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Atherosclerosis (AS) has become the leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Our previous study had observed that Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) infection or its derived products could inhibit AS development by inducing an anti-inflammatory response. We performed a metabolic analysis to screen Nb-derived metabolites with anti-inflammation activity and evaluated the AS-prevention effect. We observed that the metabolite uridine had higher expression levels in mice infected with the Nb and ES (excretory-secretory) products and could be selected as a key metabolite. ES and uridine interventions could reduce the pro-inflammatory responses and increase the anti-inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. The apolipoprotein E gene knockout (ApoE-/-) mice were fed with a high-fat diet for the AS modeling. Following the in vivo intervention, ES products or uridine significantly reduced serum and liver lipid levels, alleviated the formation of atherosclerosis, and reduced the pro-inflammatory responses in serum or plaques, while the anti-inflammatory responses showed opposite trends. After blocking with 5-HD (5-hydroxydecanoate sodium) in vitro, the mRNA levels of M2 markers were significantly reduced. When blocked with 5-HD in vivo, the degree of atherosclerosis was worsened, the pro-inflammatory responses were increased compared to the uridine group, while the anti-inflammatory responses decreased accordingly. Uridine, a key metabolite from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, showed anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects in vitro and in vivo, which depend on the activation of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel.
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Anti-Inflamatórios , Aterosclerose , Nippostrongylus , Uridina , Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Apolipoproteínas E/deficiência , Aterosclerose/metabolismo , Aterosclerose/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Canais KATP/metabolismo , Canais KATP/genética , Camundongos Knockout , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Uridina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Introduction. Intestinal helminths and microbiota share the same anatomical niche during infection and are likely to interact either directly or indirectly. Whether intestinal helminths employ bactericidal strategies that influence their microbial environment is not completely understood.Hypothesis. In the present study, the hypothesis that the adult hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis produces molecules that impair bacterial growth in vitro, is tested.Aim. To investigate the in vitro bactericidal activity of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis against commensal and pathogenic bacteria.Methodology. The bactericidal effect of somatic extract and excretory-secretory products of adult Nippostrongylus brasiliensis on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria was assessed using growth assays. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration assays were performed using excretory-secretory products released from the pathogen.Results. Broad-spectrum in vitro bactericidal activity in excretory-secretory products, but not somatic extract of adult Nippostrongylus brasiliensis was detected. The bactericidal activity of excretory-secretory products was concentration-dependent, maintained after heat treatment, and preserved after repeated freezing and thawing.Conclusion. The results of this study demonstrate that helminths such as Nippostrongylus brasiliensis release molecules via their excretory-secretory pathway that have broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. The mechanisms responsible for this bactericidal activity remain to be determined and further studies aimed at isolating and identifying active bactericidal molecules are needed.
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Enteropatias Parasitárias , Nippostrongylus , AnimaisRESUMO
PURPOSE: The present study aimed to record the prevalence, risk factors, molecular identification, and phylogeny of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis found in the small intestine of the lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicota bengalensis, a wild rodent species. METHODS: A total of 100 bandicoot rats live trapped at two commensal urban locations (50 each), i.e., a fish market and railway station, in Ludhiana, Punjab State (India), from November 2020 to October 2021, were analysed for the presence of N. brasiliensis, a nematode parasite of zoonotic importance. RESULT: Overall, the small intestine of 43.00% of the rats was found severely infected with bright red coloured adult N. brasiliensis of both sexes (total of 1439 specimens). Faecal samples contained ellipsoidal and thin-shelled eggs measuring 62.25-74.70 m in length and 33.20-37.35 m in breadth. No significant (P > 0.05) effect of host age, sex, or season was observed on the rate of infection. The parasite intensity and mean abundance ranged from 27.68-38.04 and 10.52-18.26, respectively, indicating a high risk of disease transmission. Based on the morphology, the nematode parasite was identified as Nippostrongylus sp. Molecular identification was confirmed through PCR amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene, which showed a single band of approximately 355 bp. A comparison of the present isolate with the available sequences of Nippostrongylus species across the globe showed 100% nucleotide homology with N. brasiliensis sequences available in GenBank from Japan (AP017690), the USA (U57035), and New Zealand (NC033886). CONCLUSION: The study indicates that B. bengalensis inhabiting commensal urban areas is a reservoir host for N. brasiliensis, which if transmitted to humans and animals visiting the area may pose a potential health risk. The study thus suggests proper rodent population management close to human habitations to avoid the transmission of disease-causing agents.
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Murinae , Nippostrongylus , Masculino , Feminino , Humanos , Ratos , Animais , Nippostrongylus/genética , Filogenia , Prevalência , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a dominant and growing cause of death and disability worldwide that involves inflammation from its inception to the emergence of complications. Studies have demonstrated that intervention with helminth infections or derived products could modulate the host immune response and effectively prevent or mitigate the onset and progression of inflammation-related diseases. Therefore, to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of atherosclerosis, we intervened in ApoE-/- mice maintained on a high-fat diet with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (N. brasiliensis) infection and immunized with its derived products. We found that N. brasiliensis infection and its derived proteins had suitable protective effects both in the initial and progressive stages of atherosclerosis, effectively reducing aortic arch plaque areas and liver lipid contents and downregulating serum LDL levels, which may be associated with the significant upregulation of serum anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4) and the down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) in the serum. In conclusion, these data highlighted the effective regulatory role of N. brasiliensis and its derived proteins in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. This could provide a promising new avenue for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Low molybdate (MoO4) exposure via drinking water in mature rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis raised liver and plasma copper (Cu) concentrations. The possibility that anthelmintic effects were attributable to conversion of MoO4 to tetrathiomolybdate (MoS4) in a non-ruminant species was investigated by giving three groups of 18 immature rats drinking water containing 70 mg Mo l-1 as MoO4 (group A), 5 mg Mo l-1 as MoS4 (group B) or no supplement (group C), while receiving a commercial cubed diet. After 41 days, 12 rats from each group were inoculated subcutaneously with 2,000 L3-stage N. brasiliensis larvae. Subgroups were killed 7, 8 or 9 days post infection (dpi), when adult worms are normally expelled, and enzyme markers for the inflammatory response to infection were measured in plasma or liver. Male rats given MoS4 prior to infection grew more slowly than those given MoO4. Eight dpi, females given MoS4 had lost more bodyweight than those in group C, while those given MoO4 had gained weight. Mean worm counts at 7 dpi were 160, 65 and 250 ± 30.6 (SE), respectively, in groups C, A and B, and differed significantly from each other (P <0.05) but only rats given MoO4 remained infected 9 dpi (mean worm count 52 ± 16.4): Faecal egg counts followed a broadly similar pattern. Both Mo sources pre-empted increases in liver and duodenal superoxide dismutase activity, induced by infection 7 and 9 dpi, respectively, in group C and enlarged the femur: neither source prevented hypertrophy of the small intestine and a rise in serum mast cell protease concentration caused by infection. Since data for plasma Cu concentration and caeruloplasmin oxidase activity, reported separately, indicated MoO4 was thiolated in vivo, differences between Mo sources may be attributable to differences in the degree of thiolation, extent of thiomolybdate exposure and rates of thiomolybdate degradation at critical times in host or parasite development.
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Molibdênio , Nippostrongylus , Infecções por Strongylida , Animais , Ceruloplasmina/metabolismo , Cobre/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Masculino , Molibdênio/administração & dosagem , Nippostrongylus/metabolismo , Peptídeo Hidrolases/metabolismo , Ratos , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
Molybdate (Mo+) supplements can suppress or enhance nematode infections in ruminants, depending on exposure level, but there have been no investigations in non-ruminants. Three groups of 16 mature rats were each fed a commercial diet and given Mo+ (10 mg Mo/l), tungstate (a molybdenum [Mo] antagonist) (MoO4, 350 mg W/l) or no supplement (C) via drinking water for 40 days before acute infection with 3,600 Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae. Group Mo- also received allopurinol (1 g/l), a molybdenoenzyme inhibitor, from 4 days post infection (dpi). Subgroups of four rats from each group were killed at 7-14 dpi. A group of six rats was left untreated and uninfected and subgroups killed 10 or 12 dpi. Infection reduced intakes of food and water but impacts were greatest in group Mo-. Median worm counts in groups C, Mo- and Mo+ were 900, 941 and 510, respectively, at 7 dpi and 9, 40 and 0 (P = 0.05) at 10 dpi. Median faecal egg counts were consistently lowest in group Mo+. Worm weight was reduced (P <0.05), worm tissue protease increased and superoxide dismutase activities increased in worm (P < 0.01) and host duodenal homogenates (P < 0.01) from group Mo+. In group Mo-, liver Mo concentration decreased, duodenal xanthine oxidoreductase activity (DXOR) became totally inhibited and plasma uric acid was barely detectable at 10 dpi. Plasma mast cell protease activity and duodenal malonyldialdehyde concentrations, markers of inflammation, were increased by nematode infection (P <0.001) but unaffected by water treatments. Liver Mo, liver copper (Cu) and plasma Cu concentrations were increased in group Mo+ and plasma Cu concentration was increased in group Mo- suggesting systemic exposure to partially thiolated MoO4 and WO4. Supplementary MoO4 impaired larval establishment and changed parasite biochemistry without affecting the inflammatory response to infection but may have required partial thiolation to do so. Rats did not rely on DXOR activity to expel N. brasiliensis.
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Infecções por Nematoides , Doenças dos Roedores , Animais , Mastócitos , Molibdênio , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Nippostrongylus/fisiologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases , RatosRESUMO
Acquired immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes reduces during late pregnancy and lactation which is known as periparturient relaxation of immunity (PPRI). Protein supplementation reduces the degree of PPRI in a rat model re-infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Here, we hypothesized that protein supplementation will enhance T helper type 2 immunity (Th2) in the lung and small intestine. Nulliparous Sprague-Dawley rats were given a primary infection of N. brasiliensis prior to mating and restrictedly fed diets with either low protein (LP) or high protein (HP) during pregnancy and lactation. Dams were secondary infected with N. brasiliensis on day 2 post-parturition, and histology and gene expression were analysed for tissue samples collected at days 5, 8 and 11. Genes related to Th2 immunity in the lung, Retnla, Il13 and Mmp12, and in the intestine, Retnlb, were upregulated in HP dams compared to LP dams, which indicates the effect of dietary protein on Th2 immunity. HP dams also had increased splenic CD68+ macrophage populations compared to LP dams following secondary infection, suggesting enhanced immunity at a cellular level. Our data assist to define strategic utilization of nutrient supply in mammals undergoing reproductive and lactational efforts.
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Nippostrongylus , Infecções por Strongylida , Animais , Dieta , Proteínas Alimentares , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Intestino Delgado , Lactação , Pulmão , Mamíferos , Gravidez , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Hookworm is one type of soil-transmitted helminth, which could exert an anti-inflammatory effect in human or animal host, which provides a beneficial possibility for the discovery of inflammatory-related disease interventions. The identification of hookworm-derived anti-inflammatory molecules is urgently needed for future translational research. The emergence of metabolomics has become a powerful approach to comprehensively characterize metabolic alterations in recent times. Herein, excretory and secretory products (ESPs) were collected from cultured adult worm, while small intestinal contents were obtained from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (N. brasiliensis, Nb)-infected mice. Through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) platform, metabolomics analysis was used to explore the identification of anti-inflammatory molecules. Out of 45 differential metabolites that were discovered from ESPs, 10 of them showed potential anti-inflammatory properties, which could be subclassed into amino acids, furanocoumarins, linear diarylheptanoids, gamma butyrolactones, and alpha-keto acids. In terms of intestinal contents that were derived from N. brasiliensis-infected mice, 14 out of 301 differential metabolites were discovered to demonstrate anti-inflammatory effects, with possible subclassification into amino acids, benzylisoquinolines, quaternary ammonium salts, pyrimidines, pregnane steroids, purines, biphenyls, and glycerophosphocholines. Furthermore, nine of the differential metabolites appeared both in ESPs and infected intestinal contents, wherein four were proven to show anti-inflammation properties, namely, L-glutamine, glutamine (Gln), pyruvate, and alanine-Gln (Ala-Gln). In summary, we have provided a method for the identification and analysis of parasite-derived molecules with potential anti-inflammatory properties in the present study. This array of anti-inflammatory metabolites could provide clues for future evaluation and translational study of these anti-inflammatory molecules.
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Metabolômica , Nippostrongylus , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios , Espectrometria de Massas , Camundongos , ProteômicaRESUMO
The identification, detection, and use of small RNA species have rapidly gained interest-especially to study parasite-host interactions. Parasite-to-host communication is contributed by small secreted extracellular vesicle (EV)-derived nucleic acid species. In particular, microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs can regulate the host response by targeting cells at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Here, modified protocols for density gradient purification of EVs from nematodes and the subsequent extraction of EV-derived small RNAs using commercially available reagents and kits are provided with a special focus on basic background information. Further, considerations for Next-Generation Sequencing using the Illumina NextSeq500 sequencing technology (kit-based library preparation, small RNA sequencing, and miRNA sequence analysis pipelines using the miRDeep2 package) are introduced.
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Vesículas Extracelulares , Animais , MicroRNAs/genética , Nippostrongylus , Análise de Sequência de RNA , TrichurisRESUMO
Soil-transmitted helminths, including hookworms and whipworms, infect billions of people worldwide. Their capacity to penetrate and migrate through their hosts' tissues is influenced by the suite of molecules produced by the infective developmental stages. To facilitate a better understanding of the immunobiology and pathogenicity of human hookworms and whipworms, we investigated the metabolomes of the infective stage of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis third-stage larvae (L3) which penetrate the skin and Trichuris muris eggs which are orally ingested, using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). We identified 55 polar metabolites through Metabolomics Standard Initiative level-1 (MSI-I) identification from N. brasiliensis and T. muris infective stages, out of which seven were unique to excretory/secretory products (ESPs) of N. brasiliensis L3. Amino acids were a principal constituent (33 amino acids). Additionally, we identified 350 putative lipids, out of which 28 (all known lipids) were unique to N. brasiliensis L3 somatic extract and four to T. muris embryonated egg somatic extract. Glycerophospholipids and glycerolipids were the major lipid groups. The catalogue of metabolites identified in this study shed light on the biology, and possible therapeutic and diagnostic targets for the treatment of these critical infectious pathogens. Moreover, with the growing body of literature on the therapeutic utility of helminth ESPs for treating inflammatory diseases, a role for metabolites is likely but has received little attention thus far.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the polarization of human acute monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells-derived macrophages induced by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis proteins in vitro, so as to provide insights into the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying host immune responses to hookworm infections. METHODS: The in-vitro culture of N. brasiliensis was established and maintained in the laboratory, and the third- (L3) and fifth-stage larvae (L5) were collected under a sterile condition for preparation of L3 and L5 proteins. The in-vitro culture of THP-1 cells was established, stimulated with 500 ng/mL PMA to yield M0 macrophages that were adherent to the plate wall. The LPS + IFN-γ group, IL-4 + IL-13 group, L3 protein group and L5 protein group were given stimulation with 500 ng/mL LPS plus 100 ng/mL IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-13 (both 100 ng/mL), L3 protein (5 mg/mL) and L5 protein (5 mg/mL), respectively, while the negative control group was given no stimulation. The cell morphology was observed using microscopy, the mRNA expression of M1/M2 macrophages-specific genes was quantified using a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay, and the surface markers of M1/M2 macrophages were detected using flow cytometry, while the levels of cytokines secreted by M1/M2 macrophages were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following stimulations, so as to examine the polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages induced by N. brasiliensis proteins in vitro. RESULTS: Following stimulation with PMA, THP-1 cells appeared wall-adherent M0 macrophages, and polarized to typical M1 macrophages following stimulation with LPS + IFN-γ, and typical M2 macrophages following stimulation with IL-4 + IL-13, IL-3 protein or L5 protein. There was a significant difference in the proportion of M1 macrophages among the negative control group, the LPS + IFN-γ group, the IL-4 + IL-13 group, the L3 protein group and the L5 protein group (χ2 = 3 721.00, P < 0.001), with the highest proportion detected in the LPS + IFN-γ group, and there was also a significant difference in the proportion of M2 macrophages among groups (χ2 = 105.43, P < 0.001). There were significant differences among groups in terms of the mRNA expression of CCL2 (F = 191.95, P < 0.001), TNF-α (F = 129.95, P < 0.001), IL-12b (F = 82.89, P < 0.001), PPARγ (F = 11.30, P < 0.001), IL-10 (F = 9.51, P < 0.001) and Mrc1 genes (F = 12.35, P < 0.001). In addition, there were significant differences in the proportion of positive CD86 and CD206 expression among groups (χ2 = 24 004.33 and 832.50, P < 0.001). Higher IL-1ß and TNF-α levels were measured in the LPS + IFN-γ group than in the IL-4 + IL-13 group, the L3 protein group and the L5 protein group (P < 0.001), and greater TGF-ß1 and IL-10 levels were seen in the IL-4 + IL-13 group, the L3 protein group and the L5 protein group than in the negative control group and the LPS + IFN-γ group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both L3 and L5 proteins of N. brasiliensis may induce the polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages to M2 type in vitro.
Assuntos
Leucemia Monocítica Aguda , Animais , Antígenos de Helmintos/farmacologia , Criança , Humanos , Lipopolissacarídeos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Nippostrongylus/química , Células THP-1/citologia , Células THP-1/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Hookworms are skin penetrating parasites, however in the laboratory the hookworm model Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, the parasite is traditionally administered subcutaneously bypassing the skin (epidermis and dermis). Here, we describe two complementary approaches for infecting mice with N. brasiliensis in order to study the skin immune responses. The first approach employs a skin percutaneous injection that is poorly efficient with the laboratory strain of the parasite in mice, but represents a natural infection. The second approach employs an intradermal injection of the parasite, allowing the controlled delivery of the parasitic larvae and leads to an infection that closely mimics the natural kinetics of parasite migration and development. Both of those infection models allow the investigator to study the skin immune response mounted against the parasite, in addition to detailed investigations of the early immunomodulatory strategies employed by the parasite during skin invasion.
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The induction of Th2 responses is thought to be multifactorial, and emerge from specific pathways distinct from those associated with antagonistic antibacterial or antiviral Th1 responses. Here, we show that the recognition of non-viable Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) in the skin induces a strong recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Nb also activates toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling with expression of Ifnb transcripts in the skin and the development of an IFN type I signature on helminth antigen-bearing dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes. Co-injection of Nb together with about 10,000 Gram-negative bacteria amplified this TLR4-dependent but NET-independent IFN type I response and enhanced the development of Th2 responses. Thus, a limited activation of antibacterial signaling pathways is able to boost antihelminthic responses, suggesting a role for bacterial sensing in the optimal induction of Th2 immunity.
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Mucin is a major component of mucus in gastrointestinal mucosa. Increase of specific sialomucins having Sda blood group antigen, NeuAcα2-3(GalNAcß1-4)Galß1-4GlcNAcß-, is considered to be associated with expulsion of the parasitic intestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. In this study, we examined the relationship between interleukin (IL)-13 pathway and expression of Sda-sialomucins in small intestinal mucosa with N. brasiliensis infection. Nematode infection induced marked increases in small intestinal mucins that reacted with anti-Sda antibody in wild type (wt) mice. However, this increase due to infection was supressed in IL-4 receptor α deficient (IL-4Rα-/-) mice, which lack both IL-4 and IL-13 signaling via IL-4R, and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, which have defects in B- and T-lymphocytes. Analysis using tandem mass spectroscopy showed that Sda-glycans were not expressed in small intestinal mucins in IL-4Rα-/- and SCID mice after infection despite the appearance of Sda-glycans in the infected wt mice. Inoculation of recombinant IL-13 into the infected SCID mice restored expression of Sda-glycan. Our results suggest that the IL-13/IL-4R axis is important for the production of Sda-sialomucins in the host intestinal mucosa with parasitic nematode infection.
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Imunidade Adaptativa , Enteropatias Parasitárias/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Receptores Tipo II de Interleucina-4/genética , Sialomucinas/metabolismo , Infecções por Strongylida/imunologia , Animais , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Intestino Delgado/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos SCID , Nippostrongylus/fisiologia , Receptores Tipo II de Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Infecções por Strongylida/parasitologiaRESUMO
Introducción: los roedores sinantrópicos se encuentran estrechamente vinculados a las condiciones de vida del hombre. Algunos de sus endoparásitos juegan un papel importante en los ciclos de muchas enfermedades parasitarias, por lo que representan un riesgo para la salud pública. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de grupos y especies de endoparásitos en roedores sinantrópicos en una localidad de La Habana. Métodos: el estudio se realizó en la localidad Arroyo Arenas, municipio La Lisa, provincia La Habana, Cuba. En las capturas de roedores, se emplearon trampas de captura viva. Después de realizada la eutanasia y la necropsia, se tomaron muestras fecales de la última porción del intestino grueso y del recto. Las muestras se procesaron mediante diagnóstico coproparasitológico convencional. Resultados: se capturaron un total de 78 roedores identificados como Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus y Mus musculus. Se registraron 13 especies de parásitos, las de mayor prevalencia fueron los nematodos Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (33,3 por ciento) y Strongyloides ratti (23,1 por ciento), y el cestodo Hymenolepis diminuta (11,5 por ciento). Conclusiones: se reportan las especies de endoparásitos en los roedores sinantrópicos. Hymenolepis diminuta es la especie de mayor prevalencia entre las especies zoonóticas, lo que demuestra su circulación activa en el ambiente. Los resultados resaltan la importancia de estos roedores como vectores potenciales de las parasitosis intestinales(AU)
Introduction: the synanthropic rodents are closely associated with human living conditions. Some of their endoparasites play an important role in many cycles of parasitic diseases, thus representing a public health risk. Objectives: to determine the prevalence of groups and species of endoparasites in synanthropic rodents in an area of Havana. Methods: the research study was carried out in Arroyo Arenas, La Lisa municipality, Havana province, Cuba. Live traps were used to capture rodents. Stool samples of the last portion of the large intestine and rectum were taken after euthanasia and necropsy. The stool samples were processed by usual parasitological diagnostic techniques. Results: a total of 78 rodents identified as Rattus rattus,Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus were captured. Thirteen species of endoparasites were recorded, being nematodes Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (33.3 percent) and Strongyloides ratti (23.1 percent), and tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (11.5 percent) the most prevalent. Conclusions: some species of endoparasites are reported in the synanthropic rodents. Hymenolepis diminuta was found to be the most prevalent among zoonotic species, which shows its active circulation in the environment. This type of research highlights the importance of these rodents as potential vectors for intestinal parasitic infections(AU)
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Camundongos , Doenças Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Roedores/genéticaRESUMO
Despite increased appreciation for the role of nicotinic receptors in the modulation of and response to inflammation, the contribution of muscarinic receptors to mucosal homeostasis, clearance of enteric pathogens, and modulation of immune cell function remains relatively undefined. Uninfected and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-infected wild-type and type 3 muscarinic receptor (M3R)-deficient (Chrm3(-/-)) mice were studied to determine the contribution of M3R to mucosal homeostasis as well as host defense against the TH2-eliciting enteric nematode N. brasiliensis Intestinal permeability and expression of TH1/TH17 cytokines were increased in uninfected Chrm3(-/-) small intestine. Notably, in Chrm3(-/-) mice infected with N. brasiliensis, small intestinal upregulation of TH2 cytokines was attenuated and nematode clearance was delayed. In Chrm3(-/-) mice, TH2-dependent changes in small intestinal function including smooth muscle hypercontractility, increased epithelial permeability, decreased epithelial secretion and absorption, and goblet cell expansion were absent despite N. brasiliensis infection. These findings identify an important role for M3R in host defense and clearance of N. brasiliensis, and support the expanding role of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in maintaining mucosal homeostasis.
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Citocinas/metabolismo , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Nippostrongylus/patogenicidade , Receptor Muscarínico M3/metabolismo , Infecções por Strongylida/metabolismo , Células Th2/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Homeostase , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Mucosa Intestinal/imunologia , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitologia , Intestino Delgado/imunologia , Intestino Delgado/parasitologia , Ativação de Macrófagos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/parasitologia , Camundongos da Linhagem 129 , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Nippostrongylus/imunologia , Fenótipo , Receptor Muscarínico M3/deficiência , Receptor Muscarínico M3/genética , Infecções por Strongylida/genética , Infecções por Strongylida/imunologia , Infecções por Strongylida/parasitologia , Células Th2/imunologia , Células Th2/parasitologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Mus musculus (Rodentia: Muridae) has generally been infected with a rodent hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. In this report, we present morphological and molecular identification of N. brasiliensis by light and scanning electron microscopy and PCR amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and the protein sequences encoded by cox1 gene, respectively. Despite the use of N. brasiliensis in many biochemistry studies from India, their taxonomic identification was not fully understood, especially at the species level, and no molecular data is available in GenBank from India. Sequence analysis of cox1 gene in this study revealed that the present specimen showed close identity with the same species available in GenBank, confirming that the species is N. brasiliensis. This study represents the first record of molecular identification of N. brasiliensis from India and the protein structure to better understand the comparative phylogenetic characteristics.