RESUMO
L-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L-2-HGA) is an inherited neurometabolic disorder caused by deficient activity of L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase. L-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid (L-2-HG) accumulation in the brain and biological fluids is the biochemical hallmark of this disease. Patients present exclusively neurological symptoms and brain abnormalities, particularly in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Since the pathogenesis of this disorder is still poorly established, we investigated the short-lived effects of an intracerebroventricular injection of L-2-HG to neonatal rats on redox homeostasis in the cerebellum, which is mostly affected in this disorder. We also determined immunohistochemical landmarks of neuronal viability (NeuN), astrogliosis (S100B and GFAP), microglia activation (Iba1), and myelination (MBP and CNPase) in the cerebral cortex and striatum following L-2-HG administration. Finally, the neuromotor development and cognitive abilities were examined. L-2-HG elicited oxidative stress in the cerebellum 6 h after its injection, which was verified by increased reactive oxygen species production, lipid oxidative damage, and altered antioxidant defenses (decreased concentrations of reduced glutathione and increased glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities). L-2-HG also decreased the content of NeuN, MBP, and CNPase, and increased S100B, GFAP, and Iba1 in the cerebral cortex and striatum at postnatal days 15 and 75, implying long-standing neuronal loss, demyelination, astrocyte reactivity, and increased inflammatory response, respectively. Finally, L-2-HG administration caused a delay in neuromotor development and a deficit of cognition in adult animals. Importantly, the antioxidant melatonin prevented L-2-HG-induced deleterious neurochemical, immunohistochemical, and behavioral effects, indicating that oxidative stress may be central to the pathogenesis of brain damage in L-2-HGA.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes , Estresse Oxidativo , Ratos , Animais , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Animais Recém-NascidosRESUMO
Pneumococcal meningitis, inflammation of the meninges due to an infection of the Central Nervous System caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus), is the most common form of community-acquired bacterial meningitis globally. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) water channels on astrocytic end feet regulate the solute transport of the glymphatic system, facilitating the exchange of compounds between the brain parenchyma and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is important for the clearance of waste away from the brain. Wistar rats, subjected to either pneumococcal meningitis or artificial CSF (sham control), received Evans blue-albumin (EBA) intracisternally. Overall, the meningitis group presented a significant impairment of the glymphatic system by retaining the EBA in the CSF compartments compared to the uninfected sham group. Our results clearly showed that during pneumococcal meningitis, the glymphatic system does not function because of a detachment of the astrocytic end feet from the blood-brain barrier (BBB) vascular endothelium, which leads to misplacement of AQP4 with the consequent loss of the AQP4 water channel's functionality. IMPORTANCE The lack of solute drainage due to a dysfunctional glymphatic system leads to an increase of the neurotoxic bacterial material in the CSF compartments of the brain, ultimately leading to brain-wide neuroinflammation and neuronal damage with consequent impairment of neurological functions. The loss of function of the glymphatic system can therefore be a leading cause of the neurological sequelae developing post-bacterial meningitis.
Assuntos
Sistema Glinfático , Meningite Pneumocócica , Animais , Ratos , Albuminas/metabolismo , Aquaporina 4/genética , Aquaporina 4/metabolismo , Astrócitos/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Sistema Glinfático/metabolismo , Meningite Pneumocócica/metabolismo , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces two types of brain damage: primary and secondary. Damage initiates a series of pathophysiological processes, such as metabolic crisis, excitotoxicity with oxidative stress-induced damage, and neuroinflammation. The long-term perpetuation of these processes has deleterious consequences for neuronal function. However, it remains to be elucidated further whether physiological variation in the brain microenvironment, depending on diurnal variations, influences the damage, and consequently, exerts a neuroprotective effect. Here, we established an experimental rat model of TBI and evaluated the effects of TBI induced at two different time points of the light-dark cycle. Behavioral responses were assessed using a 21-point neurobehavioral scale and the cylinder test. Morphological damage was assessed in different regions of the central nervous system. We found that rats that experienced a TBI during the dark hours had better behavioral performance than those injured during the light hours. Differences in behavioral performance correlated with less morphological damage in the perilesional zone. Moreover, certain brain areas (CA1 and dentate gyrus subregions of the hippocampus) were less prone to damage in rats that experienced a TBI during the dark hours. Our results suggest that diurnal variation is a crucial determinant of TBI outcome, and the hour of the day at which an injury occurs should be considered for future research.
RESUMO
Chronic treatment with agmatine, similarly to fluoxetine, may cause antidepressant-like effects mediated, at least in part, by the modulation of hippocampal plasticity. However, the ability of chronic treatment with agmatine to cause antidepressant-like effects associated with the modulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and protection against neuronal death remains to be established. In this study, we investigated the effects of agmatine (0.1 mg/kg, p.o.) and the conventional antidepressant fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, p.o.) treatment on the levels of phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR), neuronal death, and overall volume in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of mice exposed to chronic corticosterone (20 mg/kg, p.o.) treatment for 21 days, a model of stress and depressive-like behavior. Chronic corticosterone treatment increased cell death in the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the DG, as assessed by Fluoro-Jade B labeling. Agmatine, similarly to fluoxetine, was capable of reversing this alteration in the entire DG, an effect more evident in the ventral portion of the hippocampus. Additionally, reduced phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser2448), a pro-survival protein that is active when phosphorylated at Ser2448, was observed in the whole hippocampal DG in corticosterone-treated mice, an effect not observed in agmatine or fluoxetine-treated mice. Chronic exposure to corticosterone caused a significant reduction in overall hippocampal volume, although no alterations were observed between the groups with regards to DG volume. Altogether, the results indicate that agmatine, similar to fluoxetine, was able to counteract corticosterone-induced impairment on mTOR signaling and cell death in hippocampal DG.
Assuntos
Agmatina/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/toxicidade , Corticosterona/toxicidade , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Giro Denteado/citologia , Giro Denteado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fluoxetina/farmacologia , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Camundongos , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologia , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismoRESUMO
Here, we report the neurotoxic effects aroused by the intracerebral injection (in rats) of Tb1, which is a neurotoxin isolated from Tityus bahiensis scorpion venom. Biochemical analyses have demonstrated that this toxin is similar to the gamma toxin from T. serrulatus, which is a ß-scorpion toxin that acts on sodium channels, causing the activation process to occur at more hyperpolarized membrane voltages. Male Wistar rats were stereotaxically implanted with intrahippocampal electrodes and cannulas for electroencephalographic recording and the evaluation of amino acid neurotransmitters levels. Treated animals displayed behavioral and electroencephalographic alterations similar to epileptiform activities, such as myoclonus, wet dog shakes, convulsion, strong discharges, neuronal loss, and increased intracerebral levels of glutamate. Scorpion toxins are important pharmacological tools that are widely employed in ion channel dysregulation studies. The current work contributes to the understanding of channelopathies, particularly epilepsy, which may originate, among other events, from dysfunctional sodium channels, which are the main target of the Tb1 toxin.
Assuntos
Ácido Glutâmico/metabolismo , Neurotoxinas/toxicidade , Venenos de Escorpião/toxicidade , Convulsões/induzido quimicamente , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Eletroencefalografia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipocampo/patologia , Hipocampo/fisiologia , Masculino , Neurotoxinas/química , Ratos Wistar , Venenos de Escorpião/química , Escorpiões , Convulsões/metabolismo , Convulsões/patologia , Convulsões/fisiopatologia , Canais de Sódio/fisiologiaRESUMO
Piperazine designer drugs are a group of synthetic drugs of abuse that have appeared on the illicit market since the second half of the 1990s. The most common derivatives are 1-benzylpiperazine (BZP), 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (MeOPP) and 1-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)piperazine (MDBP). They can be consumed as capsules, tablets, but also in powder or liquid forms. Generally, although less potent than amphetamines, piperazines have dopaminergic and serotonergic activities. The aim of this work was to evaluate the toxic effects of BZP, MeOPP and MDBP using Caenorhabditis elegans as in vivo model for acute toxicity, development, reproduction and behavior testing. The LC50 for BZP, MeOPP and MDBP were 52.21, 5.72 and 1.22 mm, respectively. All concentrations induced a significant decrease in the body surface of the worms, indicating developmental alterations, and decrease in the brood size. Worms exposed to piperazine designer drugs also presented a decrease in locomotor activity and mechanical sensitivity, suggesting the possible dysfunction of the nervous system. Neuronal damage was confirmed through the decrease in fluorescence of BY200 strains, indicating loss of dopaminergic transporters. In conclusion, we suggest that piperazine designer drugs lead to neuronal damage, which might be the underlying cause of the altered behavior observed in humans.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Caenorhabditis elegans/efeitos dos fármacos , Drogas Desenhadas/toxicidade , Piperazinas/toxicidade , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Drogas Desenhadas/síntese química , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/metabolismo , Neurônios Dopaminérgicos/patologia , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Mecanotransdução Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Piperazinas/síntese química , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Here, we report the neurotoxic effects aroused by the intracerebral injection (in rats) of Tb1, which is a neurotoxin isolated from Tityus bahiensis scorpion venom. Biochemical analyses have demonstrated that this toxin is similar to the gamma toxin from T. serrulatus, which is a ß-scorpion toxin that acts on sodium channels, causing the activation process to occur at more hyperpolarized membrane voltages. Male Wistar rats were stereotaxically implanted with intrahippocampal electrodes and cannulas for electroencephalographic recording and the evaluation of amino acid neurotransmitters levels. Treated animals displayed behavioral and electroencephalographic alterations similar to epileptiform activities, such as myoclonus, wet dog shakes, convulsion, strong discharges, neuronal loss, and increased intracerebral levels of glutamate. Scorpion toxins are important pharmacological tools that are widely employed in ion channel dysregulation studies. The current work contributes to the understanding of channelopathies, particularly epilepsy, which may originate, among other events, from dysfunctional sodium channels, which are the main target of the Tb1 toxin
RESUMO
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is a biomarker of neuronal cell lysis, which demonstrates stability in extracellular fluids such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid. To the authors knowledge there is no research information comparing the use of NSE in dogs with and without encephalitis, putting in evidence the importance of that biomarker to detect neuronal damage in dogs. The objective was to compare the serum NSE levels in dogs with and without encephalitis, and to determine the serum NSE levels in normal dogs. Thirty eight dogs were evaluated, 19 dogs with encephalitis (EG Group) and 19 dogs without encephalitis (CG Group). The criteria for inclusion in the EG Group were presence of neurological signs in more than one part of the CNS (multifocal syndrome) and positive molecular diagnosis for canine distemper virus; for the CG Group were an age between 1 to 7 years and be clinically normal; NSE were measured in serum using an ELISA assay, and the results were compared. In the EG Group the NSE values were higher with significant difference (P=0.0053) when compared with the CG Group. NSE is a biomarker that can be measured in serum samples of dogs to monitor neuronal lesions in encephalitis.(AU)
Enolase neuronal específica (NSE) é um biomarcador de lise de neurônios, que demonstra estabilidade em fluidos extracelulares como sangue e líquido cerebrospinal. Para o conhecimento dos autores, não há informações de pesquisa que comparem o uso de NSE em cães com e sem encefalite, evidenciando a importância desse biomarcador para detectar danos neuronais em cães. O objetivo foi comparar os níveis séricos de NSE em cães com e sem encefalites, e determinar os níveis séricos de NSE em cães saudáveis. Trinta e oito cães foram avaliados, 19 cães com encefalites (Grupo EG) e 19 cães sem encefalite (Grupo CG). O critério para inclusão no Grupo EG foi presença de sinais neurológicos em mais de uma estrutura do SNC (síndrome multifocal) e positividade no diagnóstico molecular para o vírus da cinomose canina; para o Grupo CG foi idade entre 1 e 7 anos e ser clinicamente normal; NSE foram mensuradas em amostras séricas usando o método de ELISA, e os resultados comparados. No Grupo EG os valores de NSE foram altos com diferença significativa (P=0.0053) quando comparado com o Grupo CG. NSE é um biomarcador que pode ser mensurado em amostras séricas de cães para monitorar lesões neuronais em encefalites.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Fosfopiruvato Hidratase/biossíntese , Encefalite Viral/diagnóstico , Encefalite Viral/veterinária , Cinomose/diagnóstico , Vírus da Cinomose Canina , CãesRESUMO
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is a biomarker of neuronal cell lysis, which demonstrates stability in extracellular fluids such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid. To the authors knowledge there is no research information comparing the use of NSE in dogs with and without encephalitis, putting in evidence the importance of that biomarker to detect neuronal damage in dogs. The objective was to compare the serum NSE levels in dogs with and without encephalitis, and to determine the serum NSE levels in normal dogs. Thirty eight dogs were evaluated, 19 dogs with encephalitis (EG Group) and 19 dogs without encephalitis (CG Group). The criteria for inclusion in the EG Group were presence of neurological signs in more than one part of the CNS (multifocal syndrome) and positive molecular diagnosis for canine distemper virus; for the CG Group were an age between 1 to 7 years and be clinically normal; NSE were measured in serum using an ELISA assay, and the results were compared. In the EG Group the NSE values were higher with significant difference (P=0.0053) when compared with the CG Group. NSE is a biomarker that can be measured in serum samples of dogs to monitor neuronal lesions in encephalitis(AU)
Enolase neuronal específica (NSE) é um biomarcador de lise de neurônios, que demonstra estabilidade em fluidos extracelulares como sangue e líquido cerebrospinal. Para o conhecimento dos autores, não há informações de pesquisa que comparem o uso de NSE em cães com e sem encefalite, evidenciando a importância desse biomarcador para detectar danos neuronais em cães. O objetivo foi comparar os níveis séricos de NSE em cães com e sem encefalites, e determinar os níveis séricos de NSE em cães saudáveis. Trinta e oito cães foram avaliados, 19 cães com encefalites (Grupo EG) e 19 cães sem encefalite (Grupo CG). O critério para inclusão no Grupo EG foi presença de sinais neurológicos em mais de uma estrutura do SNC (síndrome multifocal) e positividade no diagnóstico molecular para o vírus da cinomose canina; para o Grupo CG foi idade entre 1 e 7 anos e ser clinicamente normal; NSE foram mensuradas em amostras séricas usando o método de ELISA, e os resultados comparados. No Grupo EG os valores de NSE foram altos com diferença significativa (P=0.0053) quando comparado com o Grupo CG. NSE é um biomarcador que pode ser mensurado em amostras séricas de cães para monitorar lesões neuronais em encefalites(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Fosfopiruvato Hidratase/biossíntese , Encefalite Viral/diagnóstico , Encefalite Viral/veterinária , Cinomose/diagnóstico , Vírus da Cinomose Canina , CãesRESUMO
S-Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) concentrations are highly elevated in tissues and biological fluids of patients affected by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency. This disorder is clinically characterized by severe neurological symptoms, whose pathophysiology is not yet established. Therefore, we investigated the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of AdoMet on redox homeostasis, microglia activation, synaptophysin levels, and TAU phosphorylation in cerebral cortex and striatum of young rats. AdoMet provoked significant lipid and protein oxidation, decreased glutathione concentrations, and altered the activity of important antioxidant enzymes in cerebral cortex and striatum. AdoMet also increased reactive oxygen (2',7'-dichlorofluorescein oxidation increase) and nitrogen (nitrate and nitrite levels increase) species generation in cerebral cortex. Furthermore, the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and melatonin prevented most of AdoMet-induced pro-oxidant effects in both cerebral structures. Finally, we verified that AdoMet produced microglia activation by increasing Iba1 staining and TAU phosphorylation, as well as reduced synaptophysin levels in cerebral cortex. Taken together, it is presumed that impairment of redox homeostasis possibly associated with microglia activation and neuronal dysfunction caused by AdoMet may represent deleterious pathomechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of brain damage in S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase deficiency.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/patologia , Homeostase , Microglia/patologia , Neurônios/patologia , S-Adenosilmetionina/administração & dosagem , S-Adenosilmetionina/farmacologia , Acetilcisteína/farmacologia , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Dissulfeto de Glutationa/metabolismo , Heme Oxigenase-1/metabolismo , Homeostase/efeitos dos fármacos , Injeções Intraventriculares , Lipídeos/química , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Melatonina/farmacologia , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/metabolismo , Microglia/metabolismo , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , Espécies Reativas de Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Sinaptofisina/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismoRESUMO
The aim of this paper was to present the first report of Prosopis nigra poisoning of cattle in Argentina. Outbreaks occurred in five farms located in Salta and Santiago del Estero provinces. All animals were examined, euthanized and necropsied. Clinical signs included tongue protrusion, twitches and tremors of muscles of mastication, weight loss and lethargy. Severe atrophy of the masseter, buccinator and lingual muscles was observed, along with neuronal vacuolation in the nuclei of the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossus nerves. These findings and the clinical signs are consistent with results obtained in animals, spontaneously and experimentally intoxicated with Prosopis juliflora in previous studies. Several species of this genus are native to Argentina. Farmers should be warned about the suspected toxicity by Prosopis nigra, since this species has wide geographical distribution in the country.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/etiologia , Intoxicação por Plantas/veterinária , Prosopis/intoxicação , Animais , Argentina , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Frutas/intoxicação , Intoxicação por Plantas/diagnóstico , Intoxicação por Plantas/etiologiaRESUMO
Beta-glucans (ßg), that have many useful effects on human health, are natural polysaccharides. Our aim in this study was to determine useful effect of ßg against oxidative and neuronal damage caused by global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (IR) in stroke imitated mice via surgical operation. A total of 40 mice divided into four equal groups randomly. The group 1 (sham operated) was kept as control. Bilateral carotid arteries of subjects in group 2 (I/R) and group 4 (I/ R + ßg) were clipped for 15 min, and the mice in group 4 (I/R + ßg) were treated with ßg (50 mg/kg/day), while the mice in group 2 (I/R) were treated with only vehicle for 10 days. The mice of group 3 (ßg) were treated with ßg for 10 days without carotid occlusion. Global cerebral I/R significantly increased oxidative stress and decreased members of anti-oxidant defense system. In addition, I/R caused histopathological damage in the brain tissue. However, ßg treatment ameliorated both oxidative and histopathological effects of I/R. Our present study showed that ßg treatment significantly ameliorated oxidative and histological damage in the brain tissue caused by cerebral I/R. Therefore, ßg treatment can be used as supportive care for ischemic stroke patients
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , beta-Glucanas/análise , Isquemia Encefálica/induzido quimicamente , Degeneração NeuralRESUMO
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition that impairs quality of life in social, academic, and occupational contexts for both children and adults. Although a strong neurobiological basis has been demonstrated, the pathophysiology of ADHD is still poorly understood. Among the proposed mechanisms are glial activation, neuronal damage and degeneration, increased oxidative stress, reduced neurotrophic support, altered neurotransmitter metabolism, and blood-brain barrier disruption. In this way, a potential role of inflammation has been increasingly researched. However, evidence for the involvement of inflammation in ADHD is still scarce and comes mainly from (1) observational studies showing a strong comorbidity of ADHD with inflammatory and autoimmune disorders; (2) studies evaluating serum inflammatory markers; and (3) genetic studies. A co-occurrence of ADHD with inflammatory disorders has been demonstrated in a large number of subjects, suggesting a range of underlying mechanisms such as an altered immune response, common genetics, and environmental links. The evaluation of serum inflammatory markers has provided mixed results, likely due to the small sample sizes and high heterogeneity between biomarkers. However, there is evidence that increased inflammation during the early development may be a risk factor for ADHD symptoms. Although genetic studies have demonstrated a potential role for inflammation in this disorder, there is no clear evidence. To sum up, inflammation may be an important mechanism in ADHD pathophysiology, but more studies are still needed for a more precise conclusion.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/imunologia , Inflamação/complicações , Neuroimunomodulação/fisiologia , Animais , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologiaRESUMO
High glycine (GLY) levels have been suggested to induce neurotoxic effects in the central nervous system of patients with nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH). Since the mechanisms involved in the neuropathophysiology of NKH are not totally established, we evaluated the effect of a single intracerebroventricular administration of GLY on the content of proteins involved in neuronal damage and inflammatory response, as well as on the phosphorylation of the MAPK p38, ERK1/2, and JNK in rat striatum and cerebral cortex. We also examined glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining, a marker of glial reactivity. The parameters were analyzed 30 min or 24 h after GLY administration. GLY decreased Tau phosphorylation in striatum and cerebral cortex 30 min and 24 h after its administration. On the other hand, synaptophysin levels were decreased in striatum at 30 min and in cerebral cortex at 24 h after GLY injection. GLY also decreased the phosphorylation of p38, ERK1/2, and JNK 30 min after its administration in both brain structures. Moreover, GLY-induced decrease of p38 phosphorylation in striatum was attenuated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801. In contrast, synuclein, NF-κB, iκB, inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine content, and GFAP immunostaining were not altered by GLY infusion. It may be presumed that the decreased phosphorylation of MAPK associated with alterations of markers of neuronal injury induced by GLY may contribute to the neurological dysfunction observed in NKH.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/patologia , Glicina/administração & dosagem , Hiperglicinemia não Cetótica/patologia , Hiperglicinemia não Cetótica/fisiopatologia , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Neurônios/patologia , Animais , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/enzimologia , Corpo Estriado/patologia , Corpo Estriado/fisiopatologia , Maleato de Dizocilpina/farmacologia , Proteína Glial Fibrilar Ácida/metabolismo , Proteínas I-kappa B/metabolismo , Injeções Intraventriculares , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase Tipo II/metabolismo , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Wistar , Sinaptofisina/metabolismo , Tirosina/análogos & derivados , Tirosina/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Proteínas tau/metabolismoRESUMO
Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) causes bloody diarrhea and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) that may derive to fatal neurological outcomes. Neurological abnormalities in the striatum are frequently observed in affected patients and in studies with animal models while motor disorders are usually associated with pyramidal and extra pyramidal systems. A translational murine model of encephalopathy was employed to demonstrate that systemic administration of a sublethal dose of Stx2 damaged the striatal microvasculature and astrocytes, increase the blood brain barrier permeability and caused neuronal degeneration. All these events were aggravated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The injury observed in the striatum coincided with locomotor behavioral alterations. The anti-inflammatory Dexamethasone resulted to prevent the observed neurologic and clinical signs, proving to be an effective drug. Therefore, the present work demonstrates that: (i) systemic sub-lethal Stx2 damages the striatal neurovascular unit as it succeeds to pass through the blood brain barrier. (ii) This damage is aggravated by the contribution of LPS which is also produced and secreted by EHEC, and (iii) the observed neurological alterations may be prevented by an anti-inflammatory treatment.
Assuntos
Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Dexametasona/farmacologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Transtornos dos Movimentos/tratamento farmacológico , Toxina Shiga II/toxicidade , Animais , Astrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Astrócitos/imunologia , Astrócitos/patologia , Barreira Hematoencefálica/efeitos dos fármacos , Barreira Hematoencefálica/imunologia , Barreira Hematoencefálica/patologia , Permeabilidade Capilar/efeitos dos fármacos , Permeabilidade Capilar/fisiologia , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/etiologia , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/imunologia , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/patologia , Corpo Estriado/irrigação sanguínea , Corpo Estriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Corpo Estriado/imunologia , Corpo Estriado/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Escherichia coli , Feminino , Camundongos , Microvasos/efeitos dos fármacos , Microvasos/imunologia , Microvasos/patologia , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Atividade Motora/fisiologia , Transtornos dos Movimentos/etiologia , Transtornos dos Movimentos/imunologia , Transtornos dos Movimentos/patologia , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic disease that affects the central nervous system. Its main clinical manifestations are epileptic seizures. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between neurotransmitter concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the different evolutive forms of neurocysticercosis with or without seizures. METHODS: Neurotransmitter concentrations (Aspartate, Glutamate, GABA, Glutamine, Glycine, Taurine) were determined in CSF samples from 42 patients with neurocysticercosis divided into patients with the active cystic form (n = 24, 12 with and 12 without seizures) and patients with calcified form (n = 18, 12 with and 6 without seizures), and a control group consisting of 59 healthy subjects. RESULTS: Alterations in amino acid concentration were observed in all patients with neurocysticercosis. CONCLUSION: We conclude that disturbances in amino acid metabolism accompany the presentation of neurocysticercosis. Replacement of the terms inactive cyst by reactive inactive cyst and calcification by reactive calcification is suggested.
RESUMO
La encefalopatía por hipoxia es causa de discapacidad y requiere de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas. El pirofosfato de tiamina (PPT) es un cofactor esencial de enzimas fundamentales en el metabolismo de la glucosa, cuya disminución puede conducir a la falla en la síntesis de ATP y a la muerte celular. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si la administración de PPT, puede reducir el daño celular en un modelo de hipoxia neonatal en ratas. Animales de 11 días de edad fueron tratados con PPT (130 mg/kg) en dosis única o solución salina, una hora antes del protocolo de hipoxia o al término de ésta. Los cerebros fueron colectados para la evaluación del daño celular. Además, se tomaron muestras sanguíneas para evaluar los indicadores gasométricos de presión de dióxido de carbono (PaCO2) y de oxígeno (PaO2) en sangre arterial y pH. Los resultados muestran que la administración de PPT previa a la inducción de hipoxia, reduce el daño celular y restablece los indicadores gasométricos. Estos datos indican que el uso de PPT reduce el daño inducido por la hipoxia en animales neonatos.
Hypoxic encephalopathy is a leading cause of disability and requires new therapeutic strategies. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is an essential cofactor of fundamental enzymes involved in glucose metabolism. TPP reduction may lead to ATP synthesis failure and cell death. The objective of this study was to determine if TPP administration can reduce cellular damage in a model of neonatal hypoxia in rats. Eleven day old animals were treated with TPP (130 mg/kg) as a single dose or with saline solution one hour before the hypoxia protocol or after ending the protocol. The brains were collected to evaluate cellular damage. Blood samples were also collected to evaluate arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and acidity (pH). The results showed that TPP administration previous to hypoxia induction reduces cellular damage and reestablishes arterial blood gases. These data indicate that TPP use reduces the damage induced by hypoxia in neonatal animals.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Tiamina Pirofosfato/administração & dosagem , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Substâncias Protetoras/administração & dosagem , Hipóxia/tratamento farmacológico , Oxigênio/sangue , Tiamina Pirofosfato/farmacologia , Gasometria , Encefalopatias/prevenção & controle , Ratos Wistar , Substâncias Protetoras/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Animais Recém-NascidosRESUMO
Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic disease that affects the central nervous system. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between neuronal death evaluated by the quantification of Fas apoptotic factor and the different evolutive forms of neurocysticercosis accompanied or not by epileptic seizures. METHODS: Cerebrospinal fluid samples from 36 patients with a diagnosis of neurocysticercosis divided into the following groups: active cystic form (n=15), 9 patients with and 6 without seizures, and calcified form (=21), 9 with and 12 without seizures. Fourteen patients comprised the control group. Fas protein concentrations were determined by ELISA. RESULTS: Only the group of patients with calcified cysts without seizures presented cerebrospinal fluid levels of Fas similar to those of the control group. Higher levels were observed for the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present finding suggests high cerebrospinal fluid levels of soluble Fas protein, except for patients with calcified cysts without seizures. Significant differences were observed for the group with calcified cysts and seizures, suggesting greater neuronal damage in these patients. Replacement of the term inactive cyst with reactive inactive cyst is suggested.
Neurocisticercose é uma doença parasitária que afeta o sistema nervoso central. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a correlação entre morte neuronal por meio da quantificação do fator apoptótico Fas e a presença de neurocisticercose nas suas diferentes fases evolutivas, acompanhadas ou não de crises epilépticas. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas amostras de líquido cefalorraquidiano em 36 pacientes com diagnóstico de neurocisticercose, determinando-se as concentrações da proteína Fas pelo método ELISA. Foram considerados os seguintes grupos: forma cística ativa n=15 (9 com crises, 6 sem crises), forma calcificada n=21 (9 com crises, 12 sem crises) e 14 pacientes (grupo controle). RESULTADOS: Apenas o grupo com calcificações sem crises apresentou níveis de Fas semelhantes ao controle. Maiores níveis foram observados nos outros grupos. CONCLUSÕES: As formas ativa e calcificada apresentam níveis elevados da proteína Fas, exceto para as formas calcificadas sem crises. No grupo de calcificações com crise, observamos diferenças mais expressivas, sugerindo maior dano neuronal. Sugerimos a substituição da denominação "cisto inativo" por "cisto inativo reagente".
Assuntos
Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Calcinose/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Proteína de Domínio de Morte Associada a Fas/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Neurocisticercose/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Convulsões/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Morte Celular , Calcinose/parasitologia , ELISPOT , Estudos Prospectivos , Convulsões/parasitologiaRESUMO
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of ascorbic acid (AA) in rats, against the neuronal damage and memory deficit caused by seizures. Wistar rats were treated with 0.9 percent saline (i.p., control group), ascorbic acid (500 mg/kg, i.p., AA group), pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p., pilocarpine group), and the association of ascorbic acid (500 mg/kg, i.p.) plus pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.), 30 min before of administration of ascorbic acid (AA plus pilocarpine group). After the treatments all groups were observed for 24 h. Pilocarpine group presented seizures which progressed to status epilepticus in 75 percent of the animals. Pretreatment with AA led to a reduction of 50 percent of this rate. Results showed that pretreatment with AA did not alter reference memory when compared to a control group. In the working memory task, we observed a significant day's effect with important differences between control, pilocarpine and AA plus pilocarpine groups. Pilocarpine and AA plus pilocarpine groups had 81 and 16 percent of animals with brain injury, respectively. In the hippocampus of pilocarpine animals, it was detected an injury of 60 percent. As for the animals tested with AA plus pilocarpine, the hippocampal region of the group had a reduction of 43 percent in hippocampal lesion. Our findings suggest that seizures caused cognitive dysfunction and neuronal damage that might be related, at least in part, to the neurological problems presented by epileptic patients. AA can reverse cognitive dysfunction observed in rats with seizures as well as decrease neuronal injury in rat hippocampus.
O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito neuroprotetor do ácido ascórbico (AA), contra o dano neuronal e o déficit de memória em ratos causados pelas convulsões. Ratos Wistar foram tratados com solução salina a 0,9 por cento (i.p., grupo controle), ácido ascórbico (500 mg/kg, i.p., grupo AA), pilocarpina (400 mg/kg, i.p., grupo pilocarpina), e a associação de ácido ascórbico (500 mg/kg, i.p.) com pilocarpina (400 mg/kg, i.p.), 30 min após a administração de ácido ascórbico (AA + pilocarpina grupo). Após os tratamentos todos os grupos foram observados durante 24 h. O grupo pilocarpina apresentou crises convulsivas que evoluíram para o estado de mal epiléptico em 75 por cento dos animais. O pré-tratamento com AA produz uma redução de 50 por cento nesta taxa. Os resultados mostraram que o pré-tratamento com AA não alterou a memória em relação ao controle. No teste de memória, observou-se um efeito significativo nos dias avaliados entre os grupos controle, pilocarpina e AA + pilocarpina. 81 e 16 por cento dos animais dos grupos AA + pilocarpina e pilocarpina apresentaram danos cerebrais, respectivamente. No hipocampo dos animais do grupo pilocarpina, que foi detectada uma lesão de hipocampal de 60 por cento. Quanto aos animais do grupo AA + pilocarpina, a região do hipocampo apresentou uma redução de 43 por cento na extensão da lesão no hippocampo. Nosso resultados sugerem que as convulsões produzem disfunção cognitiva e dano neuronal que podem estar relacionados, pelo menos em parte, aos problemas neurológicos apresentados pelos pacientes epilépticos. O ácido ascórbico pode reverter essa disfunção cognitiva observado em ratos convulsivos, bem como reduz o desenvolvimento da lesão neuronal no hipocampo de ratos.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacologia , Epilepsia/patologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtornos da Memória/prevenção & controle , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Epilepsia/induzido quimicamente , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Hipocampo/patologia , Transtornos da Memória/etiologia , Transtornos da Memória/patologia , Neurônios/patologia , Pilocarpina , Ratos WistarRESUMO
CONTEXTO: As convulsões podem produzir danos neuronais em diversas áreas e, especialmente, nas estruturas límbicas. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar os efeitos neuroprotetores da vitamina C nas alterações histopatológicas observadas no corpo estriado de ratos convulsivos. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados ratos Wistar adultos. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos. O primeiro grupo foi tratado com salina 0,9 por cento (grupo controle) e o segundo, com pilocarpina (400 mg/kg, grupo P400). Já o terceiro e o quarto grupo foram tratados com vitamina C (250 mg/kg), e, 30 minutos depois, receberam P400 (grupo VIT C + P400) ou solução salina 0,9 por cento (grupo VIT C), respectivamente. Após os tratamentos, todos os grupos foram observados por 24 horas e, em seguida, sacrificados e seus cérebros removidos para as análises histopatológicas. RESULTADOS: O grupo P400 apresentou convulsões que progrediram para o estado epiléptico em 75 por cento dos animais. O pré-tratamento com vitamina C produziu uma redução de 35 por cento nesse índice. Os grupos P400 e VIT C + P400 apresentaram 80 por cento e 20 por cento de animais com lesão cerebral, respectivamente. No corpo estriado dos animais do grupo P400, houve um comprometimento de 50 por cento. Por sua vez, na região estriatal dos animais do grupo VIT C + P400 foi vista uma redução de 40 por cento nesse comprometimento. DISCUSSÃO: As convulsões induzidas pela pilocarpina são instaladas pelo sistema colinérgico e propagadas pela produção de radicais livres e pelo sistema glutamatérgico, resultado no desenvolvimento de dano cerebral. As drogas antioxidantes podem apresentar um potencial terapêutico para pacientes epilépticos na proteção contra as lesões cerebrais por meio da remoção desses radicais livres formados. Acredita-se, assim, que a vitamina C pode influenciar a epileptogênese e promover ações neuroprotetoras durante as convulsões.
BACKGROUND: Seizures may produce neuronal damage in several areas and especially in limbic structures. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of vitamin C in the histopathological changes observed in rat striatum after seizures. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Healthy Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The first group was treated with 0.9 percent saline (control group) and the second one with pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, P400 group). Third and fourth groups were treated with vitamin C (250 mg/kg), 30 minutes before receiving P400 (P400 + VIT C group) or 0.9 percent saline (VIT C group), respectively. After the treatments, all groups were observed for 24 hours, sacrificed and dissected out to remove their brains for histopathological analysis. RESULTS: The group P400 presented seizures that progressed to status epilepticus in 75 percent of the animals. Pretreatment with vitamin C produced a 35 percent reduction in this index. P400 and P400 + VIT C groups revealed 80 percent and 20 percent of animals with brain injury, respectively. In P400 group, lesion severity of the striatum was 50 percent. In turn, in striatal region of animals treated with P400 + VIT C group, we detected a reduction of 40 percent in the severity degree. DISCUSSION: Pilocarpine-induced seizures are installed by the cholinergic system and propagated by free radicals and by glutamatergic system, leading to brain damage. The antioxidant drugs may have therapeutic potential for epileptic patients to protect against brain injure through removing free radicals produced, suggesting that vitamin C may influence epileptogenesis and promote neuroprotective actions during seizures.