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Background: Empathy is foundational in our intersubjective interactions, connecting with others across bodily, emotional, and cognitive dimensions. Previous evidence suggests that observing individuals in painful situations elicits whole bodily responses, unveiling the interdependence of the body and empathy. Although the role of the body has been extensively described, the temporal structure of bodily responses and its association with the comprehension of subjective experiences remain unclear. Objective: Building upon the enactive approach, our study introduces and examines "bodyssence," a neologism formed from "body" and "essence." Our primary goal is to analyze the temporal dynamics, physiological, and phenomenological elements in synchrony with the experiences of sportspersons suffering physical accidents. Methods: Using the empirical 5E approach, a refinement of Varela's neurophenomenological program, we integrated both objective third-person measurements (postural sway, electrodermal response, and heart rate) and first-person descriptions (phenomenological data). Thirty-five participants watched videos of sportspersons experiencing physical accidents during extreme sports practice, as well as neutral videos, while standing on a force platform and wearing electrodermal and heart electrodes. Subsequently, micro-phenomenological interviews were conducted. Results: Bodyssence is composed of three distinct temporal dynamics. Forefeel marks the commencement phase, encapsulating the body's pre-reflective consciousness as participants anticipate impending physical accidents involving extreme sportspersons, manifested through minimal postural movement and high heart rate. Fullfeel, capturing the zenith of empathetic engagement, is defined by profound negative emotions, and significant bodily and kinesthetic sensations, with this stage notably featuring an increase in postural movement alongside a reduction in heart rate. In the Reliefeel phase, participants report a decrease in emotional intensity, feeling a sense of relief, as their postural control starts to reach a state of equilibrium, and heart rate remaining low. Throughout these phases, the level of electrodermal activity consistently remains high. Conclusion: This study through an enactive approach elucidates the temporal attunement of bodily experience to the pain experienced by others. The integration of both first and third-person perspectives through an empirical 5E approach reveals the intricate nature of bodyssence, offering an innovative approach to understanding the dynamic nature of empathy.

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Empathy is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that plays a crucial role in human social interactions. Recent developments in social neuroscience have provided valuable insights into the neural underpinnings and bodily mechanisms underlying empathy. This methodology often prioritizes precision, replicability, internal validity, and confound control. However, fully understanding the complexity of empathy seems unattainable by solely relying on artificial and controlled laboratory settings, while overlooking a comprehensive view of empathy through an ecological experimental approach. In this article, we propose articulating an integrative theoretical and methodological framework based on the 5E approach (the "E"s stand for embodied, embedded, enacted, emotional, and extended perspectives of empathy), highlighting the relevance of studying empathy as an active interaction between embodied agents, embedded in a shared real-world environment. In addition, we illustrate how a novel multimodal approach including mobile brain and body imaging (MoBi) combined with phenomenological methods, and the implementation of interactive paradigms in a natural context, are adequate procedures to study empathy from the 5E approach. In doing so, we present the Empirical 5E approach (E5E) as an integrative scientific framework to bridge brain/body and phenomenological attributes in an interbody interactive setting. Progressing toward an E5E approach can be crucial to understanding empathy in accordance with the complexity of how it is experienced in the real world.

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Introduction: Traditionally, empathy has been studied from two main perspectives: the theory-theory approach and the simulation theory approach. These theories claim that social emotions are fundamentally constituted by mind states in the brain. In contrast, classical phenomenology and recent research based on the enactive theories consider empathy as the basic process of contacting others' emotional experiences through direct bodily perception and sensation. Objective: This study aims to enrich the knowledge of the empathic experience of pain using an experimental phenomenological method. Materials and methods: Implementing an experimental paradigm used in affective neuroscience, we exposed 28 healthy adults to a video of sportspersons suffering physical accidents while practicing extreme sports. Immediately after watching the video, each participant underwent a phenomenological interview to gather data on embodied, multi-layered dimensions (bodily sensations, emotions, and motivations) and temporal aspects of empathic experience. We also performed quantitative analyses of the phenomenological categories. Results: Experiential access to the other person's painful experience involves four main themes. Bodily resonance: participants felt a multiplicity of bodily, affective, and kinesthetic sensations in coordination with the sportsperson's bodily actions. Attentional focus: some participants centered their attention more on their own personal discomfort and sensations of rejection, while others on the pain and suffering experienced by the sportspersons. Kinesthetic motivation: some participants experienced the feeling in their bodies to avoid or escape from watching the video, while others experienced the need to help the sportspersons avoid suffering any injury while practicing extreme sports. The temporality of experience: participants witnessed temporal fluctuations in their experiences, bringing intensity changes in their bodily resonance, attentional focus, and kinesthetic motivation. Finally, two experiential structures were found: one structure is self-centered empathic experience, characterized by bodily resonance, attentional focus centered on the participant's own experience of seeing the sportsperson suffering, and self-protective kinesthetic motivation; the other structure is other-centered empathic experience, characterized by bodily resonance, attentional focus centered on the sportsperson, and prosocial kinesthetic motivation to help them. Discussion: We show how phenomenological data may contribute to comprehending empathy for pain in social neuroscience. In addition, we address the phenomenological aspect of the enactive approach to the three dimensions of an embodiment of human consciousness, especially the intersubjective dimension. Also, based on our results, we suggest an extension of the enactive theory of non-interactive social experience.

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Una de las preguntas centrales de la Inteligencia Artificial que sigue vigente es qué distingue el humano de la máquina. Uno de los planos en los que se estudia y se aprecia la existencia y/o la manifestación de esa distinción es el discurso. Como la subjetividad ocupa un lugar central en el Análisis del Discurso (AD), ella se contempla como potencial factor determinante en la distinción entre discurso generado por humano y por máquina. Sin embargo, las características de la expresión de la subjetividad en el discurso constituyen también objetos de investigación de la Ciencia Cognitiva (CC), donde se buscan, además, sus correlatos neuronales. Es sumamente relevante, entonces, incluir la perspectiva cognitiva en el estudio de la subjetividad con la elaboración de una síntesis de los aportes de la CC al estudio de la subjetividad en los niveles contemplados por el AD como constituyentes de ella. Esta síntesis es el objetivo del presente artículo. Para llevarla a cabo, se revisan los enfoques cognitivos que abordan los rasgos de la subjetividad contemplados en el AD. Esto nos permite trazar el camino que recorre el concepto del 'yo' en el área antes delimitada, sistematizando de esta manera las definiciones propuestas.

One of the still open core questions of Artificial Intelligence is what differentiates humans from machines. Discourse is one of the levels on which its existence and/or expression is usually studied and discussed. As subjectivity plays a central role in Discourse Analysis (DA), we consider it a potential determinant factor in the distinction between human and machine-generated discourse. However, the features of subjectivity expression in discourse are also the object of study of cognitive science, in which its neural correlates are moreover sought. It is, thus, highly relevant to include the cognitive perspective in the study of subjectivity by elaborating a synthesis of its contributions in this field at the levels DA considers constituents of subjectivity. It is the aim of this paper to present such a synthesis. In order to meet this aim, we proceed to the review of the cognitive approaches that take into account the features of subjectivity studied by DA. This way, we outline the trajectory of the concept of self in the above mentioned field and systematize the definitions suggested for it.

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Imagine a scenario where you are cooking and suddenly, the contents of the pot start to come out, and the oven bell rings. You would have to stop what you are doing and start responding to the changing demands, switching between different objects, operations and mental sets. This ability is known as cognitive flexibility. Now, add to this scenario a strong emotional atmosphere that invades you as you spontaneously recall a difficult situation you had that morning. How would you behave? Recent studies suggest that emotional states do modulate cognitive flexibility, but these findings are still controversial. Moreover, there is a lack of evidence regarding the underlying brain processes. The purpose of the present study was, therefore, to examine such interaction while monitoring changes in ongoing cortical activity using EEG. In order to answer this question, we used two musical stimuli to induce emotional states (positive/high arousal/open stance and negative/high arousal/closed stance). Twenty-nine participants performed two blocks of the Madrid Card Sorting Task in a neutral silence condition and then four blocks while listening to the counterbalanced musical stimuli. To explore this interaction, we used a combination of first-person (micro-phenomenological interview) and third-person (behavior and EEG) approaches. Our results show that compared to the positive stimuli and silence condition, negative stimuli decrease reaction times (RTs) for the shift signal. Our data show that the valance of the first emotional block is determinant in the RTs of the subsequent blocks. Additionally, the analysis of the micro-phenomenological interview and the integration of first- and third-person data show that the emotional disposition generated by the music could facilitate task performance for some participants or hamper it for others, independently of its emotional valence. When the emotional disposition hampered task execution, RTs were slower, and the P300 potential showed a reduced amplitude compared to the facilitated condition. These findings show that the interaction between emotion and cognitive flexibility is more complex than previously thought and points to a new way of understanding the underlying mechanisms by incorporating an in-depth analysis of individual subjective experience.

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Neste artigo, a naturalização da fenomenologia de Husserl não é uma nova interpretação dos estudos de Husserl, mas um tipo de investigação fenomenológica de acordo com Husserl. A naturalização da fenomenologia é a base, nos dias de hoje, do desenvolvimento científico de teorias da cognição. Este artigo objetiva esclarecer as relações entre a fenomenologia husserliana e os atuais esforços rumo a uma teoria científica da cognição, com sua complexa estrutura de disciplinas, explicações e hipóteses. Os métodos empregados foram revisão sistemática e adaptação dos conceitos de Husserl – sua naturalização – no atual contexto dos princípios epistemológicos e ontológicos das Ciências Cognitivas(AU)

In this article, the naturalization of Husserl’s Phenomenology isn’t a new interpretation of Husserl’s studies, but the kind of phenomenological investigation a Cognitive Sciences according to Husserl. Naturalization of phenomenology supports today the development of scientific theories of cognition. This paper aims to shednew light on the relations between Husserlian Phenomenology and present-day efforts toward a scientific theory of cognition with its complex structure of disciplines, levels of explanation and hypotheses. The methods employed were the systematic review and adaptation of Husserl’sconcepts - and its naturalization - in the actual context of epistemological and ontological principles of Cognitive Sciences(AU)

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In this article, epistemological perspectives that have shaped and affected the scientific quest for understanding what neuropsychologists term "executive functions" are reviewed. Executive functions refer to the control functions of cognition and behavior. The underlying thesis of the paper is that one's epistemological orientation determines how one sees the interaction between brain functions and our status in the world. Each different orientation thus carries with it implications with regard to how executive functions operate, as well as how, therefore, one should try to assess them. Until recently, these functions were approached through two primary epistemological points of view. One is analytic, which has its roots in the positivistic movement. The other approach is synthetic, otherwise known as "romantic science", and forms the basis of the work of the prominent Russian neuropsychologist A.R. Luria. A third epistemological perspective, articulated under the umbrella of 'embodied cognition' approaches, has been advanced in the last 20 years, and is associated most closely with the work of Francisco Varela. A review of, and reflection on how these perspectives have affected research and clinical practice in neuropsychology is provided.

En este artículo se examinan perspectivas epistemológicas que han moldeado e influenciado la búsqueda científica orientada hacia comprender aquello que los neuropsicólogos denominan las "funciones ejecutivas (FE). El término funciones ejecutivas se refiere a aspectos de control de la cognición y la conducta. Las ideas expuestas en este manuscrito presuponen que la orientación epistemológica de una persona determina la manera en la que ella conceptualiza la interacción entre las funciones cerebrales y su entorno físico. Cada una de esas orientaciones conlleva suposiciones acerca del modo como operan las FE y, por ende, el modo como deben ser evaluadas. Hasta fechas recientes esto se había abordado principalmente desde el punto de vista de dos perspectivas teóricas. Una de ellas, la analítica, tiene sus raíces en el movimiento positivista. La otra, también conocida como "ciencia romántica" es sintética, y provee las bases del trabajo científico del muy celebrado neuropsicólogo ruso A.R. Luria. Una tercera perspectiva, formulada en el marco de la "cognición corpórea", ha sido propuesta en los últimos 20 años, y está más estrechamente asociada con los trabajos de Francisco Varela. Se examina aquí, por medio de una revisión reflexiva e integradora de la literatura pertinente, la manera como esas tres perspectivas epistemológicas han influido sobre la investigación y la práctica clínica de la neuropsicología.

Neste artigo examinam-se as perspectivas epistemológicas que moldaram e influenciaram a busca científica orientada à compreender aquilo que os neuropsicólogos denominam as "funções executivas (FE). O termo funções executivas se refere a aspectos de controle da cognição e a conduta. As ideias expostas neste manuscrito pressupõem que a orientação epistemológica de uma pessoa determina a maneira em que ela conceitualiza a interação entre as funções cerebrais e seu entorno físico. Cada uma dessas orientações leva a suposições sobre o modo como operam as FE e, portanto, o modo como devem ser avaliadas. Até datas recentes isto havia sido abordado principalmente desde o ponto de vista de duas perspectivas teóricas. Uma delas, a analítica, tem suas raízes no movimento positivista. A outra, também conhecida como "ciência romântica" é sintética, e fornece as bases do trabalho científico do muito celebrado neuropsicólogo russo A.R. Luria. Uma terceira perspectiva, formulada no marco da "cognição corpórea", foi proposta nos últimos 20 anos, e está mais estreitamente associada com os trabalhos de Francisco Varela. Examina-se aqui, através de uma revisão reflexiva e integradora da literatura pertinente, a maneira como essas três perspectivas epistemológicas influíram sobre a pesquisa e a prática da neuropsicologia.

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Neste artigo, a naturalização da fenomenologia de Husserl não é uma nova interpretação dos estudos de Husserl, mas um tipo de investigação fenomenológica de acordo com Husserl. A naturalização da fenomenologia é a base, nos dias de hoje, do desenvolvimento científico de teorias da cognição. Este artigo objetiva esclarecer as relações entre a fenomenologia husserliana e os atuais esforços rumo a uma teoria científica da cognição, com sua complexa estrutura de disciplinas, explicações e hipóteses. Os métodos empregados foram revisão sistemática e adaptação dos conceitos de Husserl ­ sua naturalização ­ no atual contexto dos princípios epistemológicos e ontológicos das Ciências Cognitivas

In this article, the naturalization of Husserl's Phenomenology isn't a new interpretation of Husserl's studies, but the kind of phenomenological investigation a Cognitive Sciences according to Husserl. Naturalization of phenomenology supports today the development of scientific theories of cognition. This paper aims to shednew light on the relations between Husserlian Phenomenology and present-day efforts toward a scientific theory of cognition with its complex structure of disciplines, levels of explanation and hypotheses. The methods employed were the systematic review and adaptation of Husserl'sconcepts - and its naturalization - in the actual context of epistemological and ontological principles of Cognitive Sciences

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Some types of first-person narrations of mental processes that constitute phenomenological accounts and texts, such as internal monolog statements, epitomize the best expressions and representations of human consciousness available and therefore may be used to model phenomenological streams of consciousness. The type of autonomous monolog in which an author or narrator declares actual mental processes in a think aloud manner seems particularly suitable for modeling streams of consciousness. A narrative method to extract and depict conscious processes, operations, contents, and states from an acceptable phenomenological text would require three subsequent steps: operational criteria for producing and/or selecting a phenomenological text, a system for detecting text items that are indicative of conscious contents and processes, and a procedure for representing such items in formal dynamic system devices such as Petri nets. The requirements and restrictions of each of these steps are presented, analyzed, and applied to phenomenological texts in the following manner: (1) the relevance of introspective language and narrative analyses to consciousness research and the idea that specific narratives are of paramount interest for such investigation is justified; (2) some of the obstacles and constraints to attain plausible consciousness inferences from narrative texts and the methodological requirements to extract and depict items relevant to consciousness contents and operations from a suitable phenomenological text are examined; (3) a preliminary exercise of the proposed method is used to analyze and chart a classical interior monolog excerpted from James Joyce's Ulysses, a masterpiece of the stream-of-consciousness literary technique and, finally, (4) an inter-subjective evaluation for inter-observer agreement of mental attributions of another phenomenological text (an excerpt from the Intimate Journal of Miguel de Unamuno) is presented using some mathematical tools.

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Introducción: La ciencia cognitiva, desde mediados del siglo XX, es reconocida ampliamente como el área de convergencia genuina de todos los avances científicos relacionados con el estudio de la mente humana y los mecanismos que posibilitan el conocimiento. Se ha constituido desde entonces como un espacio multidisciplinar, en el que los intereses investigativos de diferentes actores y disciplinas han adquirido carta de ciudadanía, y han permitido novedosas esperanzas respecto al estudio de las particularidades humanas desde Perspectivas científicas. Objetivos: Este trabajo propone evaluar críticamente la inclusión de discusiones que la biología teórica ha estado asumiendo en su discurso, respecto al estudio del fenómeno cognitivo; principal atención merece el proyecto enactivo, y de manera extensiva, la neurofenomenología de Francisco J. Varela. Desarrollo: A través de una corta y comprimida historia de la ciencia cognitiva estableceremos los puntos clave para entender el surgimiento de la postura enactiva y el giro corporizado influido por la fenomenología continental en la ciencia cognitiva, así como los lineamientos generales de la neurofenomenología. Conclusiones: El problema duro de la conciencia aún se enfrenta a varios reduccionismos, que relegan lo cognitivo a un tipo de mecanismo exclusivamente racional, individualizado, abstracto e incorpóreo, lo que ha permitido el fortalecimiento del paradigma funcionalista en la filosofía de la mente. Una solución a las dicotomías clásicas en las ciencias de la mente debe empezar, a nuestro parecer, con un rechazo a estas asunciones…

Introduction: Since the middle of 20th Century, cognitive science has been recognized as the genuine convergence field for all scientific advances in human mind studies with the mecha-nisms enabling knowledge. Since then, it has become a multidisciplinary area where several research disciplines and actors have acquired citizenship, allowing new expectations on the scientific study of human uniqueness. Objectives: Critical assessment of the discussion that the discourse of theoretical biology has been assuming regarding the study of the cognitive phenomenon with special attention to the enactive project and, extensively, to the neuro-phenomenology of Francisco J. Varela. Methods: Starting with a brief and synthesized history of cognitive science, we will establish the key principles for understanding the emergence of the enactive paradigm and the “embodied” turn influenced by continental phenomenology in the cognitive science, as well as the general guidelines of Neurophenomenology. Conclusions: The “hard problem” of consciousness still faces several types of reductionism relegating the cognitive issue to a kind of merely rational, individual, abstract and disembodied mechanism, thus strengthening the functionalist paradigm in mind philosophy. A solution to classic dichotomies in mind sciences must start rejecting such assumptions…

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INTRODUCTION: Since the middle of 20(th) Century, cognitive science has been recognized as the genuine convergence field for all scientific advances in human mind studies with the mechanisms enabling knowledge. Since then, it has become a multidisciplinary area where several research disciplines and actors have acquired citizenship, allowing new expectations on the scientific study of human uniqueness. OBJECTIVES: Critical assessment of the discussion that the discourse of theoretical biology has been assuming regarding the study of the cognitive phenomenon with special attention to the enactive project and, extensively, to the neuro-phenomenology of Francisco J. Varela. METHODS: Starting with a brief and synthesized history of cognitive science, we will establish the key principles for understanding the emergence of the enactive paradigm and the "embodied" turn influenced by continental phenomenology in the cognitive science, as well as the general guidelines of Neurophenomenology. CONCLUSIONS: The "hard problem" of consciousness still faces several types of reductionism relegating the cognitive issue to a kind of merely rational, individual, abstract and disembodied mechanism, thus strengthening the functionalist paradigm in mind philosophy. A solution to classic dichotomies in mind sciences must start rejecting such assumptions.

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A neurologia é um ramo da medicina que busca estudar uma diversidade de distúrbios neurológicos tais como perda da fala, da linguagem, da memória, da visão, da percepção dos sentidos e da identidade, entre outros distúrbios, e construiu um conjunto de conhecimentos específicos, sobretudo a partir do desenvolvimento da tecnologia médica através de modernos aparelhos de imagem cerebral. Este trabalho objetiva analisar as contribuições do neurologista Oliver Sacks a partir daquilo que ele definiu como uma "neurofenomenologia do self", da subjetividade, da identidade e da imagem corporal. Evidencia-se a abordagem fenomenológica em conjunto com as contribuições da neurologia e ressalta-se o papel da subjetividade buscando novas narrativas da mente.

Neurology is a branch of medicine that studies a variety of neurological disorders that affect speech, language, memory vision, perception of the sense of identity, and other neurological factors. Neurology has produced a specific body of knowledge ranging from the development of medical technology to modern brain imaging devices. This paper examines some of the contributions by Oliver Sacks through what he has defined as "neurophenomenology of the self," or of subjectivity, identity and body image. This study highlights his phenomenological approach with contributions from neurology and emphasizes the role of subjectivity in the search for new narratives of the mind.

La neurologie est une branche de la médecine qui cherche à étudier toute une gamme de troubles neurologiques comme la perte de la parole, du langage, de la mémoire, de la vision, de la perception sensorielle et de l'identité, entre autres. Elle construit un ensemble de connaissances spécifiques, surtout à partir du développement de la technologie médicale, plus précisément à l'aide d'appareils d'imagerie cérébrale. Cet article vise à analyser les contributions du neurologue Oliver Sacks à partir de ce qu'il décrit comme la "neurophénoménologie du soi", la subjectivité, l'identité et l'image corporelle. Cette étude met en évidence l'approche phénoménologique, les contributions de la neurologie, ainsi que le rôle de la subjectivité pour repérer de nouvelles narratives de l'esprit.

La neurología es una rama de la medicina que tiene como objetivo estudiar diversos trastornos neurológicos, tales como la pérdida del habla, del lenguaje, de la memoria, de la visión y de la percepción de los sentidos de identidad, entre otros trastornos neurológicos, así como también ha construido un conjunto de conocimientos específicos, especialmente a partir del desarrollo de la moderna tecnología médica a través de dispositivos de imagen cerebral. Este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar las contribuciones del neurólogo Oliver Sacks de lo que él definió como una "neurofenomenologia del self", de la subjetividad, de la identidad y de la imagen corporal. Se evidencia el enfoque fenomenológico en conjunto con las contribuciones de la neurología y se hace destaque al papel de la subjetividad en la búsqueda de nuevas narrativas de la mente.

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A neurologia é um ramo da medicina que busca estudar uma diversidade de distúrbios neurológicos tais como perda da fala, da linguagem, da memória, da visão, da percepção dos sentidos e da identidade, entre outros distúrbios, e construiu um conjunto de conhecimentos específicos, sobretudo a partir do desenvolvimento da tecnologia médica através de modernos aparelhos de imagem cerebral. Este trabalho objetiva analisar as contribuições do neurologista Oliver Sacks a partir daquilo que ele definiu como uma "neurofenomenologia do self", da subjetividade, da identidade e da imagem corporal. Evidencia-se a abordagem fenomenológica em conjunto com as contribuições da neurologia e ressalta-se o papel da subjetividade buscando novas narrativas da mente.(AU)

Neurology is a branch of medicine that studies a variety of neurological disorders that affect speech, language, memory vision, perception of the sense of identity, and other neurological factors. Neurology has produced a specific body of knowledge ranging from the development of medical technology to modern brain imaging devices. This paper examines some of the contributions by Oliver Sacks through what he has defined as "neurophenomenology of the self," or of subjectivity, identity and body image. This study highlights his phenomenological approach with contributions from neurology and emphasizes the role of subjectivity in the search for new narratives of the mind.(AU)

La neurologie est une branche de la médecine qui cherche à étudier toute une gamme de troubles neurologiques comme la perte de la parole, du langage, de la mémoire, de la vision, de la perception sensorielle et de l'identité, entre autres. Elle construit un ensemble de connaissances spécifiques, surtout à partir du développement de la technologie médicale, plus précisément à l'aide d'appareils d'imagerie cérébrale. Cet article vise à analyser les contributions du neurologue Oliver Sacks à partir de ce qu'il décrit comme la "neurophénoménologie du soi", la subjectivité, l'identité et l'image corporelle. Cette étude met en évidence l'approche phénoménologique, les contributions de la neurologie, ainsi que le rôle de la subjectivité pour repérer de nouvelles narratives de l'esprit.(AU)

La neurología es una rama de la medicina que tiene como objetivo estudiar diversos trastornos neurológicos, tales como la pérdida del habla, del lenguaje, de la memoria, de la visión y de la percepción de los sentidos de identidad, entre otros trastornos neurológicos, así como también ha construido un conjunto de conocimientos específicos, especialmente a partir del desarrollo de la moderna tecnología médica a través de dispositivos de imagen cerebral. Este estudio tiene como objetivo examinar las contribuciones del neurólogo Oliver Sacks de lo que él definió como una "neurofenomenologia del self", de la subjetividad, de la identidad y de la imagen corporal. Se evidencia el enfoque fenomenológico en conjunto con las contribuciones de la neurología y se hace destaque al papel de la subjetividad en la búsqueda de nuevas narrativas de la mente.(AU)

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