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This article analyzes the role of Chileans' emotions as predictors of normative and non-normative political action in the context of the post-social outbreak and the constituent process. We carried out three descriptive studies: first, a study conducted 1 year after the social outburst (n = 607), a second one carried out before the constitutional referendum (n = 320), and a third study conducted after the constitutional referendum (n = 210). The results indicated that participants present a higher disposition to normative over non-normative political action, although both lose strength as the studies temporally move away from the social outburst. Also, our research established that emotions directed towards different events related to the Chilean political process play a conspicuous role in predicting the disposition to mobilize in a normative and non-normative way.

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Background: Smartphone users have increased worldwide, due to their multifunctionality and accessibility. Objective: To determine the mediating effect of negative emotions between life satisfaction and smartphone addiction in college students. Method: A structural equation explanatory model was proposed in which each negative emotion (depression, anxiety, and stress) has a mediating role between life satisfaction and cell phone addiction. To this end, 1109 university students from Metropolitan Lima were selected and administered the DASS 21, SABAS, SWLS. Result: A partial effect of each mediating model was found, in addition to Satisfaction with life achieved a direct effect on cell phone addiction; at the same time the mediating variables achieved a significant direct effect on addictive behavior. Conclusion: Negative emotions have a mediating role in explaining smartphone addiction.

Introducción: Los usuarios de teléfonos inteligentes se han incrementado a nivel mundial, debido a su multifuncionalidad y accesibilidad. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto mediador de las emociones negativas entre la satisfacción con la vida y la adicción a los teléfonos inteligentes en universitarios. Método: Se planteó un modelo explicativo de ecuaciones estructurales en el cual cada emoción negativa (depresión, ansiedad y estrés) tienen un rol mediador entre la satisfacción con la vida y la adicción a los celulares. Con tal fin, se seleccionaron 1109 universitarios de Lima Metropolitana a los cuales se les aplicaron el DASS 21, SABAS, SWLS. Resultados: Se encontró un efecto parcial de cada modelo mediador, además la Satisfacción con la vida logró un efecto directo sobre la adicción a los teléfonos celulares; al mismo tiempo las variables mediadoras consiguieron un efecto directo significativo sobre la conducta adictiva. Conclusión: las emociones negativas tienen un rol mediador en la explicación de la adicción a los teléfonos inteligentes.

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Prosocial behavior (PsB) and its effects have been analyzed in times of crisis and natural disasters, although never before in the face of such exceptional circumstances as those created by the COVID-19 pandemic. This research analyzes the role of PsB on satisfaction with life (SWL) in Colombia, considering the negative emotional impact of events that began in February 2020. We conduct an exploratory analysis using a sample of Colombia's general population (N = 2,574; 53.2% women) with an average age of 44.66 years (SD = 15.36). Using the Classification Tree technique, we find that engaging in one or more PsBs (e.g., donating money or sharing food) enhances SWL and decreases the impact of negative emotions such as pessimism, indecisiveness, and irritability that have emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings are significant because they confirm the importance of life satisfaction as a personal resource for coping with complex situations and provide evidence of the benefits of PsB on one's wellbeing.

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In spite of the negative effects of anger, coaches are often seen becoming angry during games. This is especially worrying in U18 categories. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the influence that the coach's anger has on the performance of a basketball team in competition. For this, an ad hoc observation tool was designed, in which 587 moments of anger from the coaching staff (64 coaches) were recorded in the 24 semi-final and final matches of the Spanish Autonomous Region Team Championships in 2019 and 2020 in the infantil (M = 14 years old) and cadete (M = 16 years old) categories. The results show that, in response to most incidents of coach anger, the performance of the team did not change. Significant differences were identified in some scenarios, with low- or medium-intensity anger targeted at the defence, where the team performance improved. However, anger towards the referee in the last quarter with scores level had a negative influence on the team's performance.

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Resumen Antecedentes: En el año 2019, las escuelas cerraron de forma presencial como medida de contención ante la pandemia del COVID-19, lo que implicó un cambio en los procesos tradicionales de educación y socialización entre los adolescentes. Objetivo: Identificar experiencias emocionales negativas en estudiantes de tres comunas vulnerables de Región Metropolitana de Chile durante este periodo. Método: 3.570 estudiantes de 10 a 18 años pertenecientes a 50 establecimientos educacionales públicos completaron un instrumento online de evaluación de condiciones socioemocionales. El promedio de edad fue de 12,65 (D.E=1,90) y el 52,5% se identificó con el género masculino. Se analizaron los datos a través de la prueba χ2 y Análisis de Clases Latentes. Resultados: Las emociones más experimentadas fueron la soledad y el miedo. La menos frecuente fue el aburrimiento. Se encontraron cuatro tipos de experiencias emocionales: (1) la experiencia de soledad (7%); (2) la experiencia combinada de preocupación, miedo y soledad (35,4%); (3) la experiencia generalizada de emociones negativas (9,6%) y (4) la experiencia de baja emocionalidad negativa (48,1%). Conclusiones: Los estudiantes presentan cuatro tipos de experiencias emocionales, tres de las cuales podrían alertar de un posible problema de salud mental. Estos datos deben tenerse en cuenta al planificar la respuesta sanitaria a corto y largo plazo.

Abstract Background: In 2019, schools closed face-to-face as a containment measure in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, which implied a change in the traditional processes of education and socialization among adolescents. Objective: identify negative emotional experiences in students from three vulnerable communes of the Metropolitan Region of Chile during this period. Methods: 3,570 students between 10 and 18 years of age from 50 public educational establishments completed an evaluation instrument of socioemotional conditions through an online platform. The average age was 12.65 (D.S=1.90) and 52.5% identified with the male gender. Data were analyzed through the χ2 test and Latent Class Analysis. Results: the most experienced emotions were loneliness and fear, the least frequent was boredom. Four types of negative emotional experiences were found: (1) the experience of loneliness (7%); (2) the combined experience of worry, fear, and loneliness (35.4%); (3) the generalized experience of negative emotions (9.6%) and (4) the experience low frequency of negative emotions (48.1%). Conclusions: Students present four types of emotional experiences, three of which, could alert them of a possible mental health problem. These data should be considered when planning the short and long-term health response.

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Resumen Introducción: La psicología positiva ha señalado la importancia del bienestar subjetivo de los adolescentes, por ser un precursor del desarrollo positivo de los jóvenes. La investigación resalta la importancia del apoyo social percibido y el ajuste escolar como determinantes del bienestar adolescente. Por ello, este artículo tiene como finalidad analizar las relaciones de la percepción de apoyo social (de familia, profesorado, amigos) con el bienestar subjetivo de los adolescentes, mediado por su ajuste escolar. Método: Participaron 1035 estudiantes peruanos de educación secundaria, con edades entre 12 y 16 años. Se probaron dos modelos teóricos con variables latentes, uno con mediación total y otro con mediación parcial. Resultados: Los resultados del modelo final mostraron una alta capacidad predictiva del apoyo social sobre el ajuste escolar y de este sobre el bienestar de los adolescentes. Además, se encontró un potente efecto del apoyo de la familia sobre el bienestar subjetivo de los adolescentes peruanos. Conclusión: Estos resultados contribuyen a resaltar que el bienestar subjetivo es un constructo central en el contexto de la psicología positiva y en el desarrollo positivo de los jóvenes, por lo que debería cultivarse más abundantemente en las escuelas.

Abstract Introduction: Positive psychology has highlighted the importance of adolescents' subjected well-being as a precursor of the positive youth development. Research in this context highlights the importance of perceived social support and school adjustment as determinants of adolescent well-being. Therefore, the objective of this work has been to analyze the relationships of the perception of social support (from family, teachers, and friends) and the adolescents' subjective well-being, mediated by their school adjustment. Method: Participants were 1035 Peruvian Secondary Education students, aged between 12 and 16 years old. Two theoretical models with latent variables have been estimated and tested, one with total mediation and the other with partial mediation. Results: The results of the final model, with partial mediation, have shown a high predictive capacity of social support on school adjustment and, in turn, on the adolescents' well-being. In addition, a powerful effect of family support on subjective well-being of Peruvian adolescents has also been found. Conclusion: These results contribute to highlighting that subjective well-being is a central construct in the context of Positive Psychology and in the positive development of young people, which is why it should be cultivated more abundantly in schools.

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Resumen Objetivo: Identificar las diferencias (hombres y mujeres) y la relación entre emociones y las estrategias de afrontamiento en estudiantes universitarios cuando reprueban un examen al inicio del ciclo escolar. Método: Estudio no experimental de tipo transversal con múltiples variables continuas. Participaron 1,774 universitarios mexicanos (54 % mujeres y 46 % hombres), media de edad 20.72 (DE = 2.27). Se utilizaron dos instrumentos, a saber, Escala de emociones cuando repruebas: desagrado, culpa, vergüenza, tristeza, miedo, frustración, enojo, angustia, indiferencia (α = .94); y Estrategias de afrontamiento cuando repruebas: gritar, culpar a otro, reflexionar, reprobar el examen, buscar asesoría, evitar hablar del tema, evitar pensar en eso, fingir estar bien, estar en redes sociales, escuchar música, salir con amigos, salir solo(a), contarle a mi familia (α = .88). Resultados: Se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre mujeres y hombres en todos los factores de la intensidad de las emociones cuando repruebas. En cuanto a las estrategias de afrontamiento más utilizadas tanto para las mujeres (M = 2.96, DE = 0.66) como en los hombres (M = 2.69, DE = 0.67) fueron las Asertivas y de autoconstructivas y las menos las Agresivo-defensivas; en cuanto a las estrategias de Evasión si bien no mostraron diferencias entre hombres (M = 2.00; DE = 0.78) y mujeres (M = 2.11; DE = 0.84), sin embargo, en las correlaciones de la muestra en general fueron las que tuvieron las puntuaciones más altas con las emociones (r = .53**), seguidas de las Búsqueda de soluciones (r = .38**) y Asertivas y autocríticas (r = .42**). Al realizar los análisis contrastados entre mujeres (r = 50**) hombres (r = .56**) nuevamente las estrategias de Evasión fueron las que más correlacionaron con los factores emocionales (r = .50**). Conclusiones: Si bien se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre hombres y mujeres en la intensidad de las emociones, y fueron ellas quienes reportaron una mayor intensidad, no se encontraron diferencias en las estrategias de afrontamiento agresivo-defensivas, evasión y búsqueda de apoyo; el solicitar ayuda es un indicativo de que son capaces de reconocer que tienen un problema que sobrepasa sus habilidades en ese momento. Conocer qué emociones experimentan y qué estrategias de afrontamiento utilizan los universitarios cuando reprueban, proporciona al personal encargado de apoyarlos el poder implementar acciones que les ayuden a afianzar y darle continuidad a su trayectoria académica. Es importante apoyar a los estudiantes, ya que las estrategias de afrontamiento que mostraron mayores correlaciones con las emociones fueron las de evasión, lo cual puede traerles consecuencias negativas como el pasar de reprobar un examen a reprobar la asignatura.

Abstract Objective: To identify the differences (in men and women) and the relationship between emotions and coping strategies in university students when they fail an exam at the beginning of the school year. Method: The study was non-experimental and cross-sectional with multiple continuous variables, in which 1,774 Mexican university students participated (54 % women and 46 % men) of mean age 20.72 years (SD = 2.27). Two tools were used. The first one was the "Emotions scale when you fail": displeasure, guilt, shame, sadness, fear, frustration, anger, anguish, and indifference (α = 0.94), and the second tool was "Coping strategies when you fail": yelling, blaming someone else, reflecting, failing the exam, seeking advice, avoiding talking about it, avoiding thinking about it, pretending to be fine, using social media, listening to music, hanging out with friends, going out alone, talking to family (α = 0.88). Results: In the tool "Emotions scale when you fail," significant differences were found between men and women in every factor and its intensity. The most commonly used coping strategies for women (M = 2.96, SD = 0.66) and men (M = 2.69, SD = 0.67) were assertive and self-constructive, and the least commonly used were aggressive-defensive. As for the evasion strategies, although they did not show differences between men (M = 2.00, SD = 0.78) and women (M = 2.11; SD = 0.84) in the general sample correlations, those strategies were the ones that had the highest scores with emotions (r = 0.53 **), followed by the search for solutions (r = 0.38 **) and assertive and self-critical (r = 0.42 **). When performing the contrast analysis among women (r = 50 **) and men (r = 0.56 **), evasion strategies were the ones that showed the highest correlation with emotional factors (r = 0.50 **). Conclusions: Although statistically significant differences were found between men and women in emotion intensity, women being the ones that showed greater intensity, no differences were found in aggressive-defensive coping strategies, evasion, and support seeking. Requesting help is an indicator that women are (1) able to recognize that they have a problem that is currently beyond their abilities to solve independently and (2) able to ask for help in order to solve problems. Knowing which emotions university students experience and the coping strategies they use when they fail, gives the support staff in charge a chance to implement actions that help strengthen them and move forward with their academic journey. It is important to support students, because the coping strategies that showed the highest correlation with emotions were the evasion strategies, which can have further negative consequences such as going from failing an exam to failing the subject.

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The main purpose of this study is to describe how negative emotions were investigated in the sphere of dermatological diseases, in order (1) to summarize literature trends about skin disorders and emotions, (2) to highlight any imbalances between the most studied and neglected emotions, (3) and to offer directions for future research. A computerized literature search provided 41 relevant and potentially eligible studies. Results showed that the study of emotions in skin disease is limited to Sadness/depression and Fear/anxiety. The emotions of Anger and Disgust have been poorly explored in empirical studies, despite they could be theoretically considered a vulnerability factor for the development of skin disorders and the dermatological extreme consequences, as negative emotionality toward self and the pathological skin condition. The bibliometric qualitative analysis with VOSViewer software revealed that the majority of the studies have been focused on the relationships between vitiligo and Sadness/depression, dermatitis and Fear/anxiety, psoriasis, and Anger, suggesting the need of future research exploring Disgust and, in general, a wider emotional spectrum.

El objetivo principal de este estudio fue describir cómo se han investigado las emociones negativas en el ámbito de las enfermedades dermatológicas, con el fin de (1) resumir las tendencias de la literatura sobre las enfermedades de la piel y las emociones, (2) para resaltar las diferencias entre las emociones más estudiados y las más descuidadas y (3) ofrecer direcciones para futuras investigaciones. Una búsqueda bibliográfica computarizada proporcionó 41 estudios relevantes y potencialmente elegibles. Los resultados mostraron que el estudio de las emociones en la enfermedad de la piel se limita a Tristeza/depresión y Miedo/ansiedad. Las emociones de la ira y el asco han sido poco exploradas en estudios empíricos, a pesar de que teóricamente podrían considerarse un factor de vulnerabilidad para el desarrollo de enfermedades de la piel y las consecuencias dermatológicas extremas, como la emocionalidad negativa hacia uno mismo y la condición patológica de la piel. El análisis cualitativo bibliométrico con el software VOSViewer reveló que la mayoría de los estudios se han centrado en las relaciones entre vitiligo y Tristeza/depresión, dermatitis y Miedo/ansiedad, psoriasis e Ira, lo que sugiere la necesidad de futuras investigaciones que exploren asco y, en general, un espectro emocional más amplio.

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Objective: Whereas several studies have predicted academic achievement (AA) as a function of favorable cognitive factors and low negative emotional functioning (such as depression and anxiety), little is known about its associations with cognitive-emotional states of positive emotional functioning, such as social satisfaction. The present study sought to evaluate associations of AA with dimensions of negative and positive emotional functioning. Method: This cross-sectional study enrolled 275 students (mean age, 21.24 years; 66.1% females), who completed questionnaires covering sociodemographic parameters and AA scores, as well as measures of loneliness and depression (representing negative emotional functioning) and social satisfaction (representing positive emotional functioning). Results: Lower scores for negative and higher scores for positive emotional functioning were associated with higher AA scores. Multiple regression analysis showed that AA was predicted independently by both low negative and high positive emotional functioning. No gender differences were observed. Conclusions: The pattern of results observed in this study suggests that opposing dimensions of emotional functioning are independently related to AA. Students, educators, and health professionals dealing with students should focus both on increasing social satisfaction and on decreasing feelings of loneliness and depression.

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The objective of this study is to test a longitudinal model that analyses the direct effect of negative emotions (anger, depression and anxiety, wave 1) on prosocial and aggressive behaviour (wave 2) in adolescents. And the indirect effect of negative emotions (wave 1) on prosocial and aggressive behaviour (wave 2) through regulatory emotional self-efficacy. Data was obtained from 417 adolescents in a two-wave longitudinal study (225 girls, M age = 14.70 years) from schools located in Valencia, Spain. SEM was employed to explore longitudinal models. The results showed that anger had a direct relationship with prosocial behaviour and aggression, measured two years later. However, the depression and anxiety states did not predict prosociality and aggressiveness. The mediation role of regulatory emotional self-efficacy between negative emotion and behaviours was only partially confirmed. Finally, only the perception of self-efficacy in expressing positive affect is related to prosociality and aggressiveness.

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La endometriosis es la causa más común de dolor pélvico crónico femenino. A pesar del tratamiento médico, muchas mujeres no logran controlar el dolor, con la consecuencia de restricciones más o menos graves en la vida laboral, social, familiar, de pareja y sexual. En América Latina y específicamente en idioma español hay escasa información sobre las relaciones de la endometriosis con factores psicológicos que se encuentran enmarcados dentro de esta enfermedad. Por este motivo, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar esta patología estrógeno-dependiente y su asociación con diferentes aspectos psicológicos, así como su abordaje terapéutico. Para esto se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en base s de datos. Los resultados indican que la endometriosis es una enfermedad que genera como sintomatología, dolor crónico, el cual afecta de manera negativa la calidad de vida, relaciones de pareja, fertilidad, y estado emocional, generando ansiedad y depresión entre otros trastornos psiquiátricos. Los anteriores factores influyen de la misma forma, de manera negativa en la percepción del dolor, aumentando el ciclo. Debido a esto se concluye que el tratamiento psicológico podría ser un apoyo necesario para las mujeres que padecen endometriosis, en donde el manejo de dolor y los mecanismos de afrontamiento, deben ser los objetivos principales en el plan terapéutico.

The endometriosis is the most common cause of chronic female pelvic pain. Despite medical treatment, many women are unable to control their pain, limiting their social, family, sexual life and couple sexual life. In Latin America and specifically in Spanish language, there is no much information on the relationships between endometriosis with psychological factors from this disease. The aim of this study was to analyze the different psychological aspects related and the therapeutic approach of this estrogen-dependent pathology. A systematic search on databases was carried out for this end. The results indicate that pain chronic is a factor important in this illness, which negatively affects quality of life, couple relationships, fertility, and emotional state, generating anxiety, depression and another psychiatric disorders. These factors increase negatively pain perception and get worse the course of the disease. Conclusion: psychological treatment could be a necessary support for women who suffering from endometriosis, where pain management and coping mechanisms could be the main aims at the therapeutic plan.

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Emotional states can guide the actions and decisions we make in our everyday life through their influence on cognitive processes such as working memory (WM). We investigated the long-lasting interference that an unpleasant emotional state had on goal-relevant WM representations from an electrophysiological perspective. Participants performed a change detection task that was preceded by the presentation of unpleasant or neutral task-irrelevant pictures in a blocked fashion. We focused on the contralateral delay activity (CDA), an event-related potential that is sensitive to the number of task-relevant items stored in WM. We found that the asymptotic limit for the CDA amplitude was lower during the unpleasant emotional state than during the neutral one; that is, an emotional state was capable of reducing how many task-relevant items the participants could hold in WM. Furthermore, both the individuals who experienced more intrusive thoughts and those who were dispositionally anxious were more susceptible to the influence of the emotional state. We provide evidence that an unpleasant emotional state diminished visual WM for task-relevant items, particularly in susceptible individuals. These results open new avenues to uncover the emotional-cognitive processing that underlies maladaptive WM representations and the role of such processing in the development of mental illness.

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Resumen El objetivo de este artículo de revisión fue examinar y analizar la eficacia de los tipos de preparación psicológica empleados en los últimos ocho años para disminuir el estrés, la ansiedad y otras emociones de los pacientes ante un procedimiento quirúrgico. Método: Se realizó una revisión de literatura sobre la preparación psicológica en diferentes intervenciones quirúrgicas. Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos Medline y SCielo, utilizando las palabras clave: «psychological preparation for surgery¼ «psychological intervention and surgery¼ y se delimitó la búsqueda con las palabras «clinical trials¼ y «randomized controlled trial¼. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados con resultados relacionados con la eficacia de la reducción del estrés, ansiedad y otras emociones. Se encontraron 17 ensayos clínicos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión en la base de datos PubMed. En base de datos SciELO solo se encontraron dos estudios. Los datos nos mu estran que las tendencias en preparación psicológica se han enfocado más a los procedimientos como la cirugía electiva, cirugía pediátrica, procedimientos con agujas, cirugías de corazón, cirugías para el cáncer y para la cirugía bariátrica. Sin embargo, la perspectiva de estas investigaciones tal vez pudiera centrarse en las enfermedades crónica degenerativas y con más estudios mejorados metodológicamente.

Abstract The aim of this review article was to examine and analyze the effectiveness of the types of psychological preparation used in the past 8 years to decrease stress, anxiety and other emotions of patients before a surgical procedure. Method: A literature review on psychological preparation was carried out in different surgical procedures performed. A search was conducted on the basis of Medline and SciELO data, using the keywords: "psychological preparation for surgery" "psychological intervention and surgery" and the search was delimited with the words "clinical trials" and "randomized controlled trial". Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials regarding the effectiveness of reducing stress, anxiety and other emotions results. Seventeen clinical trials that met the inclusion criteria in the PubMed database were found. SciELO database in only two studies were found. The data show that trends in psychological preparation have focused more elective procedures such as surgery, pediatric surgery, needle procedures, heart surgery, cancer surgeries and bariatric surgery. However, the prospect of this research could perhaps focus on degenerative and more methodologically improved chronic disease studies.

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ANTECEDENTES: La gran mayoría de la literatura científica sobre el síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP) ha utilizado un enfoque bio-médico para analizar esta enfermedad. En América Latina, y específicamente en idioma español, hay escasa información sobre las relaciones del SOP con factores psicológicos. OBJETIVO: Analizar este trastorno ginecológico de origen endocrino y su asociación con diferentes factores psicológicos, así como su abordaje integral. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos en los últimos años con los términos "SOP", "calidad de vida", "ansiedad", "depresión", "imagen corporal" y "disfunción sexual". RESULTADOS: El SOP es una enfermedad multifactorial que se ha vinculado a la depresión, la ansiedad, el estrés, la insatisfacción de la imagen corporal, trastornos sexuales y de la alimentación, el funcionamiento cognitivo, calidad de vida y el bienestar psicológico; la co-ocurrencia de este tipo de situaciones psicológicas alimenta la condición somática en mención. CONCLUSION: El abordaje psicológico puede complementar las acciones preventivas y terapéuticas que influyen en la efectividad del tratamiento y el bienestar subjetivo informado por los pacientes.

BACKGROUND: The vast majority of the scientific literature on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have used a bio-medical approach to analyzing this disease. In Latin America, specifically in Spanish, little is known about the relationship of PCOS with psychological factors. AIM: To analyze this gynecological disorder of endocrine origin and their association with different psychological factors and their comprehensive approach. METHOD: A search was performed in databases in recent years with the terms "PCOS", "quality of life", "anxiety", "depression", "body image" and "sexual dysfunction." RESULTS: PCOS is a multifactorial disease that has been linked to depression, anxiety, stress, dissatisfaction with body image, sexual and eating disorders, cognitive functioning, quality of life and psychological well-being; the co-occurrence of such psychological situations feed the somatic condition analyzed. CONCLUSION: The psychological approach can complement the preventive and therapeutic actions that influence the effectiveness of treatment and subjective well-being reported by patients.

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Resumen: Necesitamos creer que nuestro mundo es justo, vivir eventos injustos amenaza esa creencia y genera emociones negativas identificadas como privación relativa (Lerner, 1980, Lerner, 2003). Estas emociones motivan a defender nuestra creencia en el mundo justo y se han identificado nueve estrategias para ello. Este proyecto pretende medir seis de ellas y analizar su función paliativa ante la privación relativa. Participaron 337 estudiantes universitarios. Leyeron una viñeta relatando una protesta estudiantil después de ser rechazados de la universidad y respondieron una medición de las emociones negativas que les generaba. El instrumento de creencia en el mundo justo muestra cinco dimensiones congruentes con las seis estrategias. Las correlaciones entre el número de veces que los participantes fueron rechazados de la universidad y las emociones negativas generadas por la viñeta son positivas pero bajas analizando la muestra total. Dividiendo la muestra en altos y bajos en estrategias, las correlaciones son mayores en el grupo de puntajes bajos y no hay correlaciones significativas en el grupo con puntajes altos, confirmando su función paliativa ante la privación relativa. Se discute la utilidad del modelo de estrategias con respecto al unidimensional y las implicaciones de su función paliativa en las relaciones entre grupos de diferente estatus.

Abstract: We need to believe that we live in a just world; to live unfair events threat that belief and generates negative emotions identified as relative deprivation (Lerner, 1980, Lerner, 2003). These emotions motívate us to defend our belief in just world and nine strategies have been identified for that. This project aims to measure six of them and analyze their palliative function in front of relative deprivation. 337 University students participated. They read a vignette telling about a student demonstration after being rejected from University; then answered a measure of negative emotions generated for the vignette. The instrument of belief in a just world shows five dimensions consistent with the six strategies. The correlations between times participants were rejected from university and negative emotions generated by the vignette are positive but low in the total sample. Dividing the sample into high and low on strategies, correlations are greater in the group of low scores and there are not significant correlations in the group with high scores, confirming its palliative function in front of relative deprivation. Utility of model strategies are discussed with respect to the unidimensional and the implications of its palliative function relationships between groups of different status.

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Resumen: En el presente estudio, se identificaron los alimentos consumidos con mayor frecuencia por estudiantes universitarios y las emociones que experimentan durante la alimentación. Participaron 819 universitarios, hombres y mujeres, con un promedio de edad de 22 años. Los resultados generales indican que las emociones que experimentan los universitarios durante la alimentación son en su mayoría agradables (disfrute, placer, alegría, felicidad y amor). Adicionalmente se identificaron diferencias por sexo tanto en el tipo de alimentos como en las emociones que reportan hombres y mujeres. Los resultados de la presente investigación sugieren que las emociones agradables representan uno de los factores socioculturales que motivan la conducta alimentaria.

Abstract: The present study focuses on identifying which meals are more frequently consumed by university students and which emotions are experienced during feeding. The sample consisted of 819 participants, male and female (average age 22 years old). General results indicate that emotions experienced by university students while taking their meals are mainly positive (enjoyment, pleasure, joy, happiness and love). Additionally, sex differences were identified in types of food and emotions reported by men and women. Results obtained in the present research suggest that experiencing positive emotions is one of the sociocultural factors behind eating behavior.

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El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre características sociodemográficas, optimismo y bienestar subjetivo (SWB) en estudiantes universitarios mexicanos de la Universidad de San Luis Potosí. Además, identificar qué áreas vitales incidían en mayor medida en el bienestar global y cuánto aportaría el optimismo a esta relación. Se recogió información de 299 estudiantes (17 a 49 años; M = 19.38; DE = 3.19) mediante una entrevista semiestructurada, registrando diversas características sociodemográficas que se consideraron relevantes. El optimismo disposicional se midió empleando el Life Orientation Test Revised (Scheier, Carver & Bridges, 1994) y el bienestar subjetivo mediante diversas medidas: felicidad (Subjective Happiness Scale de Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999), satisfacción vital (Satisfaction with Life Scale de Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985), emociones positivas y emociones negativas (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule de Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988) y satisfacción en los dominios vitales de estudios, pareja, salud y ocio (Entrevista semiestructurada de Marrero, Carballeira & Rodríguez, 2007). A través de la Tau-b de Kendall se analizó la relación de las variables sociodemográficas con el optimismo y los indicadores de bienestar, encontrando asociaciones entre género y satisfacción con el trabajo/estudios, satisfacción vital, felicidad y optimismo. Además, tener una relación sentimental se relacionaba con la satisfacción con la pareja y la condición laboral con satisfacción vital. Los análisis correlacionales de Pearson entre los ocho indicadores de bienestar y el optimismo mostraron que todos los indicadores de bienestar se relacionaban entre ellos y el optimismo estaba asociado en mayor medida que las variables sociodemográficas al bienestar, siendo la relación con medidas globales mayor que con los dominios vitales específicos. Para profundizar en esta asociación entre optimismo y bienestar se dividió a los participantes en tres grupos según su nivel de optimismo. A través de un MANOVA se compararon las medias en bienestar encontrando que las personas con optimismo alto y medio informaron de mayor satisfacción vital y emociones positivas, menor emociones negativas y mayor satisfacción en todos los dominios vitales frente a las personas con bajo optimismo El MANCOVA, tomando el género como covariante, indicaba resultados similares. Por último, se aplicaron análisis de regresión múltiple para conocer el peso que tenían las distintas medidas de satisfacción en dominios específicos en los indicadores globales de bienestar, felicidad y satisfacción vital. Los resultados mostraron que todos los dominios son relevantes para ambas variables criterio pero la satisfacción laboral/estudios resultó ser el predictor más poderoso. Cuando se realizaron nuevos análisis de regresión múltiple, incluyendo el optimismo como predictor, se encontró que este explicaba mayor porcentaje de varianza que la satisfacción en dominios específicos, sobre todo en el caso de la felicidad. Estos hallazgos sugieren que el optimismo es un rasgo de personalidad relevante para mejorar el bienestar subjetivo de los individiduos.

The main objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between different sociodemographic characteristics, optimism and subjective well-being (SWB) in a sample of Mexican undergraduate students from the University of San Luis Potosi. Additionally, we have tried to identify which specific life domains influenced more on global well-being and how the optimism could explain well-being. Data were collected of 299 participants aged between 17 and 49 years old (M= 19.38; SD= 3.19) through a semi structured interview, considering different relevant sociodemographic characteristics. Dispositional optimism was evaluated using the Life Orientation Test Revised (Scheier, Carver & Bridges, 1994). Subjective well-being included the following measures: Happiness (Subjective Happiness Scale de Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999), Life Satisfaction (Satisfaction with Life Scale from Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985), Positive and Negative Emotions (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule from Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988) and Satisfaction with different Life Domains: Job/ Studies, Partner, Health and Leisure (Marrero, Carballeira & Rodríguez, 2007). Through the Test for Kendall's Tau-b, the relationship between sociodemographic variables, optimism and well-being indicators was analysed. The results showed moderate associations between gender and studies satisfaction, life satisfaction, happiness and optimism. Also, the fact of having a sentimental relationship was related to partner satisfaction; and the job situation was associated with life satisfaction. Pearson correlational analyses between the eight well-being indicators and the optimism showed that all the well-being variables were related each other. Optimism was more associated to all the measures of SWB than the sociodemographic variables; and the relationships of optimism with global measures of well-being were greater than those with the specific life domains. In order to deep in this association between optimism and well-being, the sample was split in three groups in function of the level of optimism. A MANOVA was made to compare the means of well-being, finding that those participants with high and medium optimism, vs. those with low optimism, reported more life satisfaction and positive emotions, lower negative emotions and more satisfaction in all the specific life domains. The MANCOVA, taking the gender as a covariant, showed similar findings. Finally, Multiple Regression Analyses were applied to know the influence of the different specific life domains on the global components of well-being: happiness and life satisfaction. The results showed that all the specific domains were relevant for both criteria variables, but studies satisfaction was the more powerful predictor. In the new multiple regression analyses, the optimsm was included and explained a higher percentage of variance than the measures of satisfaction with life domains, especially in the case of happiness as the criteria. These findings suggested that optimism is a relevant personality trait to improve subjective well-being of individuals.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El afecto o emoción como tema de investigación científica ha despertado un gran interés en los últimos años, sin embargo, en nuestro medio no se cuenta con instrumentos psicométricos que permitan una medición válida y confiable. El presente trabajo tuvo por objetivo realizar una adaptación psicométrica de la Escala de Afectividad Positiva y Negativa ([PANAS], Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988) a la población de adultos de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina. Los estudios de estructura interna sugieren la existencia de dos dimensiones subyacentes homogéneas (α= 0.73; α= 0.82) que explican un 39 % de la variabilidad de la prueba. Asimismo, los estudios de correlación ítem-total, de discriminación de ítem y de contrastación de grupos resultaron semejantes a los reportados por trabajos antecedentes. En conjunto, los resultados obtenidos son promisorios y avalan el uso del PANAS en el contexto cordobés.

The affect or emotion as a topic of scientific investigation has been of great interest in recent years, however in our environment there are no psychometric instruments which allow a valid and reliable measurement. The object of this work was to create a psychometric adaptation of the Positive and Negative Affectivity Scale ([PANAS], Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988) for the adult population of the city of Cordoba, Argentina. The internal structure studies suggest the existence of two subjacent homogenous dimensions (α= 0.73; α= 0.82) which explain 39% of the variability of the test. Studies of the correlation item total, of item discrimination and contrasted groups resulted similar to those reported in previous works. Altogether, the results obtained are promising and support the use of PANAS in Cordoba.

RESUMO

El propósito del estudio fue identificar si existen diferencias en el miedo percibido entre niños y niñas de 9 a 12 años de edad del Distrito Federal. Primero se procedió a recabar información cualitativa, con la cual se elaboró un instrumento de opción múltiple. Posteriormente se realizó un análisis factorial, del cual se obtuvieron cuatro factores: miedo a lo desconocido, miedo a los animales, miedo en la escuela y miedo al peligro y a la muerte. Se encontraron diferencias en todos los factores, siendo el último en donde se encontraron las medias más altas para ambos grupos, lo cual se podría deber a la situación de inseguridad que actualmente se vive en el país.

The purpose of this study was to identify if there were differences in perceived fear in 9 to 12 year old boys and girls that live in Mexico City. Qualitative information was obtained which was used to build a Likert type scale responded by 300 children. A factor analysis determined the existence of four factors: fear of the unknown, fear of animals, fear at school, and fear of danger and death. Statistical differences were found in all factors, girls obtaining higher mean values. The highest mean values were observed in fear of danger and death, both among boys and girls, possibly because of the insecurity situation that surrounds life in this country.