RESUMO

A spinal cord injury (SCI) can be a devastating condition in children, with profound implications for their overall health and quality of life. In this review, we aim to provide a concise overview of the key aspects associated with SCIs in the pediatric population. Firstly, we discuss the etiology and epidemiology of SCIs in children, highlighting the diverse range of causes. We explore the unique anatomical and physiological characteristics of the developing spinal cord that contribute to the specific challenges faced by pediatric patients. Next, we delve into the clinical presentation and diagnostic methods, emphasizing the importance of prompt and accurate diagnosis to facilitate appropriate interventions. Furthermore, we approach the multidisciplinary management of pediatric SCIs, encompassing acute medical care, surgical interventions, and ongoing supportive therapies. Finally, we explore emerging research as well as innovative therapies in the field, and we emphasize the need for continued advancements in understanding and treating SCIs in children to improve their functional independence and overall quality of life.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The acquired brain damage is a common neurological disorder. OBJECTIVE: Determine the probabilistic intersections of variables related to acquired brain damage from the determination of a priori and a posteriori probabilities. METHOD: Analytical retrospective study. A descriptive analysis was carried out, confidence intervals were calculated to obtain the mean and the proportion with α = 0.05 considering the age of the patient and the diagnosis. An analysis of probabilistic intersection, a priori and a posteriori probability was performed considering diagnosis, sex and age decade; finally, chi squared was calculated. RESULTS: 736 patients were analyzed. The most frequent diagnosis was language disorder. The patients diagnosed with memory disorder were the youngest and those diagnosed with degenerative cognitive disorder the oldest. The probability that a patient with sequelae due to acquired brain damage arrives at the hospital, at the language pathology service, to be diagnosed with a language disorder and that this patient is also a man is 29.06%. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of short and long-term disability generated by acquired brain damage highlights the importance of an early and timely detection and diagnosis so that it favors prompt and efficient specialized care.

ANTECEDENTES: El daño cerebral adquirido es un trastorno neurológico común. OBJETIVO: Determinar las intersecciones probabilísticas de variables relacionadas con daño cerebral adquirido a partir de la determinación de probabilidades a priori y a posteriori. MÉTODO: Estudio retrospectivo analítico. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y se calcularon intervalos de confianza para la media y para la proporción con α = 0.05 considerando la edad del paciente y el diagnóstico. Se realizó análisis de intersección probabilística, probabilidad a priori y a posteriori considerando el diagnóstico, el sexo y la década de edad; por último, se utilizó la prueba χ2. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 736 pacientes. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue el trastorno del lenguaje. Los pacientes diagnosticados con trastorno de memoria fueron los más jóvenes y los diagnosticados con trastorno cognitivo degenerativo los más longevos. La probabilidad de que llegue al hospital, al servicio de patología de lenguaje, un paciente con secuelas por daño cerebral adquirido, sea diagnosticado con trastorno del lenguaje y sea hombre es del 29.06%. CONCLUSIONES: La alta prevalencia de discapacidad a corto y largo plazo generada por el daño cerebral adquirido indica la importancia de la detección y el diagnóstico temprano y oportuno que favorezcan una pronta y eficiente atención especializada.

Assuntos

RESUMO

RESUMEN Antecedentes : la estrategia de control de daños (ECD) es muy utilizada para el tratamiento de las emergencias abdominales no traumáticas. Objetivo : describir las causas y condiciones fisiopatológicas del empleo de la ECD, determinar la mortalidad según la etiología, criterios de aplicación y factores de riesgo asociados, y comparar la mortalidad observada con la esperada en una serie consecutiva. Material y métodos : se realizó un estudio observacional y retrospectivo, sobre 118 pacientes tratados con ECD, portadores de peritonitis secundarias y hemorragias abdominales graves, con síndrome compartimental abdominal, sepsis abdominal o sistémica o ambas, hipotensión y parámetros de acidosis metabólica asociados. Se analizaron varios factores de riesgo y se comparó la mortalidad observada versus la esperada (APACHE II). Resultados : 112 pacientes presentaron peritonitis generalizada y 6, sangrados intraabdominales graves. La mortalidad fue mayor en la isquemia intestinal grave (p = 0,002). Estuvo relacionada con mayor número de criterios fisiopatológicos de aplicación y con algunos factores de riesgo: glóbulos blancos (GB) ≥ 10 000 ×mm3, hemoglobina (HB) ≤ 9 g/%, creatininemia ≥ 1,3 mg/%, pH ≤ 7,25, ácido láctico ≥ 2,5 mmol/L, diabetes, puntuación (score) ASA ≥ 4, ≥ 4 operaciones y ausencia de cierre parietal inicial. La mortalidad global observada fue 43,1% y la esperada ‒según APACHE II‒ fue del 53%. Conclusiones : la mortalidad fue significativamente mayor en la isquemia intestinal grave y con la presencia de algunos de los factores de riesgo evaluados. Estuvo asociada al número de criterios de aplicación. La mortalidad observada fue menor que la esperada, aunque no significativa.

ABSTRACT Background : Damage control strategy (DCS) is usually used for the treatment of non-traumatic abdominal emergencies. Objective : The aim of the present study was to describe the main causes and pathophysiologic conditions to perform this strategy, the criteria applied and the associated factors and to compare the observed mortality with the expected mortality in the series. Material and methods : We conducted an observational and retrospective study of 118 patients treated with DSC, with secondary peritonitis and severe abdominal bleeding, abdominal compartment syndrome, abdominal or systemic sepsis or both, hypotension and parameters of metabolic acidosis. Several risk factors were analyzed and it was compared observed versus expected mortality (APACHE II). Results : 112 patients presented generalized peritonitis and 6 had severe intra-abdominal bleeding. Mortality was greater in severe mesenteric ischemia (p = 0.002) and was associated with the number of pathophysiologic criteria used for implementation and with white blood cell (WBC) count ≥ 10 000 x mm3, hemoglobin (Hb) ≤ 9 g/dL, creatinine level ≥ 1.3 mg/dL, pH ≤ 7.25, lactic acid ≥ 2.5 mmol/L, diabetes, ASA score ≥ 4, ≥ 4 operations and open abdomen. The overall observed mortality and expected mortality according to the APACHE II score were 43.1% and 53%, respectively. Conclusions : Mortality was significantly greater in patients with severe mesenteric ischemia, presence of some of the risk factors evaluated and was associated with the number of criteria used for implementation. The observed mortality was non-significantly lower than expected.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introduction Epidural hematoma (EDH) is generally a direct sequela of head injury. Spontaneous EDH is rarely described in the literature. Spontaneous EDH can be caused by infections of adjacent regions, vascular malformations of the dura mater, metastases to the bone skull, and disorders of blood coagulation. The preferred treatment is surgical. The prognosis is directly related to the size, location, and Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission and the underlying disease. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We performed the search in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus databases. Abstracts and articles were screened according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results The literature review yielded 1,156 records from the databases, of which a total of 164 full-text articles were included in the final synthesis, plus 22 additional relevant studies. A total of 89 case report studies were included, providing 95 unique patients. There was a predominance of coagulopathies as the main etiology of spontaneous EDH. A total of 45.3% of the patients presented lesions in > 1 brain lobe. The frontal lobe was the most prevalent location of EDH. The most used neuroimaging exam was computed tomography (CT). Surgical intervention was the most common treatment performed. A total of 24.2% of the patients died. Conclusion Nontraumatic EDH represents an uncommon manifestation of several pathologies. Clinical investigation should be aware of such a possibility. Healthcare professionals should value the physical examination and clinical history of the patient. Given the scarcity of information on the pathogenesis of spontaneous EDH, further studies are needed to better define intervention strategies and therapies for these patients.

Introdução Geralmente, o hematoma epidural (HED) é decorrente de traumatismo cranioencefálico. O HED espontâneo tem sido ocasionado por infecção de áreas adjacentes, malformação vascular na dura-máter, metástases para osso do crânio e doenças da coagulação sanguínea. Seu prognóstico está diretamente relacionado com o tamanho, a localização, o escore na escala de coma de Glasgow na admissão e a doença de base. Metodologia Uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi conduzida e seguiu as diretrizes Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA, na sigla em inglês). Realizamos a pesquisa nos bancos de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase e Scopus. Os resumos e artigos foram selecionados de acordo com os nossos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Resultados A revisão da literatura resultou em 1,156 registros nas bases de dados, dos quais um total de 164 artigos com texto completo foram incluídos na síntese final; mais 22 estudos relevantes foram adicionados. Um total de 89 estudos de caso foi incluído, fornecendo 95 pacientes únicos. Havia uma predominância de coagulopatias como a principal etiologia do HED espontâneo. Um total de 45,3% dos pacientes apresentava lesões em > 1 lobo cerebral. A intervenção cirúrgica foi o tratamento mais comum realizado. Um total de 24,2% dos pacientes morreu. Conclusão Hematoma epidural não traumático representa uma manifestação incomum de várias patologias. A investigação clínica deve estar atenta a tal possibilidade e os profissionais de saúde devem valorizar o exame físico e a história clínica do paciente. Dada a escassez de informações sobre a etiopatogenia do HED, mais estudos são necessários para melhor definir estratégias de intervenção e terapias para estes pacientes.

RESUMO

We report a peculiar case of acute non-traumatic coma due to neuromuscular hypoventilation syndrome caused by a non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI). A 21-year-old patient presented to the emergency room complaining of sudden onset weakness in his lower limbs and shortness of breath. While in the ER, he briefly became comatose and labs revealed an acute respiratory acidosis. Detailed neurologic examination ultimately revealed upper motor neuron signs and quadriplegia. He was ultimately diagnosed with a non-traumatic spinal cord injury, in particular, a cervical transverse myelitis which had caused acute diaphragmatic weakness. Although a very rare cause of coma, emergency medicine physicians need to be aware of transverse myelitis, a disorder that may result in rapidly progressive neurologic decline and is treated with immunomodulation.

RESUMO

A bexiga neurogênica, frequentemente associada à lesão medular de causa traumática e não traumática, é uma disfunção vesical decorrente de alterações no sistema nervoso. Este estudo investigou e analisou a bexiga neurogênica, sua prevalência e manejo em pessoas com diagnóstico de lesão medular traumática (LMT) e não traumática (LMNT) em uma rede de hospitais de reabilitação. Tratou-se de um estudo quantitativo, transversal, exploratório, descritivo e analítico. Para responder à questão central do estudo, foi selecionada uma amostra com 954 participantes, probabilística, aleatória estratificada, das seis unidades da rede participantes do estudo, com dados coletados diretamente dos prontuários eletrônicos. A prevalência de bexiga neurogênica foi de 94,65% (n=903), 67% tinham diagnóstico de lesão medular traumática e 33% de lesão medular não traumática, 69,32% eram homens e 30,68%, mulheres, com média de idade de 46,12 anos (DP=13,26). O cateterismo vesical intermitente foi a principal forma de esvaziamento (66,11%), e a maioria realizava o autocateterismo intermitente (74,04%). A micção voluntária foi associada ao tipo de lesão, sendo mais prevalente entre os participantes com LMNT (p≤0,001, Teste Qui-quadrado). Para investigação urológica, 93,36% realizaram exames de ultrassonografia renal e vias urinárias e 87,82%, estudo urodinâmico. A irregularidade da parede vesical (p≤0,029, teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson), o espessamento vesical (p ≤ 0,001, teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson) e a hiperatividade detrusora (p≤0,009, teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson) também apresentaram diferença estatística de acordo com o tipo de lesão, mais prevalentes nos participantes com LMT. Assim como a dilatação pielocalicinal, mais prevalente nos participantes com LMNT (p≤0,025, teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson). Os participantes com LMT apresentaram maior pressão detrusora média, 38,73cmH2O vs. 30,17cmH2O do que os com LMNT (p ≤ 0,001, teste de Mann- Whitney). Sabe-se que a bexiga neurogênica de pessoas com lesão medular traumática tende a apresentar maior número de complicações e maior risco para o trato urinário superior, principalmente quando há relação com a presença de pressão elevada, baixa complacência e capacidade vesical reduzida. Este estudo evidenciou diferenças importantes entre o perfil de pessoas com lesão medular traumática e não traumática, mostrando a necessidade do manejo personalizado de acordo com a causa da lesão medular.

Neurogenic bladder is a dysfunction that results from changes in the nervous system, and is frequently associated with traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injuries. This study investigated and analyzed the neurogenic bladder, its prevalence and management in people diagnosed with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) and non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI) in a network of rehabilitation hospitals. This is a quantitative, transversal, exploratory, descriptive and analytical study. A probabilistic, stratified random sample, composed of 954 participants, was used to answer the research question. Participants were selected from six of the hospital-network units and data were directly retrieved from electronic medical records. The prevalence of neurogenic bladder was 94.65% (n = 903), where 67% had a diagnosis of traumatic spinal cord injury and 33% non-traumatic spinal cord injury, 69.32% were male and 30.68% female, with a mean age of 46.12 years (SD = 13.26). The main draining method was intermittent bladder catheterization (66.11%), in most cases performed as intermittent self-catheterization (74.04%). Voluntary urination was associated with the type of injury, being more prevalent among participants with non-traumatic spinal cord injury (NTSCI) (p≤0.001, Chi- Square Test). For urological investigation, 93.36% of the participants were submitted to a renal and urinary-tract ultrasound scan and 87.82% to urodynamics. Bladder wall irregularity (p≤0.029, Pearson's chi-square test) and thickening (p ≤ 0.001, Pearson's chi-square test), and detrusor hyperactivity (p≤0.009, Pearson's chi-square test) also presented a statistical difference according to the type of injury, with a higher prevalence in participants with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). That was also the case of pyelocaliceal dilation, which was more prevalent in participants with NTSCI (p≤0.025, Pearson's Chi-square test). Participants with TSCI showed a mean detrusor pressure of 38.73 cmH2O, higher than the value of 30.17 cmH2O recorded for those with NTSCI (p ≤ 0.001, Mann-Whitney test). It is known that a neurogenic bladder in people with traumatic spinal cord injury tends to have a greater number of complications and greater risk for the upper urinary tract, especially when there is a relationship with the presence of high pressure, low compliance and reduced bladder capacity. This study unveiled important differences in the profiles of people with traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury, highlighting the need for treatment to be tailored according to the cause of the spinal cord injury.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Instituida bajo recomendaciones objetivas, la toracotomía en el departamento de urgencias (TDU) se ha descrito como una maniobra quirúrgica salvatoria de la vida en pacientes traumatizados in extremis. Sin embargo, hay pocos reportes acerca de la experiencia con su empleo en la actividad eléctrica sin pulso no traumática. Describimos el caso de una paciente obstétrica exanguinada por sangrado masivo transoperatorio, en la que se realizó una TDU con un resultado óptimo para la vida y la función neurológica. Adicionalmente, evaluamos la literatura correspondiente al tema, que en lo mejor de nuestro conocimiento es crítica para expandir los protocolos de abordaje del ritmo de paro cardiaco no traumático en los hospitales de alto volumen.Instituted under objective recommendations, Emergency Department Thoracotomy (EDT) has been described as a life-saving surgical maneuver in trauma patients arriving "in extremis." Nevertheless, there are few reports related to the experience regarding the use of the procedure in non-traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest. We describe the case of an obstetric patient exsanguinated by operative massive bleeding, where EDT was instituted reaching an optimal result for the survival and neurologic function. Additionally, we evaluate the literature related to this issue, which to the best of our knowledge, is critical to expand protocols of approach in non-traumatic cardiac arrest rhythm in high-volume hospitals.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Las fracturas laríngeas se producen principalmente en el contexto de traumas cervicales, ahorcamiento o estrangulamiento. Las fracturas laríngeas no traumáticas son excepcionales, existiendo escasos reportes en la literatura. A continuación, presentamos dos casos de fracturas laríngeas no traumáticas evaluadas en nuestro servicio.

Laryngeal fractures occur mainly in the context of cervical trauma, hanging or strangulation. Nontraumatic laryngeal fractures are rare and there are fewreports in the literature. We present two cases of nontraumatic laryngeal fractures evaluated in our service.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Non-traumatic small bowel perforation is rare in adults but carries a high morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis is made on clinical suspicion, and the most common causes in developing countries are infectious diseases, being cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompromised patients the main etiology. We describe a patient with a recently diagnosed advanced stage HIV infection and an intestinal perforation associated with cytomegalovirus immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after highly active antiretroviral therapy initiation.

RESUMO

Introducción: la atención y seguimiento del paciente neuroquirúrgico representa un difícil reto para los médicos que trabajan en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Estos pacientes necesitan una vigilancia intensiva por la diversidad de complicaciones que pueden presentar en el posoperatorio inmediato. Los cuidados neurointensivos deben permitir la restauración y el mantenimiento de la homeostasia cerebral, como requisito fundamental para la supervivencia neuronal y recuperación de la función neurológica. Objetivos: caracterizar los pacientes neuroquirúrgicos no traumáticos ingresados en la UCI del Hospital Universitario General Calixto García de La Habana. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, descriptivo y transversal, en el período comprendido entre el 1ro. de enero de 2012 y el 31 de diciembre de 2012; el universo fue de 55 pacientes, la muestra quedó constituida por los 55 pacientes. Resultados: se encontró una tendencia creciente de ingresos de pacientes neuroquirúrgicos no traumáticos en la UCI, con predominio del sexo masculino y edades comprendidas entre la quinta y séptima décadas de la vida. Los pacientes con mayor índice de ingreso fueron los de enfermedades como tumores cerebrales, las hemorragias intraparenquimatosas, las malformaciones arterio-venosas y los aneurismas cerebrales. Se encontró mayor estadía y mortalidad en las pacientes femeninas. Las complicaciones tuvieron una incidencia significativa en el estudio destacándose el edema cerebral, las disrritmias cardíacas, el sindrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistemica (SRIS) no relacionado con procesos infecciosos, el síndrome séptico en sus diferentes estadios y las anemias. Conclusiones: existe una tendencia creciente de ingresos de pacientes neuroquirúrgicos no traumáticos en la UCI(AU)

Introduction: Caring and monitoring neurosurgical patients represents a difficult challenge for doctors working in intensive care units (ICU). These patients need intensive surveillance due to the diversity of complications that can occur in the immediate postoperative period. The neurointensive cares should allow the restoration and maintenance of brain homeostasis, as an essential requirement for neuronal survival and neurological function recovery. Objectives: To characterize nontraumatic neurosurgical patients admitted to the ICU of General Calixto García University Hospital of Havana. Methods: A prospective, descriptive study was carried out in the period from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012; the sample group was 55 patients, and the sample was made up by 55 patients. Results: A growing trend of nontraumatic neurosurgical patient's admissions to ICU was found, predominantly male and at ages between the fifth and seventh decades of life. The neurosurgical events more frequently admitted were brain tumors, intraparenchymal bleeding, arteriovenous malformations, and cerebral aneurysms. Greater stay time and mortality were present in female patients. Complications had a significant impact on the study, particularly cerebral edemas, cardiac dysrhythmias, the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) not related to infectious processes, the sepsis syndrome in its different stages, and anemias. Conclusions: There is a growing trend of nontraumatic neurosurgical patients' admissions to the ICU(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

PURPOSE: To verify the applicability, reproducibility and validity of the SCIM III patients with non-traumatic spinal cord injury. METHOD: The cross-sectional study included 30 patients (66% females; 41.5 ± 14.7 yo) with non-traumatic spinal cord injury of any etiology. Subjects were subjected by computerized gait analysis and answered the Brazilian versions of SCIM III (0-100 points) and FIM™ (18-126 points) by two raters (A and B) at the same day and 1 week later (A). RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient for the use of SCIM III indicated appropriated intra- and inter-evaluator reproducibility (ICC = 0.9). Correlation between the SCIM III and the motor FIM™ was appropriate (r = 0.6; p = 0.0). SCIM III subscales and FIM™ domains correlated strongly for self-care (r = 0.8; p ≤ 0.001), moderately for transfers (r = 0.6; p = 0.0005) and locomotion (r = 0.6; p = 0.0006). SCIM III mobility subscale positively correlated with the cadence (r = 0.8; p ≤ 0.01), gait speed (r = 0.7; p ≤ 0.01) and step length (r = 0.6; p ≤ 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: SCIM III is a reproducible functional assessment instrument and capable of evaluating the level of independence of the individual with non-traumatic spinal cord injury. The SCIM III is more sensitive than the MIF™ for non-traumatic spastic paraplegic patients with higher levels of independence, particularly if they can walk independently. Linear gait parameters correlated with its mobility subscale. Implications for Rehabilitation Applicability, validation and reproducibility of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure version III (SCIM III) in patients with non-traumatic spinal cord lesions. There are not many studies focused on patients with non-traumatic spinal cord lesion. Disability varies in severity, but frequently contributes to limitations in the activities of daily living (ADL) and participation. We do not find in the literature studies that assess the functionality of these individuals as comprehensive as ours.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Little evidence exists to support the presence of differences in spatiotemporal gait parameters and ambulation ability between those individuals with traumatic and nontraumatic lower-limb amputation (LLA). We conducted an exploratory study of 81 male Veterans with unilateral amputation to quantify differences in spatiotemporal gait parameters and ambulatory mobility between Veterans with traumatic and nontraumatic LLA. Furthermore, we identified variables that significantly contributed to the explanation of variability in modified 2-min walk test distance. All participants completed the modified 2-min walk test and a spatiotemporal gait analysis using an instrumented walkway during a routine physical therapy visit. Veterans with nontraumatic LLA walked significantly shorter mean distances during a modified 2-min walk test than Veterans with traumatic LLA. Variables identified as significant contributors to modified 2-min walk test variability were amputated limb stance time, amputated limb step length, and percentage of the gait cycle spent in double support. These findings demonstrate that differences in spatiotemporal gait parameters and ambulatory mobility exist between Veterans with traumatic and nontraumatic LLA and identify important spatiotemporal parameters of gait contributing to this decline. These parameters should be considered as targets for intervention and future investigation.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous sub-capsular or peri-renal haemorrhage (Wunderlich syndrome) is a rare condition that involves a diagnostic challenge. In many cases, bleeding leads to haemodynamic instability that may be life threatening. Therefore, it is important to have a high clinical suspicion for timely action. OBJECTIVE: This paper highlights the experience of the Urology Department of the Western National Medical Center of the Mexican Institute of Social Security. METHODS: Retrospective study of consecutive non-randomized sampling. The Emergency Service Registry was reviewed for all admissions from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2013 to identify patients with non-traumatic spontaneous retroperitoneal haemorrhage. Patient charts were reviewed to determine sex, age, vital signs, laboratory and imaging results, associated diseases, management, and outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 11 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. All patients were received in the Emergency Department referred from secondary care hospitals. None of them were referred with a diagnosis of spontaneous retroperitoneal haemorrhage. The diagnosis was made in 100% of patients with abdominal CT scan. All patients received urgent surgical management on the day of admission due to haemodynamic instability. Ten patients underwent nephrectomy. Histopathological findings included, among others, angiomyolipoma, renal carcinoma, and metastatic hepatocellular injury. CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous retroperitoneal haemorrhage is a lethal condition if not detected on time. The abdominal CT scan is the most accurate diagnostic method for detection. Surgical management is necessary in patients with haemodynamic instability.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Antecedentes: La necrosis avascular de la cabeza femoral es una patología frecuente en pacientes con antecedentes de trauma, encontrándose como causas patologías vasculares, oncológicas, estados hipercoagulantes, tratamientos esteroideos prolongados, asociándose en algunos casos en pacientes con antecedente de hepatitis C con manejo con interferón pegilado + ribavirin. Seef, Foster y Poynard encontraron al estudiar el comportamiento del virus de la hepatitis, un estado de hipercoagulabilidad, que crea interrupción del flujo vascular retinacular en la cabeza femoral, sin incrementar la incidencia de osteonecrosis en este grupo de pacientes. Lauer expone que dichas infecciones virales llevan un proceso autoinmune, las cuales podrían producir vasculitis transitorias. Giampaolo en 2005 reporta la relación entre el uso de interferón en mieloma múltiple y otros padecimientos oncológicos relacionándose con necrosis avascular femoral. Material y métodos: Se valoraron los casos de diagnóstico de osteonecrosis bilateral de la cabeza femoral bilateral. Resultados: Se revisaron 5 pacientes, 4 mujeres y 1 hombre, con el diagnóstico de osteonecrosis bilateral de la cabeza femoral bilateral. Todos con antecedentes de hepatitis C con manejo con interferón pegilado, corroborándose diagnóstico definitivo por patología posterior a artroplastías, realizándose revisión bibliográfica de la relación de esta patología con el uso de interferón en pacientes con hepatitis C. Conclusiones: Al conocer la relación que existe en enfermedades virales como la hepatitis B y C con la presencia de estados de hipercoagulabilidad, procesos autoinmunes que conllevan a vasculitis transitorias y el uso de interferón pegilado 2B, relacionándose a necrosis avascular de las cabezas femorales, conoceremos nuevas causas asociadas no traumáticas a este padecimiento.

Background: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a frequent condition in patients with a history of trauma. The major pathologic causes include vascular diseases, malignancies, hypercoagulability states, long-term steroid treatment, and some patients have a history of hepatitis C infection treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. Upon studying the behavior of the hepatitis C virus, Seef, Foster and Poynard found a hypercoagulability state that causes interruption of retinacular blood flow to the femoral head, without an increased incidence of osteonecrosis in this patient group. Lauer states that such viral infections involve an autoimmune process and may result in transient vasculitides. Giampaolo, in 2005, reported the relationship between interferon use for multiple myeloma and other cancers and femoral avascular necrosis. Material and methods: Cases with a diagnosis of bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head were assessed. Results: Five patients were included, 4 females and one male, with a diagnosis of bilateral osteonecrosis of the femoral head. All of them had history of hepatitis C infection treated with pegylated interferon. The final diagnosis was proven by pathology after arthroplasty. A literature review was made of articles on the relationship between this condition and interferon use in patients with hepatitis C infection. Conclusions: Finding out the relationship between viral diseases such as hepatitis B and C infection and hypercoagulability states, autoimmune processes leading to transient vasculitides and the use of pegylated interferon 2B, will help us discover new nontraumatic causes associated with this condition.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento clínico y epidemiológico de las urgencias oftalmológicas en el policlínico Ramón González Coro, en el año 2013. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en el cual participaron los pacientes que asistieron a consulta externa de Oftalmología del Policlínico. La muestra quedó constituida por 240 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Para la obtención de la información se confeccionó una planilla de recolección de datos, basados en los objetivos propuestos. Resultados: el sexo que predominó fue el masculino (52,6 por ciento) y el grupo etario el comprendido entre 20-29 años. Las urgencias no traumáticas fueron las que prevalecieron, con el 64,2 por ciento, y un ligero aumento en el sexo femenino. En las traumáticas imperó el sexo masculino. La estructura ocular más afectada fue la córnea, con el 41,7 por ciento, tanto en las urgencias traumáticas como no traumáticas, seguida por la conjuntiva (32,1 por ciento). Las urgencias remitidas representaron el 10,4 por cietno. Conclusiones: en las urgencias oftalmológicas predomina el sexo masculino y son más frecuentes las urgencias no traumáticas. La estructura ocular más afectada es la córnea, tanto en las urgencias traumáticas como en las no traumáticas. En la población estudiada las patologías que se presentan con mayor frecuencia son la queratitis, la conjuntivitis y la erosión corneal(AU)

Objective: to determine the clinical and epidemiological behavior of the ophthalmological urgencies in Ramón González Coro polyclinic during 2013. Methods: descriptive and cross-sectional study of patients who went to the ophthalmology outpatient service of the polyclinic. The sample was 240 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. For information gathering, a data collection form was prepared according to the suggested objectives. Results: males (52,6 percent and 20-29 year-old age group predominated. The non traumatic urgencies were prevailing for 64,2 percent of the total, slightly higher in females. Traumatic urgencies affected more male subjects. The cornea was the most affected in 41,7 percent of cases both in traumatic and non-traumatic patients, followed by the conjunctive (32,1 percent). The refered urgencies accounted for 10,4 percent of the total number. Conclusions: ophthalmological urgencies prevailed in males and are more frequent in non-traumatic patients. The most affected ocular structure is cornea both in traumatic and non-traumatic urgencies. The most common pathologies seen in the studied population were keratitis, conjunctivitis and corneal erosion(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O atleta competitivo muitas vezes apresenta lesões musculoesqueléticas, algumas de natureza não traumática. Habitualmente, tais lesões são atribuídas a fatores mecânicos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo estudar um grupo de atletas de handebol e verificar uma possível ação de fatores imune-inflamatórios e hormonais na gênese destas lesões. Procedeu-se à avaliação dos parâmetros laboratoriais, dosando-se a concentração plasmática de hormônios e neurotransmissores e a produção in vitro de citocinas e prostaglandina E2. Os resultados permitem afirmar que em 29% dos atletas estudados foi possível constatar a ocorrência de lesões musculoesqueléticas não traumáticas, que puderam ser relacionadas com o aumento da produção de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, com elevação das concentrações de IL-1, IL-2, TNF-α e IFN-α. Nesta mesma cultura foi possível demonstrar aumento da concentração de prostaglandina E2.

Competitive athletes often present musculoskeletal injuries, some of these nontraumatic. Usually these injuries are attributed to mechanical factors. The present study aimed to investigate a group of handball players and check a possible action of immune-inflammatory and hormonal factors in the genesis of these lesions. Laboratory parameters were studied measuring in the plasma the concentration of plasma hormones and neurotransmitters, and production "in vitro" of cytokines and prostaglandin E2. The results indicate that in 29% of the athletes included in the study the occurrence of nontraumatic musculoskeletal injuries was observed. In this group there was an increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines assayed in the supernatant of culture of peripheral blood cells with increased concentrations of IL-1, IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-α, as well of prostaglandin E2.

RESUMO

Clostridial gas gangrene of the abdominal wall is rare, and it is usually associated with organ perforation, immunosuppression or gastrointestinal malignancies. In this paper, we present a case of fulminant, endogenous gas gangrene in a 58-year old diabetic female with arterial hypertension and atherosclerosis, following uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomy. She developed gas gangrene of the abdominal wall 12-hours after cholecystectomy and died 24-hours after the onset of the first symptoms, in spite oftreatment.

La gangrena gaseosa clostridial de la pared abdominal es rara, y normalmente se halla asociada con la perforación de órganos, inmunosupresión o malignidades gastrointestinales. En este trabajo, se presenta un caso de gangrena gaseosa endógena fulminante en una mujer diabética de 58 años con hipertensión arterial y ateroesclerosis, tras una colecistectomía laparoscópica sin incidentes. Doce horas después de la colecistectomía, la mujer desarrolló una gangrena gaseosa de la pared abdominal, y murió 24 horas después del comienzo de los primeros síntomas, a pesar del tratamiento.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To report a rare non traumatic fracture of femur after a partial secondarily generalized tonic seizure in a infant. DESCRIPTION: A 7-month-old female patient was referred to the Pediatric Hospital with two complaints: 1) frequent epileptic seizures since the age of 3 months and 2) intermittent crying when the left leg is moved or manipulated after last seizures. Computerized tomography of the hipbone revealed left spontaneous transepiphyseal fracture of the femur (Delbet type 1). Clinical, metabolic and radiological investigation did not reveal osteopenia or rickets. A family study ruled out battered-child syndrome. CONCLUSION: Given the non-traumatic nature of the fracture, a rare comorbidity in epileptic children mainly in infant, the authors describe the case calling attention to a complication that may be overlooked.

OBJETIVO: Descrever uma fratura não traumática do fêmur, num lactente, após uma crise focal com generalização secundaria. DESCRIÇÃO: Uma menina de 7 meses de idade foi encaminha ao hospital de pediatria com duas queixas: 1) crises epilépticas frequentes desde idade de 3 meses; 2) passou apresentar choro a movimentação do membro inferior esquerdo após última crise . A tomografia computadorizada do quadril revelou fratura espontânea transepifisária do fêmur esquerdo (Delbet Tipo I). A investigação clínica, metabólica e radiológica não revelou osteopenia ou raquitismo. O estudo da família afastou síndrome da criança espancada. CONCLUSÃO: Por se tratar de uma fratura não traumática, comorbidade rara em criança com epilepsia e na fase de lactente, os autores descrevem o caso chamando a atenção para uma complicação que pode estar sendo subdiagnosticada.

Assuntos