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Abstract Background: Nano-vitamins and minerals are used in animal nutrition to improve performance and health of broiler chickens as a potential alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Objective: To evaluate the effect of several levels of a dietary nano α-tocopherol acetate plus selenium compound (NTS) on growth, intestinal histomorphometry, carcass traits, and immune status of broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 240 one-day-old Ross 308 chickens were randomly divided into four groups, each one with three pens (n=20 per pen). Four doses of nano α-tocopherol acetate and selenium (0, 5, 7, and 10 mg/kg) were included in the basal diet for 42 days. Results: Final body weight, cumulative body weight gain, and final conversion ratio significantly improved with increasing NTS levels (p<0.05). Carcass traits and weight of internal organs increased in the groups fed 7 and 10 mg/kg NTS. High NTS doses significantly increased immune vaccine titers against Newcastle disease, avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease, and infectious bronchitis. Moreover, dietary addition of NTS improved intestinal morphometry. Conclusion: Thus, NTS (7 and 10 mg/kg) can be added to poultry rations to improve production, carcass characteristics, and immune status of broilers. Further studies are needed to evaluate NTS residues in meat.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las nano-vitaminas y minerales se utilizan en nutrición animal para mejorar el rendimiento y la salud de los pollos de engorde como una posible alternativa al uso de antibióticos promotores del crecimiento. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de varios niveles dietarios de un acetato de nano α-tocoferol más un compuesto de selenio (NTS) en el crecimiento, histomorfometría intestinal, características de la canal y estado inmunológico de pollos de engorde. Métodos: Un total de 240 pollos Ross 308 de un día de edad se dividieron aleatoriamente en cuatro tratamientos, cada grupo con tres corrales (n=20 por corral). Se incluyeron cuatro dosis de nano α-tocoferol acetato y selenio (0, 5, 7 y 10 mg/kg) en la dieta basal durante 42 días. Resultados: El peso corporal total, la ganancia de peso acumulada y la tasa de conversión alimenticia final mejoraron significativamente al aumentar el nivel de NTS (p<0,05). Las características de la canal y el peso de los órganos internos mejoraron en los grupos alimentados con 7 y 10 mg/kg de NTS. El incremento del nivel de NTS aumentó significativamente los títulos de vacunas inmunitarias contra la enfermedad de Newcastle, el virus de la influenza aviar, la enfermedad infecciosa de la bursa y la bronquitis infecciosa. Además, la adición dietaria de NTS mejoró algunas características morfométricas intestinales. Conclusión: Es viable agregar NTS (7 y 10 mg/kg) en la ración para mejorar la producción, las características de la canal y el estado inmunológico de pollos de engorde. Se necesitan más estudios para evaluar los residuos de NTS en la carne.

Resumo Antecedentes: Nanovitaminas e minerais são utilizados na nutrição animal para melhorar o desempenho e a saúde de frangos de corte como uma possível alternativa ao uso de antibióticos promotores de crescimento. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de vários níveis dietéticos de um acetato de nano α-tocoferol mais um composto de selênio (NTS) no crescimento, histomorfometria intestinal, características de carcaça e estado imunológico de frangos de corte. Métodos: Um total de 240 pintos Ross 308 de um dia de idade foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos, cada grupo com três baias (n=20 em cada baia). Quatro doses de acetato de nano α-tocoferol e selênio (0, 5, 7 e 10 mg/kg) foram incluídas na dieta basal por 42 dias. Resultados: O peso corporal total, ganho de peso cumulativo e a conversão alimentar final melhoraram significativamente com o aumento do nível de NTS (p<0,05). As características da carcaça e o peso dos órgãos internos melhoraram nos grupos alimentados com 7 e 10 mg/kg de NTS. O incremento do nível de NTS aumentou significativamente os títulos de vacinas imunes contra a doença de Newcastle, vírus da gripe aviária, doença infecciosa da bolsa e bronquite infecciosa. Além disso, a adição dietética de NTS melhorou algumas propriedades morfométricas intestinais. Conclusão: É viável a adição de NTS (7 e 10 mg/kg) na ração para melhorar a produção, as características de carcaça e o estado imunológico de frangos de corte. Mais estudos são necessários para avaliar os resíduos de NTS em carnes.

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The present work investigates hazardous elements and nanomineralogical assemblages of phosphogypsum waste from an abandoned phosphate fertilizer industry located in Santa Catarina state (Brazil). Correlations between the chemical composition, nanominerals, and ultrafine particles are discussed. Multifaceted physical-geochemical study provided a careful understanding of the nanomineralogical assemblage of the phosphogypsum waste. The electron beam investigation revealed the presence of many hazardous elements in the ultrafine particles. Cr, Pb, Mn, Se, Sr, and Zr, among others, were found in individual ultrafine particles and nanominerals in all studied samples. Besides that, rare earth elements were found in different concentration ranges, being Ce, La, and Nd, the rare earth elements, found in the higher concentrations, above 900 mg kg-1. The data supplied by this article are important to characterize the phosphogypsum waste, assessing the potential hazard to the environment and human health, and also, provides information to enable the designing of alternatives to manage this waste.

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Detailed geochemistry similarities between the burning coal cleaning rejects (BCCRs) and non-anthropogenic geological environments are outlined here. While no visible flames were detected, this research revealed that auto-combustion existed in the studied area for many years. The occurrence of several amorphous phases, mullite, hematite and many other Al/Fe-minerals formed by high temperature was found. Bad disposal of coal-dump wastes represents significant environmental concerns due to their potential influence on atmosphere, river sediments, soils and as well as on the surface and groundwater in the surroundings of these areas. The present work using multi-analytical techniques were performed to provide an improved understanding of the complex processes related with sulphide-rich coal waste oxidation, spontaneous combustion and newmineral creation. It recording huge numbers of rare minerals with alunite, montmorillonite, szmolnockite, halotrichite, coquimbite and copiapite at the BCCRs. The information presented the presence of abundant amorphous Si-Al-Fe-Ti as (oxy-)hydroxides and Fe-hydro/oxides with goethite and hematite with various degrees of crystallinity, containing potential hazardous elements (PHEs), such as Cu, Cr, Hf, Hg, Mo, Ni, Se, Pb, Th, U, Zr, and others. Most of the nano-particles and ultra-fine particles found in the burned coal-dump wastes are the same as those commonly associated with coal cleaning rejects, in which oxidation of sulphides plays an important impact to environment and subsequently animal and human health.

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Brazilian coal area (South Brazil) impacted the environment by means of a large number of coal waste piles emplaced over the old mine sites and the adjacent areas of the Criciúma, Urussanga, and Siderópolis cities. The area studied here was abandoned and after almost 30 years (smokeless visual) some companies use the actual minerals derived from burning coal cleaning rejects (BCCRs) complied in the mentioned area for industry tiles or refractory bricks. Mineralogical and geochemical similarities between the BCCRs and non-anthropogenic geological environments are outlined here. Although no visible flames were observed, this study revealed that auto-combustion existed in the studied area for many years. The presence of amorphous phases, mullite, hematite and other Fe-minerals formed by high temperature was found. There is also pyrite, Fe-sulphates (eg. jarosite) and unburnt coal present, which are useful for comparison purposes. Bad disposal of coal-dump wastes represents significant environmental concerns due to their potential influence on atmosphere, river sediments, soils and as well as on the surface and groundwater in the surroundings of these areas. The present study using advanced analytical techniques were performed to provide an improved understanding of the complex processes related with sulphide-rich coal waste oxidation, spontaneous combustion and mineral formation. It is reporting huge numbers of rare minerals with alunite, montmorillonite, szomolnokite, halotrichite, coquimbite and copiapite at the BCCRs. The data showed the presence of abundant amorphous Si-Al-Fe-Ti as (oxy-)hydroxides and Fe-hydro/oxides with goethite and hematite with various degrees of crystallinity, containing hazardous elements, such as Cu, Cr, Hf, Hg, Mo, Ni, Se, Pb, Th, U, Zr, and others. By Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the mineralogical composition was related with the range of elemental concentration of each sample. Most of the nano-minerals and ultra-fine particles found in the burned coal-dump wastes are the same as those commonly associated with coal cleaning rejects, in which oxidation of sulphides plays an important role to environment and human health.

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This study has provided an initial assessment of the environmental impacts and potential health effects associated with coal fly ash produced during diesel co-firing. Many hazardous elements that are typically detected by multifaceted chemical characterization by XRD, petrology, FE-SEM/EDS, and HR-TEM/SEAD/FFT/EDS in ultra-fine compounds and nanominerals from the co-fired coal fly ashes (CFAs). It provided an in-depth understanding of coal ash produced during diesel co-firing. Several of the neoformed ultra-fine compounds and nano-minerals found in the coal ashes are the same as those commonly associated with oxidation/transformation of aluminosilicates, carbonates, sulphides and phosphates.

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