RESUMO
Deltamethrin (DTM) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide highly used by farmers and home users. This pesticide has lipophilic properties that facilitate a high absorption and can cause toxicity in non-target organisms. During foraging, the fruit-eating bats Artibeus lituratus are exposed to pesticides. However, the knowledge of the toxicity of pesticides on the physiology of bats is relatively scarce. This study aimed to check the toxicity of short-term exposure to low concentration of DTM on fruit-eating bat A. lituratus. After seven days of exposure to two doses of DTM (0.02 and 0.04mg/kg of papaya), the fruit bats showed an increase in the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and hyperglycemia. The liver and pectoral muscle presented oxidative stress. In the liver, the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) were increased as well as the antioxidant glutathione (GSH), the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) but in a lesser extent. Yet, total lipids were increased while hepatic glycogen content is reduced. The pectoral muscle showed NO, SOD, CAT, malondialdehyde (MDA), and carbonyl increased protein levels in both concentrations of DTM. All these results show that low doses of DTM can cause hepatic and muscular toxicity and induce changes in carbohydrate metabolism. Physiological changes caused by exposure to DTM in bats may have direct consequences in flight capacity, reproduction, and metabolism of these animals.
Assuntos
Quirópteros/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/efeitos dos fármacos , Inseticidas/toxicidade , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Nitrilas/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Piretrinas/toxicidade , Alanina Transaminase/metabolismo , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Aspartato Aminotransferases/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos/efeitos dos fármacos , Catalase/metabolismo , Ingestão de Alimentos , Glutationa/metabolismo , Glutationa Transferase/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/metabolismoRESUMO
With 22 species, Sturnira is the most speciose genus of frugivorous Neotropical bats. Sturnira parvidens inhabits lowland tropical areas from Mexico to Central America. The elevation of this taxon to species level was recent, and discrepancies with respect to its geographic limits and phylogenetic position continue to exist. In order to identify genetic and ecological processes likely involved in the diversification and current distribution of S. parvidens, we evaluated relationships, researched phylogeographic and demographic history, and tested the divergence/conservatism of the climatic niche of this bat. We used data from mitochondrial loci (cytochrome b and the hypervariable D-loop region I) and the nuclear recombination activating gene 1, in 173 samples of S. parvidens and 77 samples of related species. We performed Bayesian analyses to infer phylogenetic relationships and analyzed phylogeographic structure, genetic diversity, divergence times and historical demography. Sturnira bakeri is the sister group of S. parvidens, and inhabits Western Ecuador. The two species diverged c. 1.84Ma, and their distributions are disjunct and separated by Sturnira luisi. Within S. parvidens there are two haplogroups with nearly allopatric distributions that are limited to the Sierra Madre del Sur, on the Mexican Pacific Slope. The divergence time between haplogroups was c. 0.423Ma and we detected signals of demographic expansion. We also analyzed 526 occurrence data of S. parvidens to test for changes in environmental niche of this species. We detected signals of divergence of climatic niche, mainly in temperature and seasonality variables. Likely, both genetic and ecological processes have shaped the evolutionary history of S. parvidens. Despite many climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene, only the most intense oscillations had an impact on these bats. In addition, ecological differentiation prevents admixture of genetic lineages that are in contact and lack apparent geographical barriers at the southern Sierra Madre del Sur. We concluded that speciation in Sturnira was promoted by this taxon's ability to colonize new geographical and environmental spaces and form genetically structured groups when populations become isolated.
Assuntos
Quirópteros/classificação , Variação Genética , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , América Central , Quirópteros/genética , Citocromos b/classificação , Citocromos b/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/química , DNA Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Ecologia , Haplótipos , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/classificação , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Filogenia , FilogeografiaRESUMO
The large fruit-eating phyllostomid bat, Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818), forearm 69-75 mm, body mass 66-82 g, has a diversified geographic distribution in the Neotropical region. Therefore it is subjected to different climatic conditions that affect its reproduction, leading to different reproductive strategies such as continuous reproduction, seasonal monoestry or seasonal bimodal polyestry. In this study we used morphometric and histological methods to analyze the annual reproductive activity of A. lituratus males in a population living in the Atlantic Forest, Southeastern Brazil. Testis mass, epididymis mass, gonadosomatic index, seminiferous tubule diameter, and Leydig cell nucleus diameter showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the two seasons (wet: October to March; dry: April to September). Additionally, the cauda epididymis was packed with sperm throughout the period of study. Our data indicate that in this population spermatogenic activity was continuous throughout the year. Slight variations in accumulated frequency of pre-meiotic, meiotic and post-meiotic stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle were observed when compared to other bat species, probably due to species-specific characteristics.(AU)
Assuntos
Quirópteros , Reprodução , Epitélio Seminífero , EspermatogêneseRESUMO
The large fruit-eating phyllostomid bat, Artibeus lituratus (Olfers, 1818), forearm 69-75 mm, body mass 66-82 g, has a diversified geographic distribution in the Neotropical region. Therefore it is subjected to different climatic conditions that affect its reproduction, leading to different reproductive strategies such as continuous reproduction, seasonal monoestry or seasonal bimodal polyestry. In this study we used morphometric and histological methods to analyze the annual reproductive activity of A. lituratus males in a population living in the Atlantic Forest, Southeastern Brazil. Testis mass, epididymis mass, gonadosomatic index, seminiferous tubule diameter, and Leydig cell nucleus diameter showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the two seasons (wet: October to March; dry: April to September). Additionally, the cauda epididymis was packed with sperm throughout the period of study. Our data indicate that in this population spermatogenic activity was continuous throughout the year. Slight variations in accumulated frequency of pre-meiotic, meiotic and post-meiotic stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle were observed when compared to other bat species, probably due to species-specific characteristics.
Assuntos
Epitélio Seminífero , Espermatogênese , Quirópteros , ReproduçãoRESUMO
The first occurrence of Lonchophylla bokermanni Sazima, Vizotto & Taddei, 1978 in Espírito Santo state, Southeastern Brazil is reported. An adult male was caught with a mist net near an abandoned house in the Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, an Atlantic Forest preservation area in Northern Espírito Santo, in December 13th, 2008. Morphological aspects of this species are discussed. External and cranial measurements obtained for the specimen are also provided.
RESUMO
The first occurrence of Lonchophylla bokermanni Sazima, Vizotto & Taddei, 1978 in Espírito Santo state, Southeastern Brazil is reported. An adult male was caught with a mist net near an abandoned house in the Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, an Atlantic Forest preservation area in Northern Espírito Santo, in December 13th, 2008. Morphological aspects of this species are discussed. External and cranial measurements obtained for the specimen are also provided.