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SUMMARY: The leg muscles are organized in anterior, lateral and posterior compartments. The posterior compartment is usually divided in two layers: superficial and deep. The deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg are known to mainly plantar flexion and toes flexion. In comparison to the other leg compartments, variations of the posterior one are rare. These variants often involve the presence or absence of one or more muscles, and they have differences among origin and insertion, which leads to confusion between anatomists. We aim to describe a case of a male cadaver that possessed three supernumerary muscles in the lateral and posterior compartments of both legs: the peroneus quartus muscle and two accessory bellies of the flexor digitorum longus. This presentation seems to be very rare and scarcely reported in the literature. These variants have the potential of causing nervous or vascular compression, thus leading to tarsal tunnel syndrome or a symptomatic peroneus quartus. The clinical and surgical implications of this abnormal presentation is discussed.

RESUMEN: Los músculos de la pierna están organizados en compartimentos anterior, lateral y posterior. El compartimento posterior por lo general es dividido en dos capas: superficial y profunda. Se sabe que los músculos profundos del compartimento posterior de la pierna se caracterizan principalmente por participar de la flexión plantar y la flexión de los dedos de los pies. En comparación con los otros compartimentos de la pierna, las variaciones musculares en el compartimiento posterior son raras. Estas variantes suelen implicar la presencia o ausencia de uno o más músculos y presentan diferencias en el origen y en la inserción, lo que conduce a confusión entre los anatomistas. Nuestro objetivo fue describir el caso de un cadáver masculino que poseía tres músculos supernumerarios en los compartimentos lateral y posterior de ambas piernas: el músculo fibular cuarto y dos vientres accesorios del músculo flexor largo de los dedos. Esta presentación parece ser muy rara y escasamente reportada en la literatura. Estas variantes musculares tienen el potencial de causar compresión nerviosa o vascular, lo que conduce al síndrome del túnel del tarso o un cuarto músculo fibular sintomático. Se discuten las implicaciones clínicas y quirúrgicas de esta presentación anormal.

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BACKGROUND: Ulnar nerve mononeuropathy diagnosis can be challenging depending on where neural lesion is present. Repetitive trauma during cycling is a rare cause of ulnar neuropathy. CASE DESCRIPTION: We describe two patients who developed the handlebar syndrome, an ulnar nerve palsy at Guyon's canal after cycling. The first patient had the syndrome after a short-distance ride and she was treated surgically, while the second patient developed the classical syndrome after a long ride and received conservative treatment. Surgical treatment of the first patient led to functional recovery. CONCLUSION: Handlebar syndrome is a neuropathy caused by extrinsic repetitive compression of ulnar nerve at wrist. Increasing incidence of this disease can be expected after increasing popularity of cycling sports. Avoid of repetitive trauma is the main management goal, with surgical treatment reserved for failure of conservative treatment.

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Abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment is a rarely diagnosed condition that leads to intense neuropathic pain in the anterolateral wall of the abdomen. Generally, it is triggered by some factor implied in the increase of the pressure on the nerve in its passage by the abdominal wall. Its most important differential diagnosis is pain of visceral origin. We present a case in which the clinical findings confirmed on ultrasound and other imaging tests established the diagnosis and in which the noninvasive treatment was effective.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The goal of this study was to describe anatomical variations and clinical implications of anterior interosseous nerve. In complete anterior interosseous nerve palsy, the patient is unable to flex the distal phalanx of the thumb and index finger; in incomplete anterior interosseous nerve palsy, there is less axonal damage, and either the thumb or the index finger are affected. Methods: This study was based on the dissection of 50 limbs of 25 cadavers, 22 were male and three, female. Age ranged from 28 to 77 years, 14 were white and 11 were non-white; 18 were prepared by intra-arterial injection of a solution of 10% glycerol and formaldehyde, and seven were freshly dissected cadavers. Results: The anterior interosseous nerve arose from the median nerve, an average of 5.2 cm distal to the intercondylar line. In 29 limbs, it originated from the nerve fascicles of the posterior region of the median nerve and in 21 limbs, of the posterolateral fascicles. In 41 limbs, the anterior interosseous nerve positioned between the humeral and ulnar head of the pronator teres muscle. In two limbs, anterior interosseous nerve duplication was observed. In all members, it was observed that the anterior interosseous nerve arose from the median nerve proximal to the arch of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. In 24 limbs, the branches of the anterior interosseous nerve occurred proximal to the arch and in 26, distal to it. Conclusion: The fibrous arches formed by the humeral and ulnar heads of the pronator teres muscle, the fibrous arch of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, and the Gantzer muscle (when hypertrophied and positioned anterior to the anterior interosseous nerve), can compress the nerve against deep structures, altering its normal course, by narrowing its space, causing alterations longus and flexor digitorum profundus muscles.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as relações anatômicas e as variações do nervo interósseo anterior e suas implicações clínicas. A paralisia completa do nervo interósseo anterior resulta na incapacidade de fletir as falanges distal do polegar e indicador; na incompleta, ocorre menor dano axonal e apenas o polegar ou o indicador são afetados. Método: Este estudo baseou-se na dissecção de 50 membros de 25 cadáveres, 22 eram do sexo masculino e três do feminino. A idade variou entre 28 e 77 anos, 14 da etnia branca e 11 não branca; 18 foram preparados por injeção intra-arterial de uma solução de glicerina e formol a 10% e sete foram dissecados a fresco. Resultados: O nervo interósseo anterior originou-se do nervo mediano em média de 5,2 cm distal à linha intercondilar. Em 29 membros, originou-se dos fascículos nervosos da região posterior do nervo mediano e em 21 membros, dos fascículos posterolaterais. Em 41 membros, o nervo interósseo anterior posicionava-se entre as cabeças umeral e ulnar do músculo pronador redondo. Em dois membros, observou-se a duplicação do nervo interósseo anterior. Em todos os membros, registramos que o nervo interósseo anterior se desprendia do nervo mediano proximalmente à arcada do músculo flexor superficial dos dedos. Em 24 antebraços a ramificação do nervo interósseo anterior ocorreu proximalmente à arcada do músculo flexor superficial dos dedos em 26, distalmente. Conclusão: As bandas fibrosas formadas pelas cabeças umeral e ulnar do músculo pronador redondo, a arcada fibrosa do músculo flexor superficial dos dedos e o músculo de Gantzer, quando hipertrofiado e posicionado anteriormente ao nervo interósseo anterior, podem comprimir o nervo contra estruturas profundas, alterar seu curso normal, por estreitar o espaço de sua passagem, causar alterações no músculo flexor longo do polegar e no flexor profundo dos dedos da mão.

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OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to describe anatomical variations and clinical implications of anterior interosseous nerve. In complete anterior interosseous nerve palsy, the patient is unable to flex the distal phalanx of the thumb and index finger; in incomplete anterior interosseous nerve palsy, there is less axonal damage, and either the thumb or the index finger are affected. METHODS: This study was based on the dissection of 50 limbs of 25 cadavers, 22 were male and three, female. Age ranged from 28 to 77 years, 14 were white and 11 were non-white; 18 were prepared by intra-arterial injection of a solution of 10% glycerol and formaldehyde, and seven were freshly dissected cadavers. RESULTS: The anterior interosseous nerve arose from the median nerve, an average of 5.2 cm distal to the intercondylar line. In 29 limbs, it originated from the nerve fascicles of the posterior region of the median nerve and in 21 limbs, of the posterolateral fascicles. In 41 limbs, the anterior interosseous nerve positioned between the humeral and ulnar head of the pronator teres muscle. In two limbs, anterior interosseous nerve duplication was observed. In all members, it was observed that the anterior interosseous nerve arose from the median nerve proximal to the arch of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. In 24 limbs, the branches of the anterior interosseous nerve occurred proximal to the arch and in 26, distal to it. CONCLUSION: The fibrous arches formed by the humeral and ulnar heads of the pronator teres muscle, the fibrous arch of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle, and the Gantzer muscle (when hypertrophied and positioned anterior to the anterior interosseous nerve), can compress the nerve against deep structures, altering its normal course, by narrowing its space, causing alterations longus and flexor digitorum profundus muscles.

OBJETIVO: Analisar as relações anatômicas e as variações do nervo interósseo anterior e suas implicações clínicas. A paralisia completa do nervo interósseo anterior resulta na incapacidade de fletir as falanges distal do polegar e indicador; na incompleta, ocorre menor dano axonal e apenas o polegar ou o indicador são afetados. MÉTODO: Este estudo baseou-se na dissecção de 50 membros de 25 cadáveres, 22 eram do sexo masculino e três do feminino. A idade variou entre 28 e 77 anos, 14 da etnia branca e 11 não branca; 18 foram preparados por injeção intra-arterial de uma solução de glicerina e formol a 10% e sete foram dissecados a fresco. RESULTADOS: O nervo interósseo anterior originou-se do nervo mediano em média de 5,2 cm distal à linha intercondilar. Em 29 membros, originou-se dos fascículos nervosos da região posterior do nervo mediano e em 21 membros, dos fascículos posterolaterais. Em 41 membros, o nervo interósseo anterior posicionava-se entre as cabeças umeral e ulnar do músculo pronador redondo. Em dois membros, observou-se a duplicação do nervo interósseo anterior. Em todos os membros, registramos que o nervo interósseo anterior se desprendia do nervo mediano proximalmente à arcada do músculo flexor superficial dos dedos. Em 24 antebraços a ramificação do nervo interósseo anterior ocorreu proximalmente à arcada do músculo flexor superficial dos dedos em 26, distalmente. CONCLUSÃO: As bandas fibrosas formadas pelas cabeças umeral e ulnar do músculo pronador redondo, a arcada fibrosa do músculo flexor superficial dos dedos e o músculo de Gantzer, quando hipertrofiado e posicionado anteriormente ao nervo interósseo anterior, podem comprimir o nervo contra estruturas profundas, alterar seu curso normal, por estreitar o espaço de sua passagem, causar alterações no músculo flexor longo do polegar e no flexor profundo dos dedos da mão.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the anatomic variations of the bicipital aponeurosis (BA) (lacertus fibrosus) and its implications for the compression of the median nerve, which is positioned medially to the brachial artery, passing under the bicipital aponeurosis. Methods: Sixty upper limbs of 30 cadavers were dissected, 26 of which were male and four, female; of the total, 15 had been previously preserved in formalin and glycerine and 15 were dissected fresh in the Laboratory of Anatomy. Results: In 55 limbs, short and long heads of the biceps muscle contributed to the formation of the BA, and the most significant contribution was always from the short head. In three limbs, only the short head contributed to the formation of the BA. In two limbs, the BA was absent. The length of the bicipital aponeurosis from its origin to its insertion ranged from 4.5 to 6.2 cm and its width, from 0.5 to 2.6 cm. In 42 limbs, the BA was thickened; of these, in 27 it was resting directly on the median nerve, and in 17 a high insertion of the humeral head of the pronator teres muscle was found, and the muscle was interposed between the BA and the median nerve. Conclusion: These results suggest that a thickened BA may be a potential factor for nerve compression, by narrowing the space through which the median nerve passes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as variações anatômicas da aponeurose bicipital (lacertus fibrosus) e suas implicações na compressão do nervo mediano, que passa sob a aponeurose bicipital (AB) e se posiciona medialmente à artéria braquial. Método: Foram dissecados 60 membros superiores de 30 cadáveres adultos, 26 do sexo masculino e quatro do feminino; 15 haviam sido previamente preservados em formol e glicerina e 15 foram dissecados a fresco no Laboratório de Anatomia. Resultados: Em 55 membros, a AB recebia contribuição das cabeças curta e longa do musculo bíceps braquial, a contribuição mais significativa foi sempre da cabeça curta. Em três membros recebia contribuição exclusiva da cabeça curta. Em dois membros, a AB estava ausente. O comprimento da AB desde sua origem até sua inserção variou entre 4,5 e 6,2 cm e sua largura entre 0,5 e 2,6 cm. Em 42 membros, a AB apresentava-se espessada, em 27 apoiava-se diretamente sobre o nervo mediano e em 17 havia inserção alta da cabeça umeral do músculo pronador redondo, de forma que o músculo ficava interposto entre a AB e o nervo mediano. Conclusão: Esses resultados sugerem que a AB espessada pode ser um dos fatores potenciais da compressão nervosa, por estreitar o espaço no qual passa o nervo mediano.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the anatomic variations of the bicipital aponeurosis (BA) (lacertus fibrosus) and its implications for the compression of the median nerve, which is positioned medially to the brachial artery, passing under the bicipital aponeurosis. METHODS: Sixty upper limbs of 30 cadavers were dissected, 26 of which were male and four, female; of the total, 15 had been previously preserved in formalin and glycerine and 15 were dissected fresh in the Laboratory of Anatomy. RESULTS: In 55 limbs, short and long heads of the biceps muscle contributed to the formation of the BA, and the most significant contribution was always from the short head. In three limbs, only the short head contributed to the formation of the BA. In two limbs, the BA was absent. The length of the bicipital aponeurosis from its origin to its insertion ranged from 4.5 to 6.2 cm and its width, from 0.5 to 2.6 cm. In 42 limbs, the BA was thickened; of these, in 27 it was resting directly on the median nerve, and in 17 a high insertion of the humeral head of the pronator teres muscle was found, and the muscle was interposed between the BA and the median nerve. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a thickened BA may be a potential factor for nerve compression, by narrowing the space through which the median nerve passes.

OBJETIVO: Analisar as variações anatômicas da aponeurose bicipital (lacertus fibrosus) e suas implicações na compressão do nervo mediano, que passa sob a aponeurose bicipital (AB) e se posiciona medialmente à artéria braquial. MÉTODO: Foram dissecados 60 membros superiores de 30 cadáveres adultos, 26 do sexo masculino e quatro do feminino; 15 haviam sido previamente preservados em formol e glicerina e 15 foram dissecados a fresco no Laboratório de Anatomia. RESULTADOS: Em 55 membros, a AB recebia contribuição das cabeças curta e longa do musculo bíceps braquial, a contribuição mais significativa foi sempre da cabeça curta. Em três membros recebia contribuição exclusiva da cabeça curta. Em dois membros, a AB estava ausente. O comprimento da AB desde sua origem até sua inserção variou entre 4,5 e 6,2 cm e sua largura entre 0,5 e 2,6 cm. Em 42 membros, a AB apresentava-se espessada, em 27 apoiava-se diretamente sobre o nervo mediano e em 17 havia inserção alta da cabeça umeral do músculo pronador redondo, de forma que o músculo ficava interposto entre a AB e o nervo mediano. CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados sugerem que a AB espessada pode ser um dos fatores potenciais da compressão nervosa, por estreitar o espaço no qual passa o nervo mediano.

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Introducción: el síndrome del túnel cubital en el codo es a menudo subdiagnosticado y confundido con la epicondilitis medial. Presenta, con frecuencia, variabilidad en las pruebas del codo contra gravedad; se determinó la proporción de signos positivos sobre el total de codos examinados. Objetivo: determinar en una población sana asintomática la frecuencia de los signos del síndrome del túnel cubital en el codo. Métodos: en 380 codos de una población voluntaria, se realizaron las pruebas de Tinel, de flexión del codo, de rotación interna y flexión del codo, el scratch-collapse y test de flexión del codo contra gravedad; se determinó la proporción de signos positivos sobre el total de codos examinados. Resultados: en total, 66 personas (34,7 por ciento) tuvieron al menos un test positivo en uno o ambos codos. El 45,4 por ciento de las mujeres y el 20,7 por ciento de los hombres tuvieron al menos un test positivo (p=0,001). La prueba de flexión del codo con estimulo de presión tuvo la mayor frecuencia (13,4 por ciento), luego la prueba de Tinel (8,9 por ciento). El test de flexión del codo contra gravedad (4,2 por ciento) y la prueba scratch-collapse (3,4 por ciento) obtuvieron bajas frecuencias. Conclusiones: el 34,7 por ciento de individuos tuvieron al menos un test positivo en uno o ambos codos, cifra alta que sugeriría una alta tasa de falsos positivos en pacientes con síndrome del túnel cubital. En las mujeres, que tenían el doble que los hombres de positividad, sugiere que algunos factores anatómicos, hormonales y otros desconocidos podrían influenciar en esto. El test de flexión del codo contra gravedad tiene en cuenta el flujo contra gravedad de la circulación arterial del nervio cubital, que sumado a la flexión del codo, reproduciría más rápido los síntomas en un paciente con síndrome del túnel cubital. En población sana se encontró una frecuencia baja (4,2 por ciento), lo cual se sugiere como un nuevo signo para apoyar el diagnóstico clínico. No obstante se requiere de otros estudios en pacientes con esta afección para determinar la sensibilidad y especificidad(AU)

Introduction: cubital tunnel syndrome in the elbow is often sub-diagnosed and confused with medial epicondylitis. Variability has often provocative tests. Objective: determine frequency of signs of cubital tunnel syndrome in the elbow in a healthy asymptomatic population. Methods: 380 elbows in a voluntary population were tested by Tinel tests, elbow flexion, internal rotation and elbow flexion, the scratch test-collapse and elbow flexion against gravity; the proportion of positive signs on total elbows examined was determined. Results: in total, 66 persons (34.7 percent) had at least one positive test on one or both elbows. 45.4 percent women and 20.7 men had at least one positivest (p = 0.001). The elbow flexion test with pressure stimulus had the highest rate (13.4 percent e test (p = 0.001). The elbow flexion test with pressure stimulus had the highest rate (13.4 percent), then Tinel test (8.9 percent). The test of elbow flexion against gravity (4.2 percent) and the scratch-collapse (3.4 percent) had low test frequencies. Conclusions: 34.7 percent of subjects had at least one positive test on one or both elbows. This high number would suggest high rate of false positives in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome. In women, they were positive twice as men, suggesting that some anatomical, hormonal and other unknown factors could influence. The test of elbow flexion against gravity takes into account the gravity flow against the arterial circulation of the ulnar nerve, which added to the elbow flexion reproduce faster symptoms in a patient with cubital tunnel syndrome. In the healthy population low frequency (4.2 percent) was found, which is suggested as a new sign to support the clinical diagnosis. However it requires further studies in patients with this condition to determine sensitivity and specificity(AU)

Introduction: le syndrome du tunnel cubital au coude est souvent mal diagnostiqué et confondu avec l'épicondylite médiale. D'habitude, les tests de provocation ont des résultats variables. Objectif: le but de ce travail est de déterminer la fréquence des signes du syndrome du tunnel cubital au coude dans une population saine asymptomatique. Méthodes: dans une population volontaire (380 coudes), on a effectué des tests cliniques tels que le test de Tinel, le test de flexion du coude, le test de rotation interne et flexion du coude, le test de scratch-collapse, et le test de flexion active du coude contre la gravité. On a déterminé la proportion de signes positifs sur le total de coudes examinés. Résultats: au total, soixante-six personnes (34.7 pourcent) ont eu au moins un test positif d'un ou de tous les deux bras. Il y a eu au moins un test positif (p=0.001) dans 45.4 pourcent des femmes et dans 20.7 pourcent des hommes. Le test de flexion du coude à stimulus de pression a été le plus fréquent (13.4 pourcent), suivi par le test de Tinel (8.9 pourcent). Le test de flexion du coude contre la gravité (4.2 pourcent) et le test de scratch-collapse (3.4 pourcent) n'ont pas été assez fréquents. Conclusions: dans 34.7 pourcent des cas, il y a eu au moins un test positif d'un ou de tous les deux coudes. Cette chiffre considérée haute suggère un haut taux de faux positifs chez les patients atteints de syndrome du tunnel cubital. Chez les femmes ayant une positivité deux fois plus haute que chez les hommes, elle suggère que des facteurs anatomiques, hormonaux et d'autres encore inconnus peuvent influer. Le test de flexion du coude contre la gravité tient en compte le flux contra la gravité de la circulation artérielle du nerf cubital qui, conjointement avec la flexion du coude, reproduit plus rapidement les symptômes du syndrome du tunnel cubital chez un patient. Dans une population saine, on a trouvé une basse fréquence (4.2 pourcent), ce qui indique un nouveau signe soutenant le diagnostic clinique. Toutefois, il faut faire de nouvelles études pour déterminer la sensibilité et la spécificité(AU)

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