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RESUMEN Objetivos. Evaluar los efectos de la administración de oxitocina en la conducción del parto en los niveles de malondialdehído (MDA), óxido nítrico (ON) y proteína S100B en el recién nacido. Material y Métodos. Se seleccionó a 80 gestantes a término sin patología obstétrica y fetal, formando dos grupos: Gestantes con parto normal y conducidas con oxitocina. Se extrajo sangre inmediatamente después del parto de la vena de cordón umbilical para medir MDA, ON y de la arteria para la proteína S100B. Se cuantificó la concentración de MDA y ON por métodos espectroscópicos y la proteína S100B por ELISA. Resultados. Se tuvo valores de 3,4 uMol/L y 3,6 uMol/L de MDA y 1,4 uMol/Ly 1,8 uMol/L de ON en el grupo conducido con oxitocina y control respectivamente sin diferencia significativa, los niveles de S100B fueron mayores en el grupo conducido con oxitocina, con una mediana de 1,36 μg/L comparado con el grupo de parto normal 1,11 μg/L (p=0,03). No hubo relación entre la dosis de oxitocina administrada y los niveles de MDA, ON y S100B. Conclusiones. No hay diferencia entre los niveles de MDA y ON entre las gestantes con parto normal y conducidas. Hay diferencia significativa en los niveles de proteína S100B en recién nacidos de parto con oxitocina. No hay relación entre la dosis de oxitocina y los niveles de estrés oxidativo y proteína S100B.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To assess the effects of the administration of oxytocin during labor management on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and S100B protein in newborns. Materials and Methods. We selected 80 term pregnant women without obstetric and fetal pathology, forming two groups: pregnant women with normal delivery and pregnant women conducted with oxytocin. Blood was collected immediately after delivery from the umbilical cord vein to measure MDA, ON and from the artery for protein S100B. The concentration of MDA and ON was quantified by spectroscopic methods and the protein S100B by ELISA. Results. Values of 3.4 uMol/L and 3.6 uMol/L of MDA and 1.4 uMol/L and 1.8 uMol/L of NO were obtained in the oxytocin and control group, respectively, without significant difference; S100B levels were higher in the oxytocin managed group, with a median of 1.36 μg/L compared to the normal delivery group 1.11 μg/L (p=0.03). There was no relationship between the dose of oxytocin administered and the levels of MDA, ON, and S100B. Conclusions. There is no difference between MDA and NO levels between pregnant women undergoing a normal or managed birth. There is a significant difference in S100B protein levels in newborns born via an oxytocin-managed delivery. There is no relationship between oxytocin dose and levels of oxidative stress and S100B protein

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INTRODUCTION: Leprosy is an infectious disease whose etiologic agent is Mycobacterium leprae, manifested by dermatological and neurological signs and symptoms. OBJECTIVE: To investigate neural changes and the degree of physical disability in the eyes, hands and feet before and after treatment, as well as sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients affected by leprosy. METHOD: A longitudinal epidemiological study comprising 155 patients with leprosy, from a spontaneous demand, diagnosed between March 2010 and February 2011, and treated with multidrug therapy (MDT) between March 2010 and July 2012 in a program for leprosy eradication in São Luis (MA), Brazil. RESULTS: Before treatment, 46.5% of patients were considered as borderline, 51.6% had some alteration in the eyes and 52.3% in the feet, and the radial nerve (18.7%) was the most affected. There was a statistically significant difference between the changes in the radial nerve at the beginning of and after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis points to late diagnosis, as some patients have had abnormal neural and physical disabilities before treatment. .

INTRODUÇÃO: A hanseníase é uma doença infectocontagiosa cujo agente etiológico é o Mycobacterium leprae, que se manifesta por sinais e sintomas dermatoneurológicos. OBJETIVO: investigar as complicações neurais e o grau de incapacidades físicas nos olhos, mãos e pés antes e após o tratamento, bem como o perfil sociodemográfico e clínico dos pacientes acometidos pela hanseníase. MÉTODO: Estudo epidemiológico do tipo longitudinal constituído por 155 pacientes com hanseníase, a partir da demanda espontânea, diagnosticados no período de março de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011 e tratados com poliquimioterapia (PQT) entre março de 2010 a julho de 2012, em um programa de eliminação da hanseníase, no município de São Luís (MA). RESULTADOS: Antes do tratamento, 46,5% dos pacientes apresentaram forma dimorfa, 51,6% possuíam alguma alteração nos olhos e 52,3% nos pés, sendo o nervo radial (18,7%) o mais acometido. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as complicações do nervo radial no inicio e após o tratamento. CONCLUSÕES: Evidenciou-se a presença do diagnóstico tardio, posto que alguns pacientes já apresentavam complicações neurais e incapacidades físicas antes do tratamento. .

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Introducción. Los indicadores espacio-temporales de lesión son esenciales en el estudio neuropatológico y terapéutico de la isquemia cerebral. Objetivo. Optimizar la técnica de dos modelos de isquemia cerebral (focal y global) y hacer un análisis comparativo de la progresión del daño cerebral, mediante marcadores de neurodegeneración. Materiales y métodos. Se sometieron ratas Wistar a oclusión temporal de la arteria cerebral media o a oclusión de cuatro vasos, y se evaluaron comparativamente el tiempo quirúrgico, la tasa de supervivencia y la recuperación neurológica. Se utilizó trifenilo de tetrazolio para establecer la distribución del infarto y tinción con Fluoro - Jade B ® como marcador de neurodegeneración. La inmunorreacción de la astroglía se evaluó con el anticuerpo contra la proteína acídica fibrilar de la glía ( Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, GFAP) y el anticuerpo AT-8 contra la proteína tau hiperfosforilada, 24, 48 y 72 horas después de la isquemia. Resultados. Los modelos de isquemia utilizados requirieron menor tiempo quirúrgico y hubo menor riesgo de muerte, respecto a estudios previos. En el modelo focal, las células positivas con Fluoro - Jade B ® y los astrocitos reactivos, se evidenciaron en corteza e hipocampo a las 24 horas después de la isquemia. En el modelo global, se observó tinción Fluoro - Jade B ® positiva a las 24 horas, aumentando significativamente la reacción de la GFAP a las 72 horas en corteza y a las 48 horas en el hipocampo. La reacción contra la proteína tau hiperfosforilada aumentó progresivamente y fue máxima a las 72 horas en ambos modelos. Conclusiones. Los dos modelos de isquemia cerebral, oclusión temporal de la arteria cerebral media y oclusión de cuatro vasos, fueron optimizados. En estos modelos, los marcadores la tinción Fluoro - Jade B ® y la GFAP permitieron detectar procesos de neurodegeneración 24 horas después de la isquemia, en tanto el marcador de proteína tau hiperfosforilada (AT-8) incrementó progresivamente su reacción hasta las 72 horas, lo cual sugiere la propagación de la excitotoxicidad y la alteración de enzimas implicadas en la fosforilación de proteínas del citoesqueleto.

Introduction: Spatio-temporal indicators of injury are essential for the study of neuropathological processes and for developing therapeutic approaches for stroke. Objective: This study sought to optimize the techniques of two cerebral ischemia models (focal and global) and to comparatively evaluate the progression of brain damage by analyzing markers of neurodegeneration. Materials and methods: Wistar rats were subjected to temporary occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (t-MCAO) or four-vessel occlusion (4-VO), and surgical time, survival rate and neurological recovery were comparatively evaluated. Triphenyl tetrazolium was used to determine the distribution of the infarction, and Fluoro-Jade B was used as a marker of neurodegeneration. Astroglial immunoreactivity was assessed with an anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody, and an anti-AT-8 antibody was used to detect hyperphosphorylated tau protein at 24, 48 and 72 hours post-ischemia. Results: The cerebral ischemia models employed (t-MCAO and 4-VO) required less surgical time and presented less of a death risk compared to those in previous studies. In the focal model, Fluoro-Jadepositive cells and reactive astrocytes were observed in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus at 24 hours post-ischemia. In the global model, we observed Fluoro-Jade-positive cells at 24 hours, and a significant increase in the reactivity of GFAP was observed at 72 hours in the cortex and at 48 hours in the hippocampus. The immunoreactivity of hyperphosphorylated tau protein increased progressively, reaching a maximum at 72 hours post-ischemia in both models. Conclusions: These results suggest that in the t-MCAO and 4-VO ischemia models, the expression of Fluoro-Jade and GFAP indicates early neurodegeneration at 24 hours post-insult. In contrast, the immunoreactivity of the hyperphosphorylated tau protein marker (AT-8) progressively increases until 72 hours post-insult, which suggests that the progression of excitotoxicity and alteration of enzymes involves the phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins.

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Objective: Morphological study that searched to authenticate the presence of sinoaortic baroreceptor inputs within the dorsolateral medullary nucleus under electron microscopy analysis. Methods: After a 5-day survival period, 9 baroreceptor-denervated rats deeply anaesthetized with equithesin were transcardially perfused and their brains were histologically processed. Results: The neuronal cytoarchitecture of the paratrigeminal nucleus comprehends afferent projections from other nuclei that have a distributive character regarding visceral and nociceptive functions in the cardiovascular reflex integration response. Conclusion: The medial portion of the nucleus receives afferent projections of the rostral ventrolateral medulla, as shown by retrograde neurotracing studies. The present results show that the medial extent of the paratrigeminal nucleus contains degenerated axoplasmic cellular components in sinoaortic deafferented rats. The number of degenerated axonal fibers was also larger in this area of the nucleus.

Objetivo: Estudo morfológico que buscou verificar, por meio de microscopia eletrônica, a presença de aferências de receptores sino-aórticos em núcleo localizado na região dorso-lateral bulbar. Métodos: Após 5 dias de sobrevida, 9 ratos com desnervação sinoaórtica anestesiados com equitesina foram submetidos à perfusão transcardíaca, e o encéfalo de cada um deles foi processado histologicamente. Resultados: A citoarquitetura neuronal do núcleo paratrigeminal compreende projeções aferentes de outros núcleos que apresentam uma característica distributiva em relação às funções viscerais e nociceptivas na integração do reflexo cardiovascular. Conclusão: A porção medial do núcleo recebe projeções aferentes da região rostro-ventrolateral do troncoencefálico, confirmadas por meio de estudos com rastreadores neuronais. Os resultados indicam que a região medial do núcleo paratrigeminal contém o maior número de fibras axonais degeneradas.

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A retinopatia diabética é a principal causa de cegueira legal irreversível em adultos na idade produtiva. Estima-se que o número de pessoas com risco de desenvolver perda de visão decorrente do diabetes dobre nos próximos 30 anos. Alguns estudos sugerem que alterações neurodegenerativas ocorram antes do comprometimento vascular. Essas alterações incluem aumento da apoptose neural, reatividade de células gliais, ativação microglial e metabolismo alterado do glutamato, e podem explicar algumas das deficiências funcionais que ocorrem logo após o início do diabetes, como alterações precoces no eletrorretinograma. O presente artigo de revisão visa apresentar evidências atuais que apontem a neurodegeneração como possível evento inicial da retinopatia diabética.

Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of irreversible legal blindness in working-age adults. The number of people worldwide at risk of developing vision loss from diabetes is predicted to double over the next 30 years. Some elements suggest that neurodegenerative changes occur beyond vascular damage. These changes include increased apoptosis, glial cell reactivity, microglial activation, and altered glutamate metabolism, and could explain some of the functional abnormalities that begin soon after the onset of diabetes, as early changes in electroretinogram. This review article will present some evidences that point out neurodegeneration as a possible initial event in diabetic retinopathy.

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La apoptosis celular se considera el principal mecanismo fisiopatológico asociado a la pérdida neuronal en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. También durante la fase aguda de sepsis en que se presenta disfunción orgánica, se ha encontrado que existe un incremento en la tasa apoptótica del endotelio parenquimal y microvascular. De tal forma que las estrategias para prevenir la apoptosis (anti-apoptóticas) representan una valiosa herramienta para prevenir y/o retardar la aparición de la sintomatología en estos desórdenes, los cuales ocasionan una gran carga en morbi-mortalidad social y económica a nivel mundial. En la presente revisión se busca evidenciar que las estrategias anti-apoptóticas poseen un gran potencial terapéutico. En tal sentido, se revisarán algunas de estas potenciales terapias como los inhibidores de caspasas, la proteína C activada, la familia Bcl-2 y la vía de señalización mediada por PI3K/Akt.

Cellular apoptosis has been considered as the main physiological mechanism underlying neuronal demise associated to neurodegenerative diseases. Apoptosis has also been described in parenquimal and microvascular endothelium in the acute phase of sepsis during multi-organic dysfunction. Therefore, strategies aimed to prevent apoptosis (anti-apoptotic) represent a valuable tool for prevention and/or retardation of the appearance of clinical symptoms in these disorders, which generate a large morbilitymortality, social and economic burden worldwide. The present review is aim to show that antiapoptotic strategies hold a great therapeutic potential. In this sense, we will review some of these potential therapies such as caspase inhibitors, activated protein C, Bcl-2 family and the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.

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The aim of the present study was to compare and correlate histologically and electromyographically the effects of partial epineural burying of sural nerve segments in sectioned and sutured rat sciatic nerves. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were operated on 3 groups: Group 1, sural nerve graft, 9mm long, placed next to neurorrhaphy; Group 2, sural nerve graft, 9mm long, buryied 10mm distant from neurorrhaphy; Group 3, sural nerve graft, 18mm long, set next to neurorrhaphy. The morphological features were examined at light microscope after 3 months in 45 rats. The elements observed were: vascularization, vacuoles in nerve fibers, mastocytes and inflammatory infiltrate. The morphometry was made after 6 months in 15 rats from Group 1, 2 and 3, measuring external nerve fiber diameters and counting myelinated nerve fibers/mm². The electrophysiological study was perfomed after 6 months, registering maximum amplitude and frequency of EMG pontentials, at rest, in extensor digitorum longus muscle. Group 3 rats presented sciatic nerves better conserved morphologically and mean external nerve fiber diameters greater than those from Groups 1 and 2. There were no significant differences in density of nerve fibers/mm², and in the electrophysiological study in rats from Group 1, 2 and 3. The epineural burying of sural nerve grafts with greater length and placed next to the neurorrhaphys site had a significantly better regeneration of the histological features than the smaller ones distant from neurorrhaphy.

O objetivo foi comparar e correlacionar, histológica e eletromiograficamente, os efeitos do sepultamento parcial de segmentos de nervo sural em nervos ciáticos de rato, seccionados e suturados. Sessenta ratos adultos, da linhagem Wistar, foram operados em três Grupos: Grupo 1 , um segmento de nervo sural com 9mm. de comprimento colocado próximo à neurorrafia; Grupo 2 , um segmento de nervo sural com 9mm. de comprimento sepultado 10mm. distante da neurorrafia ; Grupo 3, um enxerto de nervo sural com 18mm. de comprimento, posicionado próximo à neurorrafia. Os pormenores histológicos foram examinados sob microscopia de luz em 45 ratos, 3 meses depois. Os elementos observados foram : vascularização, vacúolos nas fibras nervosas, mastócitos e infiltrado inflamatório. A morfometria foi realizada, após 6 meses, em 15 ratos dos Grupos 1, 2 e 3, medindo-se os diâmetros externos e contando-se as fibras nervosas mielinizadas por mm². O estudo eletrofisiológico foi feito após 6 meses, registrando a amplitude máxima e a freqüência dos potenciais eletromiográficos no músculo extensor longo dos dedos, em repouso. Os ratos do Grupo 3 apresentaram-se morfologicamente melhor conservados e com diâmetros de fibras maiores do que nos Grupos 1 e 2. Não houve diferença na densidade de fibras/mm² e no estudo eletrofisiológico entre os ratos dos Grupos 1 , 2 e 3. O sepultamento epineural de segmentos de nervo sural com maior comprimento e colocados próximos à neurorrafia apresentaram pormenores morfológicos de regeneração significantemente melhores do que os menores e posicionados distantes da sutura do nervo.

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The aim of the present paper is to compare and correlate the take of nerve segments in a severely crushed nerve. Forty adult Wistar rats had their right sciatic nerve by a "Péan-Murphy" forceps for 40 minutes. In Group 1 (n=20), a segmentar serection in the crushed sciatic nerve was made. A sural nerve segment from the opposite hindpaw was placed in the gap. In Group 2 (n=20), a lontudinal insision in the epineurium of the lesioned sciatic nerve was made. A sural nerve segment was buried underneath the epineurium. The crushed sciatic nerves undergone Wallerian degeneration and endoneurial fibrosis. Sciatic nerves from Group 2 had significant better histological aspects than those from Group 1. Sural nerve grafts presented better degrees of regeneration than crushed sciatic nerves. Sural nerve grafts from Group 2 (burying method) integrated as well as those from Group 1 (segmentar resection).

O objetivo desta pesquisa é comparar e correlacionar as integrações de segmento de nervo em nervos gravemente esmagados. Foram utilizados 10 ratos adultos da linhagem Wistar. Os nervos ciáticos direitos foram esmagados, por uma pinça de "Péan-Murphy", por 40 minutos. No Grupo 1 (n=20), executou-se um ressecção segmentar no nervo ciático esmagado e um segmento de nervo sural, retirado da pata contra-lateral, foi colocado na falha. No Grupo2 (n=20), uma incisão longitudinal no epineuro do nervo lesado foi realizada. Um segmento de nervo sural foi sepultado sob o epineuro. Os nervos ciáticos esmagados desenvolveram degeneração Wallerina e fibrose endoneural. Os nervos ciáticos do Grupo2 apresentaram pormenores histológicos melhores do que os do grupo 1. Os enxertos de nervo sural apresentaram melhores graus de regeneração do que os dos nervos ciáticos esmagados. Os enxertos de nervo sural do Grupo 2 (método de sepultamento) intagraram-se tão bem quanto os do Grupo 1 (ressecção segmentar).