RESUMO
RESUMEN El desarrollo del carcinoma colorrectal es un proceso secuencial asociado con la inestabilidad cromosómica y con mutaciones de oncogenes como KRAS, de genes supresores de tumor como p53, o con pérdida del gen APC, causando transformación y proliferación celular descontrolada. La ciclooxigenasa-2 (COX-2) es una enzima inducible, cuya expresión puede ser influenciada por estímulos proinflamatorios y mitógenos como los ocasionados por citoquinas y factores de crecimiento. Esta ha sido propuesta como reguladora de la proliferación celular y se ha planteado que puede jugar un papel importante en el desarrollo del tejido metaplásico y displásico, así como en el desarrollo y progresión de diferentes tipos de tumores, entre ellos el carcinoma colorrectal. Se han utilizado diferentes técnicas para identificar el nivel de COX-2 en neoplasias colorrectales, una de las más utilizadas es la inmunohistoquímica, que ha permitido demostrar mayor expresión de la enzima en el tejido tumoral en comparación con la mucosa colorrectal normal. La mayoría de los estudios publicados han sugerido que la sobreexpresión común de COX-2 en el carcinoma colorrectal podría ser utilizada como biomarcador para esta neoplasia.
SUMMARY The development of colorectal carcinoma is a sequential process associated to chromosomic instability and to mutations of oncogenes as KRAS, of tumor suppressor gene as p53, or loss of APC, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and transformation. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme, whose expression can be influenced by proinflammatory and mitogenic stimuli such as those caused by cytokines and growth factors, has been proposed as an enzyme regulating cell proliferation, and therefore carcinogenesis, which can play an important role in the development of metaplastic and dysplastic tissues, as well as in the development and progression of cancer as colorectal tumors. Different techniques have been used to identify COX-2 expression in colorectal neoplasms, one of the most widely used is the immunohistochemistry, whose results have generally shown higher staining in tumor tissue compared to normal colorectal mucosa. Most published studies have suggested that the common overexpression of COX-2 in colorectal carcinoma could be used as a biomarker for this neoplasm.
Assuntos
Humanos , Carcinoma , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2 , NeoplasiasRESUMO
RESUMEN La endometriosis es una enfermedad benigna definida como la implantación y proliferación extrauterinas de tejido similar al endometrio (glandular y estroma), lo que causa una respuesta inflamatoria crónica y adherencias que distorsionan la anatomía. El compromiso extragonadal es raro, pero los informes de endometriosis intestinal han aumentado de forma sustancial; los sitios afectados principalmente son el colon sigmoides y el recto; el compromiso aislado del ciego es raro y lo es aún más en una mujer posmenopáusica sin uso de terapia de reemplazo hormonal. Presentamos el caso de una mujer posmenopáusica con una obstrucción intestinal sugestiva quirúrgicamente de neoplasia del ciego, pero cuyo examen patológico reveló endometriosis.
SUMMARY Endometriosis is a benign disease defined as the extra-uterine implantation and proliferation of tissue similar to endometrium (glands and stroma), causing a chronic inflammatory response and adhesions that distort anatomy. The extra-gonadal involvement is rare, but reports of intestinal endometriosis have increased substantially, mainly affecting the sigmoid colon and rectum; isolated involvement of the cecum is rare, even more so in a postmenopausal woman without use of hormone replacement therapy. We report the case of a postmenopausal woman with intestinal obstruction surgically suggestive of malignancy; however, pathological examination revealed endometriosis.
RESUMO Endometriose no ceco de uma mulher pósmenopáusica. Reporte do caso e revisão da literatura A endometriose é uma doença benigna definida como a implantação e proliferação extrauterinas de tecido similar ao endométrio (glandular e estroma), o que causa uma resposta inflamatória crónica e aderências que distorciam a anatomia. O compromisso extragonadal es raro, mas os relatórios de endometriose intestinal há aumentado de forma substancial; os lugares afetados principalmente são o colón sigmoides e o ânus; o compromisso isolado do ceco é raro e ainda mais numa mulher pós-menopáusica sem uso de terapia de substituição hormonal. Apresentamos o caso de uma mulher pós-menopáusica com uma obstrução intestinal sugestiva cirurgicamente de neoplasia do ciego, mas cujo exame patológico revelou endometriose.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças do Ceco , Pós-Menopausa , Endometriose , Neoplasias ColorretaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The use of a new chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer is not free of complications. Monoclonal antibodies are associated with bleeding and intestinal perforations. OBJECTIVE: To report the case of a patient who developed a serious complication after treatment with an antiangiogenic drug for colorectal neoplasm. CLINICAL CASE: The case is presented of a 42-year-old male operated on due to subocclusive rectal cancer with metástasis at the time of diagnosis. Sixteen months after surgery during second-line adjuvant therapy, an intestinal perforation was observed with haemorrhage and intestinal leak to retroperitoneum and left lower extremity. Despite intensive medical and surgical treatment this complication had fatal consequences. CONCLUSIONS: Future research should be directed at obtaining biomarkers for the specific use of antiangiogenic agents in order to decrease the rate of adverse factors.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Angiogênese/efeitos adversos , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/induzido quimicamente , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/efeitos adversos , Choque Hemorrágico/induzido quimicamente , Abscesso/etiologia , Abscesso/cirurgia , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/secundário , Adenocarcinoma/cirurgia , Adulto , Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Colostomia , Fístula Cutânea/etiologia , Drenagem , Fasciotomia , Evolução Fatal , Fístula/etiologia , Humanos , Fístula Intestinal/etiologia , Perfuração Intestinal/etiologia , Pseudo-Obstrução Intestinal/etiologia , Perna (Membro) , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundário , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirurgia , Masculino , Tratamento de Ferimentos com Pressão Negativa , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Receptores de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Retais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Retais/cirurgia , Espaço RetroperitonealRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Identifying persons at high risk for advanced colorectal neoplasia can aid in the prevention of colon cancer. Previous studies have shown that some patients can present with proximal advanced neoplasia with no distal findings. AIMS: To determine the factors related to advanced neoplasia and advanced proximal colorectal neoplasia in a Latin American population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional, observational, analytic study was conducted. It included patients that underwent colonoscopy at the Policlínico Peruano Japonés within the time frame of January and July 2012. Advanced neoplasia was defined as the presence of lesions ≥ 10mm with a villous component, high-grade dysplasia, or carcinoma. The splenic flexure was the limit between the proximal and distal colon. RESULTS: A total of 846 patients were included in the study. Advanced neoplasia was detected in 108 patients (12.8%) and advanced proximal neoplasia in 55 patients (6.7%), 42 (76.4%) of whom had no neoplasia in the distal colon. Factors related to advanced neoplasia found in the multivariate analysis were age, at the intervals of 50-59 (p=0.019), 60-69 (p=0.016), and ≥ 70 years (0.002) and male sex (p=0.003). In the evaluation of advanced proximal neoplasia, the multivariate analysis identified the 60-69 year age interval (p=0.039) and advanced distal neoplasia (p=0.028) as factors related to advanced proximal disease. The ROC curve established the age cut-off point at 60 years for initially performing colonoscopy, rather than sigmoidoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Age and sex are related to advanced neoplasia, whereas age and advanced distal neoplasia are related to advanced proximal neoplasia.
Assuntos
Adenoma/patologia , Colo/patologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/patologia , Adenoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Adenoma/etiologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Colonoscopia , Neoplasias Colorretais/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Colorretais/etiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Peru , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The presence of a family history implies an increased risk for developing colorectal cancer (CRC), and may require a different screening strategy. The aim of this study was to evaluate lesions found during colonoscopies of patients that had a family history of CRC. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted that included consecutive colonoscopies performed on patients with a family history of CRC at a referral center within the period from April 2000 to January 2012. The colonoscopic findings were analyzed in relation to sex, age, and the presence or absence of symptoms. RESULTS: Data from 3,792 colonoscopies were collected. The mean age of the patients was 53.14 years (SD 12.22), and 57.4% were women. Colonoscopy was normal in 71.7% of the cases, with hyperplastic polyps being detected in 7.1%, and adenomatous polyps in 19.8% (39.4% of them were high risk). There was a 1.5% presence of adenocarcinomas in the subjects. Polyps and CRC were predominant in men (P=.001 and P=.027, respectively) and there was a linear increase with age. Symptomatic patients had a higher CRC detection rate (P<.001), but no differences were observed in relation to polyp diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Age and male sex increased the risk for presenting with CRC or adenomas in the group of patients with a family history of CRC, and the presence of symptoms was associated with a greater risk for presenting with CRC.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Colorretais/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Colorretais/genética , Endoscopia Gastrointestinal/métodos , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Adenoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Pólipos do Colo/diagnóstico por imagem , Colonoscopia , Família , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
Objetivos: Describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con cáncer de colon metastásico a quienes se les administró bevacizumab en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INC). Métodos: Se revisaron 38 historias clínicas de pacientes atendidos en la consulta de Oncología Clínica del INC con diagnóstico de cáncer colorrectal metastásico entre 2010 y 2011. Resultados: La edad promedio de los pacientes que recibieron bevacizumab fue de 57 años; los principales sitios de metástasis fueron el hígado y el peritoneo. Los esquemas de quimioterapia utilizados más a menudo con bevacizumab fueron 5 fluoruracilo/leucovorina y FOLFOX. En relación con los eventos adversos por el uso de bevacizumab, este fue, en general, bien tolerado; la supervivencia mediana global de los pacientes tratados con bevacizumab fue de 17,5 meses. Conclusiones: Esta serie de casos describe las características generales de pacientes en la consulta externa del INC con cáncer colorrectal metastásico, los cuales tuvieron una buena adherencia al tratamiento con bevacizumab, y su uso estuvo asociado a una baja toxicidad con los diferentes esquemas de quimioterapia utilizados en cáncer colorrectal metastásico.
Objectives: To describe the clinical and epidemiolgical features of patients with metastatic colon cancer treated with bevacizumab at the National Cancer Institute of Colombia (NCI). Methods: Review was undertaken on 38 clinical cases of patients diagnosed for metastatic colorectal cancer and treated at the NCI Oncology Clinic from 2010 to 2011. Results: Median patient age when treated with bevacizumab was 57 years; most frequent metastatic sites were the liver and peritoneum. Most commonly used chemotherapy regimen with bevacizumab included 5 fluoruracil/leucovorin and FOLFOX. Bevacizumab was generally well tolerated, with few adverse events reported; median survival rate for patients treated with bevacizumab was 17.5 months. Conclusions: Analysis on this series of medical cases describes the general characteristics of patients treated at the NCI for metastatic colorrectal cancer whose favorable adherence to treatment with bevacizumab was linked to the low toxicity of diverse chemotherapy regimens used for metastatic colorectal cancer.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adulto , Neoplasias do Colo , Metástase Neoplásica , Colômbia , Tratamento Farmacológico/métodosRESUMO
La cromoendoscopia de magnificación es una nueva y atractiva herramienta que permite un análisis detallado de la arquitectura morfológica de los orificios de las criptas de la mucosa. En esta revisión describimos, principalmente, la eficacia de la cromoendoscopia de magnificación y de la colonoscopia de magnificación con NBI para el diagnóstico diferencial de las lesiones colorrectales, incluyendo una distinción entre lesiones neoplásicas y no-neoplásicas y también entre cáncer temprano tratable endoscópicamente o no, basados en una revisión de la literatura. Hemos conducido un estudio prospectivo mostrando que una combinación de la colonoscopia de magnificación y la cromoendoscopia es actualmente un método más confiable que la colonoscopia convencional y la cromoendoscopia para la distinción entre lesiones neoplásicas y no-neoplásicas del colon y del recto. La colonoscopia de magnificación con NBI es tan precisa como la cromoendoscopia de magnificación. Nosotros utilizamos colonoscopia de magnificación con NBI más que la cromoendoscopia para distinguir de rutina los pólipos neoplásicos de los no-neoplásicos. Los colonoscopistas pueden predecir la profundidad de la invasión del cáncer colorrectal por medio de la cromoendoscopia de magnificación, la colonoscopia de magnificación con NBI y a través del signo de no-levantamiento. Entre estos métodos, la cromoendocopia de magnificación es el más confiable, con una exactitud, sensibilidad y especificidad de 98,8%, 85,6% y 99,4%, respectivamente. Aunque su confiabilidad depende de la habilidad del que hace la observación, la difusión de las aplicaciones de la técnica de magnificación podría influir en las indicaciones de biopsias de muestreo durante la colonoscopia y en las de mucosectomía.
Magnifying chromoendoscopy is an exciting new tool that allows detailed analysis of the morphological architecture of mucosal crypt orifices. In this review, we principally describe the efficacy of magnifying chromoendoscopy and magnifying colonoscopy with narrow band imaging (NBI) for differential diagnosis of colorectal lesions, including distinction between non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, and also between endoscopically treatable early invasive cancers and untreatable cancers, based on a review of the literature. We have conducted a prospective study showing that a combination of magnifying colonoscopy and chromoendoscopy is currently a more reliable method than conventional endoscopy and chromoendoscopy for separating non-neoplastic from neoplastic lesions of the colon and rectum. Magnifying colonoscopy with NBI is convenient and as accurate as chromoendoscopy with magnification. We principally use only magnifying colonoscopy with NBI, rather than chromoendoscopy, to routinely distinguish neoplastic from non-neoplastic polyps. Colonoscopists can predict the depth of invasion of early colorectal cancer by magnifying chromoendoscopy, magnifying colonoscopy with NBI and the non-lifting sign. Among these approaches, magnifying chromoendoscopy is diagnostically the most reliable, with an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificitiy of 98.8%, 85.6%, and 99.4%, respectively. Although its reliability depends on the skill of magnifying observation, widespread applications of the magnification technique could influence the indications for biopsy sampling during colonoscopy and the indications for mucosectomy.