RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) report provides a framework for classifying COPD reflecting the impacts of disease on patients and for targeting treatment recommendations. The GOLD 2017 introduced a new classification with 16 subgroups based on a composite of spirometry and symptoms/exacerbations. METHODS: Data from the population-based PLATINO study, collected at baseline and at follow-up, in three sites in Latin America were analyzed to compare the following: 1) the distribution of COPD patients according to GOLD 2007, 2013, and 2017; 2) the stability of the 2007 and 2013 classifications; and 3) the mortality rate over time stratified by GOLD 2007, 2013, and 2017. RESULTS: Of the 524 COPD patients evaluated, most of them were classified as Grade I or II (GOLD 2007) and Group A or B (GOLD 2013), with ≈70% of those classified as Group A in GOLD 2013 also classified as Grade I in GOLD 2007 and the highest percentage (41%) in Group D (2013) classified as Grade III (2007). According to GOLD 2017, among patients with Grade I airflow limitation, 69% of them were categorized into Group A, whereas Grade IV patients were more evenly distributed among Groups A-D. Most of the patients classified by GOLD 2007 remained in the same airflow limitation group at the follow-up; a greater temporal variability was observed with GOLD 2013 classification. Incidence-mortality rate in patients classified by GOLD 2007 was positively associated with increasing severity of airflow obstruction; for GOLD 2013 and GOLD 2017 (Groups A-D), highest mortality rates were observed in Groups C and D. No clear pattern was observed for mortality across the GOLD 2017 subgroups. CONCLUSION: The PLATINO study data suggest that GOLD 2007 classification shows more stability over time compared with GOLD 2013. No clear patterns with respect to the distribution of patients or incidence-mortality rates were observed according to GOLD 2013/2017 classification.
Assuntos
Pulmão/fisiopatologia , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/epidemiologia , Adulto , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Humanos , Incidência , América Latina/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prevalência , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/diagnóstico , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/mortalidade , Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica/fisiopatologia , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Espirometria , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Tempo , Capacidade VitalRESUMO
Es bien conocido por la comunidad científica internacional que la exposición al polvo de madera, dependiendo del tipo de madera utilizada en la fabricación del mueble, acarrea diferentes problemas a la salud del carpintero. Las madera blandas (coníferas) son irritantes, alergénicas, y con el tiempo pueden llegar a generar asma ocupacional y EPOC (Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica). El polvo de madera dura (no-coníferas) ha sido asociado con varios tipos de cáncer, incluyendo el de la cavidad nasal, pulmón y tracto gastrointestinal, y la enfermedad de Hodgkin. Las fibras alargadas acompañadas de poros corresponden a las fibras de coníferas. La mayoría de las fibras de no-coníferas son de paredes gruesas y cortas. Se sospecha que las características morfológicas de las fibras de las coníferas hacen que éstas sean más agresivas en la deposición de los tejidos blandos de la nariz y los pulmones quelas fibras de no-coníferas, aunque los efectos de estas últimas sean más letales. Sin embargo, la aparición del cáncer nasal y pulmón es más tardía que los problemas respiratorios e irritaciones provocadas por las coníferas. Un estudio de morbi-mortalidad laboral de los carpinteros de10 empresas del Quindío (Colombia) concluyó que el riesgo relativo eradel 81 por ciento, lo que nos confirma que la exposición continua al polvo demadera incide en la aparición de problemas o enfermedades respiratoriasy por ende al absentismo laboral.
It is well known by the international scientific community that exposure to wood dust, depending on the type of wood used in furniture manufacturing, affects the carpenters health in different ways. Softwoods (coniferous) are irritant, allergenic, and can eventually result in occupational asthma and COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Hardwood dust (non-coniferous) has been associated with several types of cancer, including the nasal cavity, lung and gastrointestinal tract, and Hodgkin's disease. Long and porous fibers are typical from conifers. Most non-coniferous fibers are short and thick-walled. It is suspected that the morphological characteristics of the fibers of conifers make them more aggressive in the deposition in the soft tissues of nose and lungs than nonconiferous fibers, although the effects of the latter are more lethal.However, the onset of nasal and lung cancer takes longer than respiratory problems and irritation caused by conifers. A study of morbidity and mortality of the carpenters working in 10 companies at Quindío (Colombia) concluded that the relative risk was 81 percent, which confirms that continuous exposure to wood dust influences the onset of problems or respiratory diseases and hence absenteeism in the workplace.
Assuntos
Humanos , Asma , Poeira , Indústria da Madeira , Pneumopatias Obstrutivas , Madeira/efeitos da radiação , Doenças Profissionais , Exposição Ocupacional , Colômbia , Morbidade , Mortalidade , Categorias de TrabalhadoresRESUMO
Objetivo: Estudar a distribuição do radioaerossol 99mTc-DTPA utilizando heliox ou oxigênio como veículos de nebulização na cintilografia pulmonar ventilatória de crianças e adolescentes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). Material e métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado e controlado. Incluídos pacientes (5 a 18 anos) com DPOC que, entre março de 1996 e setembro de 1998, necessitaram realizar cintilografia pulmonar ventilatória. A obstrução ao fluxo aéreo foi quantificada pela espirometria. Aleatoriamente foram distribuídos em dois grupos, conforme o gás utilizado na nebulização durante a cintilografia: heliox (hélio 80% e oxigênio 20%), ou oxigênio. Os resultados foram expressos através do slope (inclinação da curva de aquisição cumulativa de radioatividade pulmonar) e pela concentração cumulativa máxima de radioatividade obtida nos campos pulmonares. Determinou-se, ainda, o tamanho médio das partículas de 99mTc-DTPA geradas pelos dois gases. Resultados: Foram alocados dez pacientes em cada grupo, sem diferenças (p>0,05) quanto ao gênero, diagnóstico etiológico, presença de desnutrição, médias de peso, estatura, superfície corpórea, ou nos resultados da espirometria. A média dos slopes do grupo heliox (5.039 + 1.652) foi maior (p=0,018) que no grupo oxigênio (3.410 + 1.100). Pacientes do grupo heliox com acentuada redução do fluxo aéreo apresentaram um slope médio maior (p=0,017) do que o dos pacientes do grupo oxigênio com diminuição do fluxo aéreo. Os pacientes dos grupos do heliox e do oxigênio, sem evidências de obstrução ao fluxo aéreo na espirometria, não apresentaram diferenças nas médias dos slopes (p=0,507). O diâmetro médio das partículas do 99mTc-DTPA geradas pelo heliox foi de 2,13 (+0,62mm), que é maior (p=0,004) que o daquelas geradas pelo oxigênio (0,88 +0,99 mm). Conclusões: O heliox como veículo de nebulização na cintilografia pulmonar de crianças e adolescentes com DPOC promove uma melhor dispersão e distribuição do radioaerossol, do que a obtida pelo oxigênio. Esses benefícios do heliox, em relação aos do oxigênio, tornam-se mais evidentes em presença de obstrução das vias aéreas inferiores, enquanto que na sua ausência, não se observa diferença na dispersão e na distribuição de radioaerossol. As partículas geradas pelo heliox e pelo oxigênio, apesar de apresentarem diferenças significativas em seus diâmetros médios, encontram-se dentro da amplitude recomendada (1 a 5mm). Portanto, essa possível diferença não justifica os efeitos demonstrados pelo heliox neste estudo.
Objective: To study the distribution of the radioaerosol of 99mTc- DTPA when the heliox gas is used as an inhalation vehicle during the pulmonary ventilatory scintigraphy in children and adolescents with chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). Material and methods: Clinical randomized and controlled trial. Patients (from 5 to 18 years old) with COPD needing pulmonary scintigraphic study, between March 1996 and September 1998, were included. The obstruction of the lower airway was measured by pulmonary function study. The patients were randomized in two groups: heliox (helium 80% and oxygen 20%) or oxygen, according to the gas used as a vehicle to nebulize the particles during the scintigraphic study. The results of the scintigraphic study were expressed by the slope of the curve (the inclination of the curve of cumulative pulmonary radioactivity) and by the maximal cumulative radioactivity achieved in the lungs areas. The mean diameter of the 99mTc-DTPA particles generated by heliox and oxygen were measured by laser diffraction. Results: Ten patients were allocated in each group, without any statistical difference (p>0.05) in respect to gender, main diagnosis, signs of undernutrition, the mean values of weight, height, body area and the results of the pulmonary function study. The mean slope in the heliox group (5.039 +1.652) showed a significant difference (p=0.018) when compared to the mean slope of the oxygen group (3,410 +1,100). The patients with reduction of the airway flow in the heliox group obtained a mean slope with significant difference (p=0.017) when compared to the mean slope of the patients in the oxygen group with the same reduction in airway flow. The patients of the heliox group and oxygen group without airway obstruction flow did not show any statistical difference when they were compared on the basis of either the means of the slopes (p= 0.507) or the means of the cumulative radiation in the lung fields (p=0.795). The mean diameter of the particles of 99mTc- DTPA generated by heliox was 2.13 (+0.62mm), with a statistical difference (p=0.004) when compared with the mean diameter of the particles generated when oxygen was used as a vehicle (0,88 +0,99 mm). Conclusions: When heliox was used as a vehicle in the scintigraphic study of children and adolescents with DPOC, it showed a better distribution and dispersion of the 99mTc-DTPA into the lungs than that obtained when oxygen was used. The benefits of heliox over oxygen are more evident in the presence of lower airway obstruction flow. Without airway obstruction flow we could not demonstrate any difference in the distribution and in the radiation activity into the lungs. The mean diameters of the particles of 99mTc-DTPA generated by heliox and oxygen showed a significant difference. In spite of this, the mean diameters observed in both groups were included in the recommended range (between 1 and 5 mm). Therefore, the observed differences between the particles generated by both gases could not justify the effects of heliox demonstrated in this study.