RESUMO
The importance of fluoride (F) for oral health is well established in the literature. However, evidence suggests that excessive exposure to this mineral is associated with adverse effects at different life stages and may affect many biological systems, especially mineralized tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of F exposure during pregnancy and breastfeeding on the alveolar bone of the offspring since the alveolar bone is one of the supporting components of the dental elements. For this, the progeny rats were divided into three groups: control, 10 mg F/L, and 50 mg F/L for 42 (gestational and lactation periods). Analysis of the quantification of F levels in the alveolar bone by particle-induced gamma emission; Raman spectroscopy to investigate the physicochemical aspects and mineral components; computed microtomography to evaluate the alveolar bone microstructure and analyses were performed to evaluate osteocyte density and collagen quantification using polarized light microscopy. The results showed an increase in F levels in the alveolar bone, promoted changes in the chemical components in the bone of the 50 mg F/L animals (p < 0.001), and had repercussions on the microstructure of the alveolar bone, evidenced in the 10 mg F/L and 50 mg F/L groups (p < 0.001). Furthermore, F was able to modulate the content of organic bone matrix, mainly collagen; thus, this damage possibly reduced the amount of bone tissue and consequently increased the root exposure area of the exposed groups in comparison to a control group (p < 0.001). Our findings reveal that Fcan modulate the physicochemical and microstructural dimensions and reduction of alveolar bone height, increasing the exposed root region of the offspring during the prenatal and postnatal period. These findings suggest that F can modulate alveolar bone mechanical strength and force dissipation functionality.
Assuntos
Fluoretos , Lactação , Animais , Densidade Óssea , Osso e Ossos , Colágeno , Feminino , Fluoretos/toxicidade , Minerais , Gravidez , RatosRESUMO
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) might regulate the lipid depots in liver and adipose tissue. As there is an association between maternal nutrition, fat depots and risk of offspring chronic disease, the aim was to investigate the effect of maternal CLA consumption on TAG regulation and some inflammatory parameters in adult male rat offspring receiving or not receiving CLA. Female Wistar rats were fed control (C) or CLA-supplemented (1 %, w/w) diets during 4 weeks before and throughout pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, male offspring of CLA rats were fed C or CLA diets (CLA/C and CLA/CLA groups, respectively), whereas C male rat offspring were fed a C diet (C/C group) for 9 weeks. Serum TAG levels were increased in the CLA/CLA and CLA/C groups, associated with a reduction of lipoprotein lipase activity and weights of adipose tissue. The liver TAG levels were decreased in the CLA/CLA group, related to a significant reduction of fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme activities, as well as to the mRNA levels of FAS, ACC, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c. Even though normal TAG levels were found in the liver of CLA/C rats, a reduction of lipogenesis was also observed. Thus, these results demonstrated a programming effect of CLA on the lipid metabolic pathways leading to a preventive effect on the TAG accretion in adipose tissue and the liver of male rat offspring. This knowledge could be important to develop some dietary strategies leading to a reduced incidence of obesity and fatty acid liver disease in humans.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Ácidos Linoleicos Conjugados/farmacologia , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Triglicerídeos/metabolismo , Acetil-CoA Carboxilase/genética , Acetil-CoA Carboxilase/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo Branco/efeitos dos fármacos , Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Animais , Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Gorduras na Dieta/sangue , Ácido Graxo Sintases/genética , Ácido Graxo Sintases/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Feminino , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/genética , Glucosefosfato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Lipogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Gravidez , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Estearoil-CoA Dessaturase/genética , Estearoil-CoA Dessaturase/metabolismo , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1/genética , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1/metabolismoRESUMO
The presence of a psychiatric disorder in parents is associated with increased frequency of psychopathology in their offsprings. Children of parents diagnosed with bipolar disorder (BD) are at greater risk and lower function. However, it has not yet been determined precisely which clinical and sociodemographic factors are associated with the presentation of psychiatric disorders in this group of children and adolescents at risk. Under this framework, the aim of this study was to determine the clinical and sociodemographic variables associated with a lower function. We recruited 61 children and adolescents with ages ranging from six to 17. All of them were the children of parents with BD who were patients attended at the National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz. Clinical evaluation was developed by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), and Children's Global Assesment Scale (C-GAS) scale was used to established the overall functioning. Of the 61 evaluated 62.3% were women, the lowest function (defined by <81 points C-GAS) was found in 44.3% of women vs. 18% men (x²=3.29, p<0.043). Comorbidity with major depressive disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or op-positional defiant disorder conferred ten times greater risk of lower global function. Being a woman gives three times higher risk for a lower global function. Conclusion We found that the comorbid externalizing disorders and depression, as well as the female gender characteristics are linked to lower function in children and adolescents of parents with BD.
La presencia de un trastorno psiquiátrico en los padres se asocia con una mayor frecuencia de psicopatología en sus hijos. Así, los hijos de padres con diagnóstico de Trastorno Bipolar (TB) comparados con aquellos hijos de padres sin psicopatología tienen mayor riesgo de presentar distintos trastornos psiquiátricos, a edades más tempranas, así como disminución en su funcionamiento global, sin embargo aún no se han determinado con precisión cuáles son los factores clínicos y socio demográficos asociados a la presentación de trastornos psiquiátricos en este grupo de niños y adolescentes en riesgo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar y comparar las variables clínicas y socio demográficas asociadas a un menor funcionamiento global en una muestra de niños y adolescentes hijos de padres con TB. Previo asentimiento y consentimiento informado se reclutaron 61 menores de entre seis y 17 años de edad, hijos de padres con TB que fueran pacientes de la Clínica de Trastornos Afectivos del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz. El diagnóstico de los menores se estableció mediante entrevista clínica utilizando el K-SADS-PL, y con la escala C-GAS se determinó el funcionamiento global. De los 61 evaluados, 62.3% fueron mujeres, el menor funcionamiento (definido por una puntuación <81) se encontró en el 44.3% de las mujeres vs. el 18% de los hombres (x²=3.29, p<0.043). Al evaluar la comorbilidad se encontró que los sujetos con trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM), trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) y trastorno negativista desafiante (TND) presentaron 10 veces mayor riesgo de cursar con menor funcionamiento global. Ser mujer confiere tres veces mayor riesgo para un menor funcionamiento. Conclusión Se encontró que la comorbilidad con trastornos externalizados y depresión, así como el género femenino, son las características vinculadas al menor funcionamiento global en hijos de padres con TB.