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PURPOSE: Diarrheal disorders particularly cholera cause a significant threat resulting in high morbidity and mortality in the coastal and tribal areas of Odisha. Two sequential diarrheal outbreaks reported in 2016 from Balasore and Rayagada districts of Odisha were investigated to find out the causative organisms, antibiogram profile and molecular analysis of the isolated pathogens. METHOD: Bacteriological analysis and antibiogram profiles of the pathogens were carried out as per the standard procedure followed. The double mismatch amplification mutation (DMAMA) PCR for ctxB gene, sequencing and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were carried out on Vibrio cholerae O1 strains. RESULTS: The rectal swabs and water samples from these districts were positive for V. cholerae O1 Ogawa biotype El Tor. The V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from Balasore district were multidrug resistant to many antibiotics which differed from the isolates of Rayagada district. The DMAMA PCR assay on all clinical and water isolates from these areas and some strains from other districts exhibited ctxB7 allele of V. cholerae O1 which correlates with the sequencing results having different pulsotypes. The Haitian variant of V. cholerae O1 strains which were compared with the V. cholerae O1 strains of 1999 and 2000 exhibited different pulsotypes. CONCLUSION: The present study reports cholera outbreaks due to multidrug resistant ctxB7 allele of V. cholerae O1 from both coastal (Balasore) and tribal (Rayagada) areas of Odisha.
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Cólera , Surtos de Doenças , Vibrio cholerae O1 , Cólera/epidemiologia , Toxina da Cólera/genética , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Genótipo , Haiti , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Vibrio cholerae O1/genética , ÁguaRESUMO
This study reports variants of the ctxB allele of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolated between 1995 and 2019 in Odisha, India. ctxB1 genotypes dominated from 1995 to 2016. The Haitian variant and El Tor ctxB3 genotypes of V. cholerae O1 emerged in 1999, and were most common in 2018-2019 and 2005-2011, respectively. The ctxB7 genotype of the Haitian variant of V. cholerae O1 was quiescent from 2000 to 2006, but further spread was noted from 2007 to 2019.
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Alelos , Cólera/microbiologia , Vibrio cholerae O1/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Cólera/epidemiologia , Cólera/genética , Toxina da Cólera/genética , Genes Bacterianos , Genótipo , Haiti , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , PrevalênciaRESUMO
Cholera posed a significant threat causing outbreaks/epidemics with high morbidity and mortality in Odisha. This study envisages the characterisation of isolated pathogen from two cholera outbreaks reported in 2018 and 2019 from Bargarh and Rayagada districts of Odisha respectively. Vibrio cholerae O1 were isolated following standard techniques. The different virulent and drug resistant genes were detected by multiplex PCR assays; whereas the ctxB genotypes were characterised through double mismatch amplification mutation (DMAMA) PCR assay. The ctxB genes were further sequenced and pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was done on some selected strains. The clinical and water isolates of Haitian variant (HCT) V. cholerae O1 Ogawa biotype El Tor with multi drug resistant strains were isolated from both the places. All the V. cholerae O1 strains were positive for virulence genes. The antibiotic resistant genes like dfrA1 (100%), strB (76.9%), intSXT (61.5%) were detected. The PFGE results on V. cholerae O1 strains exhibited two different pulsotypes. These cholera outbreaks were due to multidrug resistant HCT variant V. cholerae O1 strains which were circulating and caused the cholera outbreaks in Odisha. So continuous surveillance on diarrheal disorders is highly essential to prevent the future diarrheal outbreaks in this region.
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Cólera/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Vibrio cholerae O1/genética , Vibrio cholerae O1/isolamento & purificação , Adolescente , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Cólera/tratamento farmacológico , Toxina da Cólera/genética , Diarreia/epidemiologia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Feminino , Genótipo , Haiti , Humanos , Índia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex/métodos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Virulência/genética , Microbiologia da Água , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The six-eyed spider family Segestriidae is poorly documented from India, with only five species belonging to two genera. Here we describe a new genus, Indoseges gen. nov. with five new spp. viz. I. malkhangiri sp. nov., I. sushildutta sp. nov., I. chilika sp. nov., I. narayani sp. nov. and I. satkosia sp. nov. from Odisha. The first two spp. are described based on both male and female specimens and the rest on females only. The new genus resembles the genus Ariadna Audouin, 1826; still, males differ with respect to first leg spines, shape and position of apophysis and in the palp structure, and females having distinct spination in palp tarsi and femur of first two legs, and in the genitalia structure. Along with a distribution map of the Segestriids of India this paper also provides natural history information about the new genus, a discussion on its relationship with Ariadna, and the putative synapomorphies that define its placement in the subfamily Ariadninae.
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BACKGROUND A severe outbreak of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) with high case fatality was reported from Malkangiri district of Odisha state, India during September to November 2016 affecting 336 children with 103 deaths. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the outbreak in the light of entomological determinants. METHODS Entomological investigation was carried out in 48 villages from four mostly affected Community Health Centres (CHCs) of Malkangiri district. Dusk collections of resting adults was done in villages from indoor and outdoor sites to record the density of mosquito species, including the known JE vectors, feeding behaviour, parity, dusk index and infection status with JE virus (JEV). FINDINGS The per man hour density and dusk index of JE vector species varied from 2.5 to 24.0 and 0.81 to 7.62, respectively in study villages. A total of 1136 mosquitoes belonging to six vector species were subjected to PCR and one pool of Culex vishnui was found to be positive for JEV. CONCLUSION The JE transmission in Malkangiri district was confirmed. Thorough screening of human blood samples of JE/AES suspected cases and JE vector mosquitoes for the presence of JEV during rainy season every year is recommended.
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Humanos , Encefalite Japonesa , Vírus da Encefalite Japonesa (Espécie)/imunologia , Encefalite Japonesa/transmissão , Mosquitos Vetores/classificaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND New brands of potential long lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) and LLIN treatment kits require field evaluation before they are used in a vector control programme. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the bio-efficacy, usage, washing practice and physical integrity of nets treated with LLIN treatment kit, ICON MAXX in a phase III field trial in Odisha state, India. METHODS A total of 300 polyester nets treated with ICON MAXX and 140 polyester nets treated conventionally with lambda-cyhalothrin CS 2.5% ITNs were distributed. The bio-efficacy was evaluated with WHO cone bioassay. The chemical analysis of netting pieces was done at the beginning, after 12 and 36 months of the trial. FINDINGS After one year of distribution of nets, the bioassay showed 100% mortality on both ITNs and ICON MAXX treated nets. At 36 months, the overall pass rate was 58.8% and the mean lambda-cyhalothrin content of LLINs was 34.5 mg ai/m2, showing a loss of 44.4% of the original concentration. CONCLUSION ICON MAXX treated LLIN was found to retain bio-efficacy causing 97% knockdown of Anopheles stephensi up to 30 months and met the WHOPES criteria. However, the desired bio-efficacy was not sustained up to 36 months.
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Humanos , Animais , Piretrinas/farmacologia , Controle de Mosquitos/instrumentação , Mosquiteiros Tratados com Inseticida/estatística & dados numéricos , Mosquitos Vetores/efeitos dos fármacos , Anopheles/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Tempo , Bioensaio , Índia , Lavanderia/métodos , Malária/prevenção & controleRESUMO
The global emergence and spread of malaria parasites resistant to antimalarial drugs is the major problem in malaria control. The genetic basis of the parasite's resistance to the antimalarial drug chloroquine (CQ) is well-documented, allowing for the analysis of field isolates of malaria parasites to address evolutionary questions concerning the origin and spread of CQ-resistance. Here, we present DNA sequence analyses of both the second exon of the Plasmodium falciparum CQ-resistance transporter (pfcrt) gene and the 5' end of the P. falciparum multidrug-resistance 1 (pfmdr-1) gene in 40 P. falciparum field isolates collected from eight different localities of Odisha, India. First, we genotyped the samples for the pfcrt K76T and pfmdr-1 N86Y mutations in these two genes, which are the mutations primarily implicated in CQ-resistance. We further analyzed amino acid changes in codons 72-76 of the pfcrt haplotypes. Interestingly, both the K76T and N86Y mutations were found to co-exist in 32 out of the total 40 isolates, which were of either the CVIET or SVMNT haplotype, while the remaining eight isolates were of the CVMNK haplotype. In total, eight nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were observed, six in the pfcrt gene and two in the pfmdr-1 gene. One poorly studied SNP in the pfcrt gene (A97T) was found at a high frequency in many P. falciparum samples. Using population genetics to analyze these two gene fragments, we revealed comparatively higher nucleotide diversity in the pfcrt gene than in the pfmdr-1 gene. Furthermore, linkage disequilibrium was found to be tight between closely spaced SNPs of the pfcrt gene. Finally, both the pfcrt and the pfmdr-1 genes were found to evolve under the standard neutral model of molecular evolution.