linear effect was found for hot and cold carcass yield with 16% inclusion of canola. Canola grain can be used as an alternative in diets for finishing sheep up to 8% inclusion in the diet without affecting performance, ruminal and intestinal histometry, carcass, and non-carcass traits.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate performance, gastrointestinal morphometry, carcass,and non-carcass traits in lambs finished on different levels of canola grain in thediet. Twenty-seven Santa Ines lambs with an average initial weight of 19.33 ± 1.39 kg were given different levels of canola grain in the diet: 0, 8,and 16%. Weights and body condition scores were determined at the beginning, every 14 days and at the end of the experimental period. Animals were slaughtered to assess gastrointestinal morphometry, carcass and non-carcass traits. The statistical design used was completely randomized. The inclusion of canola grain showed a linear effect (0.723) for the width and height of ruminal papillae in the ventral region of the rumen. Intestinal villi and crypts showed a quadratic effect, with peaks of 0.62&956;m and 0.43&956;m, with the inclusion of 8 and 16%, respectively. When evaluating carcass traits, a decreasing linear effect was found for hot and cold carcass yield with 16% inclusion of canola. Canola grain can be used as an alternative in diets for finishing sheep up to 8% inclusion in the diet without affecting performance, ruminal and intestinal histometry, carcass,and non-carcass traits.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate performance, gastrointestinal morphometry, carcass, and non-carcass traits in lambs finished on different levels of canola grain in the diet. Twenty-seven Santa Ines lambs with an average initial weight of 19.33 ± 1.39 kg were given different levels of canola grain in the diet: 0, 8, and 16%. Weights and body condition scores were determined at the beginning, every 14 days and at the end of the experimental period. Animals were slaughtered to assess gastrointestinal morphometry, carcass and non-carcass traits. The statistical design used was completely randomized. The inclusion of canola grain showed a linear effect (0.723) for the width and height of ruminal papillae in the ventral region of the rumen. Intestinal villi and crypts showed a quadratic effect, with peaks of 0.62 µm and 0.43 µm, with the inclusion of 8 and 16%, respectively. When evaluating carcass traits, a decreasing linear effect was found for hot and cold carcass yield with 16% inclusion of canola. Canola grain can be used as an alternative in diets for finishing sheep up to 8% inclusion in the diet without affecting performance, ruminal and intestinal histometry, carcass, and non-carcass traits.

The objective of this study was to evaluate performance, gastrointestinal morphometry, carcass, and non-carcass traits in lambs finished on different levels of canola grain in the diet. Twenty-seven Santa Ines lambs with an average initial weight of 19.33 ± 1.39 kg were given different levels of canola grain in the diet: 0, 8, and 16%. Weights and body condition scores were determined at the beginning, every 14 days and at the end of the experimental period. Animals were slaughtered to assess gastrointestinal morphometry, carcass and non-carcass traits. The statistical design used was completely randomized. The inclusion of canola grain showed a linear effect (0.723) for the width and height of ruminal papillae in the ventral region of the rumen. Intestinal villi and crypts showed a quadratic effect, with peaks of 0.62 µm and 0.43 µm, with the inclusion of 8 and 16%, respectively. When evaluating carcass traits, a decreasing linear effect was found for hot and cold carcass yield with 16% inclusion of canola. Canola grain can be used as an alternative in diets for finishing sheep up to 8% inclusion in the diet without affecting performance, ruminal and intestinal histometry, carcass, and non-carcass traits.

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate performance, gastrointestinal morphometry, carcass, and non-carcass traits in lambs finished on different levels of canola grain in the diet. Twenty-seven Santa Ines lambs with an average initial weight of 19.33 ± 1.39 kg were given different levels of canola grain in the diet: 0, 8, and 16%. Weights and body condition scores were determined at the beginning, every 14 days and at the end of the experimental period. Animals were slaughtered to assess gastrointestinal morphometry, carcass and non-carcass traits. The statistical design used was completely randomized. The inclusion of canola grain showed a linear effect (0.723) for the width and height of ruminal papillae in the ventral region of the rumen. Intestinal villi and crypts showed a quadratic effect, with peaks of 0.62 µm and 0.43 µm, with the inclusion of 8 and 16%, respectively. When evaluating carcass traits, a decreasing linear effect was found for hot and cold carcass yield with 16% inclusion of canola. Canola grain can be used as an alternative in diets for finishing sheep up to 8% inclusion in the diet without affecting performance, ruminal and intestinal histometry, carcass, and non-carcass traits.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The hypothesized that the dietary inclusion of different lipid sources does not alter diet quality, feed intake, and, consequently, milk yield of cows. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplemental lipid sources for early lactation crossbred cows on milk yield, intake, and diet quality through in vitro digestibility and fermentation kinetics, and to demonstrate which variables have the most impact on each diet using principal component analysis (PCA). Five early lactating crossbred ¾ Holstein × » Gir cows (35 ± 8 days in milk), with a mean body weight of 410 ± 7.15 kg of body weight, were randomly allotted to a 5 × 5 Latin square. The treatments consisted of five experimental diets: a control diet with no additional lipid source and four diets with different lipid sources: cottonseed (242.6 g/kg of dry matter (DM)), sunflower seed (243.0 g/kg of DM), whole soybeans (234.0 g/kg of DM), and soybean oil (42.0 g/kg of DM), which were included at a rate to provide 70 g/kg of lipid. Diets with no additional lipid source and containing whole soybeans had higher DM, OM, and CP digestibility than other treatments. The diet containing soybean oil had the highest EE digestibility. Gas production was highest in the diet containing soybean oil. The dietary treatments did not affect DM intake. Milk yield was lower in cows receiving diets containing cottonseed. Whole soybeans can be included in diets for lactating cows to increase the energy intake without impairing the feed intake and milk yield.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In October 2018, soybean plants displaying elongated black to reddish-brown lesions on stems were observed in a field planted to the cv. BRS Serena in the locality of Puerto López (Meta, Colombia), with 20% incidence of diseased plants. Symptomatic stems were collected from five plants, and small pieces (∼5 mm2) were surface sterilized, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated for 2 weeks at 25°C in darkness. Three fungal isolates with similar morphology were obtained, i.e., by subculturing single hyphal tips, and their colonies on PDA were grayish-white, fluffy, with aerial mycelium, dark colored substrate mycelium, and produced circular black stroma. Pycnidia were globose, black, occurred as clusters, embedded in tissue, erumpent at maturity, with an elongated neck, and often had yellowish conidial cirrus extruding from the ostiole. Alpha conidia were observed for all isolates after 30 days growth on sterile soybean stem pieces (5 cm) on water agar, under 25ºC and 12 h light/12h darkness photoperiod. Alpha conidia (n = 50) measured 6.0 - 7.0 µm (6.4 ± 0.4 µm) × 2.0 - 3.0 µm (2.5± 0.4 µm), were aseptate, hyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal, often biguttulate, with subtruncate base. Beta conidia were not observed. Observed morphological characteristics of these isolates were similar to those reported in Diaporthe spp. by Udayanga et al. (2015). DNA from each fungal isolate was used to sequence the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), and the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) gene, using the primer pairs ITS5/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and EF1-728F/EF1- 986R (Carbone & Kohn, 1999), respectively. Results from an NCBI-BLASTn, revealed that the ITS sequences of the three isolates (GenBank accessions MW566593 to MW566595) had 98% (581/584 bp) identity with D. miriciae strain BRIP 54736j (NR_147535.1), whereas the TEF1 sequences (GenBank accessions MW597410 to MW597412) had 97 to 100% (330-339/339 bp) identity with D. ueckerae strain FAU656 (KJ590747). The species Diaporthe miriciae R.G. Shivas, S.M. Thomps. & Y.P. Tan, and Diaporthe ueckerae Udayanga & Castl. are synonymous, with the latter taking the nomenclature priority (Gao et al. 2016). According to a multilocus phylogenetic analysis, by maximum likelihood, the three isolates clustered together in a clade with reference type strains of D. ueckerae (Udayanga et al. 2015). Soybean plants cv. BRS Serena (growth stages V3 to V4) were used to verify the pathogenicity of each isolate using a toothpick inoculation method (Mena et al. 2020). A single toothpick colonized by D. ueckerae was inserted directly into the stem of each plant (10 plants per isolate) approximately 1 cm below the first trifoliate node. Noncolonized sterile toothpicks, inserted in 10 soybean plants served as the non-inoculated control. Plants were arbitrarily distributed inside a glasshouse, and incubated at high relative humidity (>90% HR). After 15 days, inoculated plants showed elongated reddish-brown necrosis at the inoculated sites, that were similar to symptoms observed in the field. Non-inoculated control plants were asymptomatic. Fungal cultures recovered from symptomatic stems were morphologically identical to the original isolates. This is the first report of soybean stem canker caused by D. ueckerae in Colombia. Due to the economic importance of this disease elsewhere (Backman et al. 1985; Mena et al. 2020), further research on disease management strategies to mitigate potential crop losses is warranted.