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Richardsitas Betsch is a small genus of Sminthurinae with only two species described so far, both from Madagascar. It resembles other Sminthurinae with long antennae, especially Temeritas Richards. Here we provide the first record of Richardsitas from Australia, Richardsitas subferoleum sp. nov., which is similar to R. najtae Betsch and R. griveaudi Betsch in males' large abdomen chaetotaxy and presence of tenent-hairs on tibiotarsi II-III, but lacks mucronal chaeta and has 28 segments on the fourth antennal segment plus a unique pair of sensilla on the second. We also provide an updated genus diagnosis to Richardsitas, a key to its species, a discussion of the affinities of Temeritas and Richardsitas to other Sminthurinae, and an updated key to this subfamily.
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Seven species of the genus Allophrys Förster, A. cracentis sp. nov., A. daklaka Khalaim, A. madanga sp. nov., A. miklouhomaclayi sp. nov., A. occipitata Khalaim, A. parvidentata sp. nov. and A. valorosa sp. nov., and one species of Probles Förster, P. (Euporizon) papuaensis sp. nov., have been discovered from Papua New Guinea. This is the first record of these genera, as well as the subfamily Tersilochinae, from this country. An identification key to seven species of Allophrys occurring in Papua New Guinea is provided.
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Himenópteros , Animais , Papua Nova GuinéRESUMO
The scorpion-tailed orb-weaving spiders in the genus Arachnura Vinson, 1863 (Araneidae Clerck, 1757) are revised for Australia and New Zealand. Arachnura higginsii (L. Koch, 1872) only occurs in Australia and A. feredayi (L. Koch, 1872) only in New Zealand. A single female collected in south-eastern Queensland (Australia) is here tentatively identified as A. melanura Simon, 1867, but it is doubtful that this species has established in Australia. Two juveniles from northern Queensland do not conform to the diagnoses of any of the above species and are illustrated pending a more thorough revision of the genus in South-East Asia and the Pacific region. An unidentified female from Westport (New Zealand) does not conform to the diagnoses of A. feredayi and A. higginsii, but is not described due to its poor preservation status. Arachnura caudatella Roewer, 1942 (replacement name for Epeira caudata Bradley, 1876), originally described from Hall Sound (Papua New Guinea) and repeatedly catalogued for Australia, is considered a nomen dubium.
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Aranhas , Animais , Austrália , Feminino , Nova ZelândiaRESUMO
The 18th World Congress of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (WCP2018), coordinated by IUPHAR and hosted by the Japanese Pharmacological Society and the Japanese Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, was held in July 2018 at the Kyoto International Conference Center, in Kyoto, Japan. Having as its main theme 'Pharmacology for the Future: Science, Drug Development and Therapeutics', WCP2018 was attended by over 4500 delegates, representing 78 countries. The present report is an overview of a symposium at WCP2018, entitled Pharmacogenomics in Special Populations, organized by IUPHAR´s Pharmacogenetics/Genomics (PGx) section. The PGx section congregates distinguished scientists from different continents, covering expertise from basic research, to clinical implementation and ethical aspects of PGx, and one of its major activities is the coordination of symposia and workshops to foster exchange of PGx knowledge (https://iuphar.org/sections-subcoms/pharmacogenetics-genomics/). The symposium attracted a large audience to listen to presentations covering various areas of research and clinical adoption of PGx in Oceania, Africa, Latin America and Asia.
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Congressos como Assunto , Farmacogenética/métodos , Farmacologia Clínica/métodos , Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos/métodos , Humanos , Japão , Medicina de Precisão/métodos , Sociedades CientíficasRESUMO
Background and Aims: Paper mulberry or Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. (Moraceae) is a dioecious species native to continental South-east Asia and East Asia, including Taiwan, that was introduced to the Pacific by pre-historic voyagers and transported intentionally and propagated asexually across the full range of Austronesian expansion from Taiwan to East Polynesia. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the dispersal of paper mulberry into Oceania through the genetic analysis of herbaria samples which represent a more complete coverage of the historical geographical range of the species in the Pacific before later introductions and local extinctions occurred. Methods: DNA from 47 herbarium specimens of B. papyrifera collected from 1882 to 2006 from different islands of the Pacific was obtained under ancient DNA protocols. Genetic characterization was based on the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ITS-1 sequence, a sex marker, the chloroplast ndhF-rpl32 intergenic spacer and a set of ten microsatellites developed for B. papyrifera. Key Results: Microsatellites allowed detection of 15 genotypes in Near and Remote Oceanian samples, in spite of the vegetative propagation of B. papyrifera in the Pacific. These genotypes are structured in two groups separating West and East Polynesia, and place Pitcairn in a pivotal position. We also detected the presence of male plants that carry the Polynesian chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) haplotype, in contrast to findings in contemporary B. papyrifera populations where only female plants bear the Polynesian cpDNA haplotype. Conclusions: For the first time, genetic diversity was detected among paper mulberry accessions from Remote Oceania. A clear separation between West and East Polynesia was found that may be indicative of pulses during its dispersal history. The pattern linking the genotypes within Remote Oceania reflects the importance of central Polynesia as a dispersal hub, in agreement with archaeological evidence.
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Broussonetia/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , DNA de Cloroplastos/genética , DNA Espaçador Ribossômico/genética , Genótipo , Haplótipos , Ilhas , Repetições de Microssatélites , Oceania , Filogeografia , Polinésia , Reprodução AssexuadaRESUMO
Food web interactions are key to community structure. The introduction of species can be seen as an uncontrolled experiment of the addition of species. Introduced species lead to multiple changes, frequently threatening the native biodiversity. However, little is known about their direct effect on the upper level of the food web. In this study we review empirical data on the predator-prey relationship between the introduced lagomorphs and their consumers, and use meta-analytical tools to quantify the strength of their interactions. We expect that exotic lagomorphs will destabilize food webs, affect ecological processes and compromise the conservation of the invaded regions. We found 156 studies on the diet of 43 species of predators that consume lagomorphs as exotic preys in South America and Oceania. We found an average exotic lagomorphs-predator link of 20% which indicates a strong interaction, given that the average for the strongest links with native prey (when lagomorphs are not included in the predator diet) is about 24%. Additionally, this last link decreases to 17% when lagomorphs are present. When lagomorphs arrive in a new environment they may become the most important resource for predators, producing an unstable equilibrium in the novel food web. Any disruption of this interaction could have catastrophic consequences for the native diversity by directly impacting predators or indirectly impacting native preys by apparent competition. Eradication or any change in their abundances should be carefully considered in conservation actions since those will have great impacts on predator populations and ultimately in the whole communities.
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This study aimed to determine if legislation on violence against women (VAW) worldwide contains key components recommended by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the United Nations (UN) to help strengthen VAW prevention and provide better integrated victim protection, support, and care. A systematic search for VAW legislation using international legal databases and other electronic sources plus data from previous research identified 124 countries/territories with some type of VAW legislation. Full legal texts were found for legislation from 104 countries/territories. Those available in English, Portuguese, and Spanish were downloaded and compiled and the selection criteria applied (use of any of the common terms related to VAW, including intimate partner violence (IPV), and reference to at least two of six sectors (education, health, judicial system, mass media, police, and social services) with regard to VAW interventions (protection, support, and care). A final sample from 80 countries/territories was selected and analyzed for the presence of key components recommended by PAHO and the UN (reference to the term "violence against women" in the title; definitions of different types of VAW; identification of women as beneficiaries; and promotion of (reference to) the participation of multiple sectors in VAW interventions). Few countries/territories specifically identified women as the beneficiaries of their VAW legislation, including those that labeled their legislation "domestic violence" law ( n = 51), of which only two explicitly mentioned women as complainants/survivors. Only 28 countries/territories defined the main forms of VAW (economic, physical, psychological, and sexual) in their VAW legislation. Most highlighted the role of the judicial system, followed by that of social services and the police. Only 28 mentioned the health sector. Despite considerable efforts worldwide to strengthen VAW legislation, most VAW laws do not incorporate the key recommended components. Significant limitations were found in the legislative content, its application, and the extent to which it provided women with integrated protection, support, and care. In developing new VAW legislation, policymakers should consider the vital role of health services.
El estudio se centró en determinar si la legislación sobre la violencia contra la mujer en el mundo contiene los elementos fundamentales que recomiendan la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) y las Naciones Unidas (NU) para ayudar a fortalecer la prevención de la violencia contra la mujer y brindar mejor protección, apoyo y atención integrados a las víctimas. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda sistemática de la legislación sobre la violencia contra la mujer utilizando bases de datos jurídicas internacionales y otras fuentes electrónicas, además de los datos de investigaciones anteriores, y se identificaron 124 países o territorios con algún tipo de legislación sobre la violencia contra la mujer. Se encontraron textos jurídicos completos con legislación de 104 países o territorios. Se descargaron y compilaron aquellos disponibles en inglés, portugués y español, y se sometieron a los criterios de selección (uso de alguno de los términos frecuentes relacionados con la violencia contra la mujer, inclusive la violencia de pareja, y referencia al menos a dos entre seis sectores de servicios [educación, salud, sistema judicial, medios masivos de comunicación, policía y servicios sociales] respecto de las intervenciones relacionadas con la violencia contra la mujer [protección, apoyo y atención]). Se seleccionó una muestra final de 80 países o territorios y se analizó en ella la presencia de los componentes clave recomendados por la OPS y las NU (referencia a la "violencia contra la mujer" en el título; definiciones de diferentes formas de violencia contra la mujer; identificación de las mujeres como beneficiarias; y promoción de [referencia a] la participación de múltiples sectores en las intervenciones relacionadas con la violencia contra la mujer). Pocos países o territorios identificaron específicamente a las mujeres como beneficiarias de su legislación sobre violencia contra la mujer, incluidos los que denominaban su legislación como ley de "violencia doméstica" (n = 51), de los cuales solo dos mencionaban explícitamente a las mujeres como demandantes o supervivientes. Solo 28 países o territorios definieron las formas principales de violencia contra la mujer (económica, física, psicológica y sexual) en su legislación sobre la violencia contra la mujer. La mayoría destacaron la función del sistema judicial, seguida por la función de los servicios sociales y la policía. Solo 28 hicieron mención al sector de la salud. A pesar de los considerables esfuerzos que se han hecho en todo el mundo para fortalecer la legislación sobre la violencia contra la mujer, la mayoría de las leyes relativas a la violencia contra la mujer no incorporan los componentes clave recomendados. Se han encontrado importantes limitaciones en el contenido legislativo, en su aplicación y en la medida en que se proporcionó a las mujeres protección, apoyo y atención integrados. A la hora de elaborar la nueva legislación sobre la violencia contra la mujer, las instancias normativas deben considerar la función vital de los servicios de salud.
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Humanos , Feminino , Violência Doméstica/legislação & jurisprudência , Violência Doméstica/prevenção & controle , Nações Unidas , Direitos da MulherRESUMO
A key to 51 Australasian and Oceanian genera of Muscidae is given. The Catalogue of Australasian and Oceanian Diptera and its on line version last reviewed in May 2007 were used as taxonomic guides. Some more recently synonyms and taxonomic changes were updated. For each genus, a brief diagnosis, number of valid species in these regions and comments, when pertinent, are also included. Some morphological diagnostic characteres are illustrated in order to help the use of the key.
Uma chave para 51 gêneros de Muscidae (Diptera) da Australásia e Oceania é apresentada. O catálogo de Diptera da Australásia e da Oceania e sua versão online com última revisão em maio de 2007 foram utilizados como guias taxonômicos. Alguns sinônimos e mudanças taxonômicas mais recentes foram acrescentados. Para cada gênero são incluídos uma breve diagnose, o número de espécies válidas para estas regiões e comentários, quando pertinentes. Alguns caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos são ilustrados para facilitar a utilização da chave.
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The effect of supplementation on growth was tested by means of four similar controlled randomized trials in the Congo (n = 120), Senegal (n = 110), Bolivia (n = 127), and New Caledonia (n = 90). Four-month-old infants were randomly allocated to supplement or control groups. A cereal-based precooked porridge was offered twice daily for 3 mo and consumption was monitored. Both groups were free to eat local food. At 7 mo of age, all infants were still breast-fed in the Congo, Senegal, and Bolivia compared with 47% in New Caledonia. Mean daily consumption of the supplement varied among countries (558-790 kJ/d). Mean length at 4 mo was lowest in Bolivia, higher in Senegal and the Congo, and near the National Center for Health Statistics reference in New Caledonia. The mean 4-7 mo length increment was 0.48 cm higher for supplemented than for control infants in Senegal (P < 0.05), whereas weight increments did not differ. No significant effect was found in the other countries.
PIP: Findings from this study of the link between nutritional supplementation during breast feeding and infant growth disagree with earlier studies. The effect of nutritional supplementation on growth in length was only modest, but significant only in Senegal and not significant in the Congo, Bolivia, and New Caledonia. It is hypothesized that food supplementation during the 4-7 month period would have a positive effect on linear growth. This study included four controlled randomized trials among 120 infants in the Congo, 110 infants in Senegal, 127 infants in Bolivia, and 90 infants in New Caledonia. The infants were 4 months old when placed in the supplement or control groups. Supplementation included the addition of a cereal-based precooked porridge twice daily for 3 months. Both groups continued to eat local foods. Breast feeding patterns were different in New Caledonia, where only 47% of infants were still breast fed at 7 months of age. Mean daily supplementation varied among countries, from 558 to 790 kJ/day. Mean length was lowest in Bolivia, higher in Senegal and the Congo, and close to the US National Center for Health Statistics reference measures in New Caledonia. The study was conducted in rural parts of Senegal and New Caledonia and periurban parts of Bolivia and the Congo. Supplementation was supervised by field workers. The samples included infants with a length-for-age score of -2.5 or higher and a weight-for-length Z score of -2 or higher at 4 months. Anthropometric measurements were taken at 4 months and 4, 8, and 13 weeks later (at 4.9, 5.8, and 7.0 months of age). 24-hour food recalls were collected monthly for consumption of breast milk, special local infant food, commercial "western" baby food, milk substitutes, family food, water, and other than milk liquids.
Assuntos
Países em Desenvolvimento , Grão Comestível , Crescimento , Alimentos Infantis , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , Estatura/fisiologia , Bolívia , Aleitamento Materno , Congo , Feminino , Alimentos Fortificados , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Nova Caledônia , Senegal , Aumento de Peso/fisiologiaRESUMO
PIP: This essay introduces a series of articles in which authors from Brazil, China, the Netherlands, and New Zealand describe their health care system. The juxtaposition of these four case studies reveals how different systems confront common problems. The four systems use widely differing combinations of the same financing tactics, and all are engaged in limiting inefficient increases in health services expenditures. Thus, they face the common problem of obtaining sufficient knowledge to convince health care professionals and the public that they have the ability to eliminate less cost-effective procedures and control the pace of medical innovation. This series also illustrates how the economic differences between countries result in different resource allocations for health care expenditures. The case studies underscore the fact that health systems must mount a country-specific response to common health challenges. Thus, health care providers must provide the most cost-effective, equitable, and acceptable health care possible within the parameters of their society.^ieng
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Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Planejamento em Saúde/organização & administração , Política de Saúde , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Criança , Pré-Escolar , China , Economia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Países Baixos , Nova Zelândia , Valores SociaisRESUMO
PIP: Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a three-month, highly effective, injectable hormonal method of contraception. The method is also known as Depo-Provera. The UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, in collaboration with the University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand, and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington, conducted a secondary analysis of combined data on breast cancer and DMPA which had been collected in two studies previously conducted by the three organizations in Kenya, Mexico, New Zealand, and Thailand. 1768 women with breast cancer, mostly younger than age 55 years, and 13,905 women who did not have the disease participated in the study. The study determined that women who use DMPA are not at increased overall risk of breast cancer compared to women who have never used it. The study also concludes that the use of DMPA should not be restricted on the grounds of breast cancer risk. Study findings were published in the March 8, 1995, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.^ieng
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Neoplasias da Mama , Injeções , Acetato de Medroxiprogesterona , Segurança , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Anticoncepção , Anticoncepcionais , Anticoncepcionais Femininos , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Saúde , Quênia , América Latina , México , Neoplasias , Nova Zelândia , América do Norte , Ilhas do Pacífico , Saúde Pública , TailândiaRESUMO
PIP: This article is a memoir of anthropologist Paul Baker's professional life. The introduction notes that the field of anthropology was altered by the impact of World War II when physical anthropologists provided vital information to the military. After the war, the GI bill supported the undergraduate and graduate studies of veterans, including Baker. After describing his academic training at the University of New Mexico and Harvard, Baker details his research training and field work in the desert for the US Climatic Research Laboratory and his work identifying the dead in Japan for the Quartermaster unit. Baker then traces his academic career at the Pennsylvania State University during which he directed two multidisciplinary research efforts for the International Biological Programme, one that sought to understand human adaptability at high altitude in Peru and another that studied migration and modernization in Samoa. Baker's last administrative positions were as staff consultant to the Man and the Biosphere (MAB) program and as chair of the US MAB committee. Baker retired from academic life at age 60 in 1987 and has devoted his time to reading and to helping organize professional associations in anthropology, especially those devoted to furthering internationally organized scientific efforts. Baker concludes this memoir by acknowledging the growth and development of the discipline of human population biology.^ieng
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Antropologia , Biologia , Escolaridade , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Cooperação Internacional , Liderança , População , Pesquisa , América , Comunicação , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , América Latina , Ilhas do Pacífico , Peru , Polinésia , Samoa , Classe Social , Ciências Sociais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do SulRESUMO
"Australia and Canada share...a common colonial history and many similarities in geography, economy, demography, etc., as well as a substantial anti-non anglo-celtic immigrant tradition, in spite of their being immigration countries. Those similarities and differences are analyzed here, as far as labor migration and relationships between immigrant and local labor are concerned. The arrival of European labor first, Asian later, was perceived similarly by both Australia and Canada, combining racial prejudice and unions' hostility towards contract labor migration as well as towards assisted migration. The evolution of those difficult relations through the 19th and 20th centuries is analyzed here." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
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Comparação Transcultural , Emigração e Imigração , Emprego , Etnicidade , Preconceito , Migrantes , América , Austrália , Canadá , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Economia , Mão de Obra em Saúde , América do Norte , Ilhas do Pacífico , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , Problemas SociaisRESUMO
Variation in the duration and pattern of breast-feeding contributes significantly to inter-population differences in fertility. In this paper, measures of suckling frequency and intensity are used to compare the effects of breast-feeding practices on the duration of lactational amenorrhoea, and on the length of the birth interval in three prospective studies undertaken during the 1980s, among Quechua Indians of Peru, Turkana nomads of Kenya, and Gainj of Papua New Guinea. In all three societies, lactation is prolonged well into the second year postpartum, and frequent, on-demand breast-feeding is the norm. However, the duration of lactational amenorrhoea and the length of birth intervals vary considerably. Breast-feeding patterns among Gainj and Turkana are similar, but Turkana women resume menses some 3 months earlier than do the Gainj. The average birth interval among the Gainj exceeds that of nomadic Turkana by over 15 months. Suckling activity decreases significantly with increasing age of nurslings among both Gainj and Quechua, but not among Turkana. Earlier resumption of menses among Turkana women may be linked to the unpredictable demands of the pastoral system, which increase day-to-day variation in the number of periods of on-demand breast-feeding, although not in suckling patterns. This effect is independent of the age of infants. The short birth intervals of Turkana women, relative to those of the Gainj, may be related to early supplementation of Turkana nurslings with butterfat and animals' milk, which reduces energetic demands on lactating women at risk of negative energy balance.
PIP: Between July 1989 and late February 1990. an anthropologist observed breast feeding patterns of 24 mother-infant pairs of the nomadic Ngisonyoka Turkana in Kenya to determine suckling frequency and intensity and their effect on the duration of lactational amenorrhea and the length of the birth interval. She compared her results with those of studies of the Gainj of Papua New Guinea and of the Quechua Indians of Peru, studies which used the same unite of analysis as the Turkana study. Prolonged lactation and frequent, on-demand ruled in each group. Turkana infants suckled all day and night, with each nursing period being 1-2 minutes long and with 10-15 minutes between each period. The Gainj also had prolonged lactation and similar nursing sessions. On the other hand, the Quechua clumped their breast feeding sessions, which were longer than those of both the Turkana and the Gainj. Turkana birth intervals were shorter than those of Gainj (29 vs. 44.3 months). Turkana women also had a higher fertility rate than did the Gainj (6.5 vs. 4 live births). Suckling activity fell considerably as age increased for Gainj and Quechua infants, but not for Turkana infants. Early introduction of butterfat from goats' and camels' milk during the first few weeks after birth and the daily difference in amount of suckling during the lactational period due to variable maternal work schedules (based on the labor demand of the pastoral system of the Turkana) reduced the effect of age. In conclusion, differences in the length and pattern of breast feeding practices account for much of the interpopulation variation in fertility.
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Intervalo entre Nascimentos , Aleitamento Materno , Comparação Transcultural , Indígenas Sul-Americanos , Migrantes , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Metabolismo Energético , Feminino , Fertilidade , Humanos , Lactente , Alimentos Infantis , Recém-Nascido , Quênia , Masculino , Menstruação , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Papua Nova Guiné , Peru , Estudos Prospectivos , Análise de Regressão , Fatores de Tempo , TrabalhoRESUMO
PIP: 250 million indigenous or first peoples inhabit 70 countries throughout the world. They are almost universally marginalized, impoverished, and denied access to adequate health care. They are therefore subjected to poor health, malnutrition, endemic sexually transmitted diseases, and a myriad of social problems including prostitution, displacement, resettlement, and substance abuse. Lack of condom availability and use and the plethora of languages in which interventions must be communicated also pose obstacles. 860 languages are spoken by the 3 million first peoples in Papua New Guinea. As HIV sweeps across continents and through populations worldwide, these aforementioned conditions certainly predispose indigenous peoples to the risk of contracting and spreading HIV. The lack of reliable reporting systems to monitor health conditions and the incidence and prevalence of HIV among indigenous populations, and the corresponding lack of hard data make it impossible to reliably estimate the extent of HIV therein. Factors which increase the likelihood that HIV and AIDS will reach epidemic proportions among the indigenous are specially described for Amazonia, Guatemala, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, India, Africa, Australia, Canada, and the US.^ieng
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Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Preservativos , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Etnicidade , Infecções por HIV , Pobreza , População Rural , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , África , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Austrália , Comportamento , Brasil , Canadá , América Central , Anticoncepção , Cultura , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Economia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Guatemala , Índia , Infecções , América Latina , Melanesia , América do Norte , Ilhas do Pacífico , Papua Nova Guiné , População , Características da População , Comportamento Sexual , Problemas Sociais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do Sul , Tailândia , Estados Unidos , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: Tahiti, situated in the Society Islands of the South Pacific among the 130 islands in the five archipelagos of French Polynesia, has very few indigenous populations. Population growth has been rapid under the conditions of military development and increasing immigration. When nuclear testing was approved in 1966, 18,000 troops arrived as did foreign migrants seeking work. Per capita income was high for the Pacific island countries, but distribution was very uneven. The transfers of administrative systems and law resulted in the loss of lands for some, who could not adjust to a foreign system. Today urban youth are confronted with high unemployment, malnutrition, disease, and overcrowding. The once beautiful lagoons have been contaminated with sewage and pesticides from soil erosion, caused in part by the careless construction along coastal areas. The most serious health problem is irradiation caused cancers: leukemia, thyroid infection, and brain tumors. There are also high levels of miscarriages. Lagoon fish have become contaminated by the disruptions to their habitat from detonation in two atolls. On the Mangareva Islands, all 600 residents died from ciguatera fish poisoning. Anti-nuclear groups have had very little impact. Polynesian women have suffered from these conditions and from the view that women are unclean and inferior. Women do not have access to political or economic power. The first effective women's group was formed in 1975 after Tahitian women's participation in the first Pacific Women's Conference held in Suva, Fiji. Tahitian women exchanged information with other women of similar background, and valuable international contacts were made. The movement to stop nuclear testing gained momentum from these interactions, from subsequent conferences, and better press coverage at home. Knowledge of environmental issues has been hampered by language barriers and literacy. The suspension of testing in April 1992 will benefit the health of Tahitians in the long term, but loss of jobs and housing will be a difficult adjustment in the short term.^ieng
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Demografia , Etnicidade , Programas Governamentais , Saúde , Países em Desenvolvimento , Meio Ambiente , Organização e Administração , Ilhas do Pacífico , Polinésia , População , Características da População , PesquisaRESUMO
PIP: Mobility affects health because unfamiliar surroundings can cause people to take health risks which they may have avoided in their ordinary environments. The epidemiologic role of mobility in spreading communicable diseases is highlighted by the emergence of a new disease such as HIV infection. The path of HIV can actually be plotted on a map. The disease cannot be stopped at international borders, however, because this is an era of increasing international interdependency. Programs for HIV prevention must consider the mobility circumstance, whether the target population consists of permanent, temporary, or seasonal migrants, non-settling travellers, or involuntary refugees. The vulnerability of each group must be assessed in terms of such issues as exposure, socioeconomic status, and access to health care. Aspects of cultural background, such as language and concepts of sexuality, are important considerations for migrants, as are psychological factors for travellers (pleasure-seeking tourists and relaxation-seeking business travellers) and legal aspects and living conditions for refugees. To date, prevention programs in Brazil, India, Burkina, Faso, Kenya, and Tanzania have targeted truckers. Both national campaigns and specific projects have been addressed to travelers, with high acceptance achieved, for example, in Australia, and, for tourists, in Torbay, England. Migrant male and female prostitutes have been the focus of health services in western European cities in collaboration with the project "AIDS and Mobility." To succeed, collaboration in prevention programs must follow the disease across international borders and cooperation must extend throughout a network of agencies.^ieng
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Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Emigração e Imigração , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Infecções por HIV , Refugiados , Migrantes , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , África do Norte , África Ocidental , América , Ásia , Austrália , Comportamento , Brasil , Burkina Faso , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Europa (Continente) , Índia , Quênia , América Latina , Ilhas do Pacífico , População , Dinâmica Populacional , América do Sul , Tanzânia , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The World Health Organization and UNESCO have collaborated to establish and evaluate 7 pilot projects for school-based AIDS education in Ethiopia, Mauritius, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Jamaica, Venezuela, and the Pacific. By training teachers and developing appropriate teaching and learning materials, they hope to add AIDS education into school curricula. Thus far, 4 projects have been completed. Review indicates that given parental support, school-based AIDS education may work in developing countries at both primary and secondary levels; initial assessment studies are valuable in program design; these programs help to increase family and community awareness; students gain knowledge and may also tend to discriminate less against those infected with HIV; prevention skills are the most difficult to teach and are rarely of primary focus; information in curricula on condom value and use is acceptable to education authorities; teaching and learning material prototypes are useful to educational planners and trainers; and teacher training should include small-group discussions on personal attitudes toward sexuality.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Atitude , Preservativos , Currículo , Educação , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Conhecimento , Instituições Acadêmicas , Educação Sexual , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , África do Norte , África Ocidental , América , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Anticoncepção , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Etiópia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Jamaica , América Latina , Maurício , América do Norte , Ilhas do Pacífico , Psicologia , Serra Leoa , América do Sul , Tanzânia , Venezuela , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: Many people including some health workers and physicians believe bottle feeding is just as good as breast feeding, even though bottle feeding poses some dangers to infants. Further, health workers in hospital often are too busy to counsel new mothers in breast feeding or are simply not trained to do so. Moreover, young women often live in areas away from their family and friends thus not living close to women with whom they are familiar and who could guide them in mastering breast feeding skills. So new mothers who want to breast feed have no support, lack confidence, and/or feel they cannot do so because they work or have other responsibilities. Support groups for new breast feeding mothers can provide them with the needed confidence to breast feed by allowing them to discuss concerns with other new mothers and an experienced leader and to learn the advantages of breast feeding, e.g., a breast fed infant is never constipated. A confident experienced woman in breast feeding is best suited to start a support group in a community. She needs to promote the group by talking to health workers and physicians and advertising at maternity hospitals, women's organizations, and health centers. Once the support group has become successful, several mothers can undergo training to start and lead new support groups. If no national breast feeding promotion organization exists to offer advice on starting a support group, the article provides addresses of international organizations. At support group meetings, mothers learn how to breast feed, how to express and store breast milk, breast feed inconspicuously in public, how their bodies work, and about child growth and development. Support group members from the Philippines, Belize, Trinidad and Tobago, Australia, and singapore share their experiences.^ieng
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Mães , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Austrália , Belize , Região do Caribe , América Central , Comunicação , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Processos Grupais , Saúde , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , América do Norte , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Organização e Administração , Ilhas do Pacífico , Filipinas , Singapura , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
PIP: The author gathered 1965 and 1975 socioeconomic data on 71 developing countries from a variety of sources such as UNESCO and the World Bank. He applied these data to strict tests to confirm the nonlinear fertility literacy relationship. The total fertility rate (TFR) was the dependent variable. In 1975, the TFR was as low as 2.2 in Singapore and as high as 8.1 in Rwanda. The unweighted mean stood at 5.8. Independent variables included real gross domestic product/worker (earnings); ratio of female literacy over male literacy; natural logarithm of fraction of labor force engaged in agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing; population density; male literacy; and strength of the family planning program. The statistical regression revealed that fertility rose slightly (mean=0.25 of a child) with an initial growth in the literacy rate. In fact, it peaked when 25-50% of the adult male population were literate. As the adult male literacy rate increased to the point where almost everyone was literate, fertility fell swiftly to 2 children. These changes were stable across the board. Between 1965-1975, the male literacy rate increased from 46-57% which resulted in a reduction of .51 children in the TFR. Algeria, Nigeria, and Pakistan whose male literacy levels ranged only from 23-42% stalled at high fertility levels. Fertility decreased considerable in countries where family planning programs were valued at least 4.7, even when no significant changes occurred in literacy, earnings, density, or agricultural composition. Morocco, valued at 4, only experienced a change of -.561 whereas China, valued at 25, experienced a change of -1.506. Thus to reduce fertility, policy makers must set high literacy levels as goals recognizing, however, that fertility will 1st rise as literacy bigins its ascent. Further they should either estiablish or strengthen existing family planning programs.^ieng