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Introducción: el labio y paladar hendido es la malformación craneofacial congénita más frecuente y es producida por una falla en la fusión de procesos faciales durante periodos iniciales en el desarrollo embrionario. Objetivo: el objetivo de la ortopedia prequirúrgica es facilitar la primera intervención para la corrección de esta condición de manera que disminuya el trauma quirúrgico, al obtener una menor formación de cicatrices y menor riesgo de complicaciones postquirúrgicas, además de ayudar a obtener una óptima deglución en el paciente para mejorar el aspecto nutricional en el bebé. Material y métodos: el paciente fue llevado a la clínica a las dos semanas de nacido para la toma de impresión y colocación de un aparato ortopédico; se le colocó el NAM (nasoalveolar molding), la cinta transport, además se realizaban citas una vez al mes para evaluar el stent nasal, activarlo y revisar que la colocación de la cinta estuviese correcta, así como para comprobar que la alimentación del bebé estuviera mejorando. Resultados: se observa una mejoría anatómica y fisiológica, también una disminución de la fisura labial de 6 mm y una remodelación nasal. Se notó una mejora en deglución y alimentación con ganancia de peso. Conclusiones: la ortopedia prequirúrgica con el NAM es una terapia aceptable y recomendable para los pacientes con labio y paladar hendido, ya que nos ayudan a generar mejores resultados quirúrgicos, además de colaborar con el aspecto nutricional del bebe (AU)
Introduction: cleft lip and palate is a craniofacial malformation most frequent congenital and is produced by a failure to fuse facial processes during early periods in embryonic development. Objective: the objective of pre-surgical orthopedics is to facilitate the first intervention for the correction of this condition, reducing surgical trauma, obtaining less scar formation and less risk of post-surgical complications, in addition to helping the patient obtain better swallowing to improve the nutritional aspect in the baby. Material and methods: the patient came to the clinic at two weeks of age for impression taking and placement of the orthopedic device. The NAM (nasoalveolar molding) and the transport tape were placed and appointments were made once a month to evaluate the nasal stent, activate it and check that the placement of the tape was correct, as well as to check that the baby's feeding was improving. Results: an anatomical and physiological improvement is observed, as well as a 6mm decrease in the cleft lip and nasal remodeling. An improvement in swallowing and feeding with weight gain was observed. Conclusions: pre-surgical orthopedics with NAM is an acceptable and recommended therapy for patients with cleft lip and palate since it helps us to generate better surgical results in addition to collaborating with the nutritional aspect of the baby (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Recém-Nascido , Aparelhos Ortopédicos , Fissura Palatina/terapia , Fenda Labial/cirurgiaRESUMO
Introduction: The metabolic routes altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain are poorly understood. As the metabolic pathways are evolutionarily conserved, the metabolic profiles carried out in animal models of AD could be directly translated into human studies. Methods: We performed untargeted Nuclear Magnetic Resonance metabolomics in hippocampus of McGill-R-Thy1-APP transgenic (Tg) rats, a model of AD-like cerebral amyloidosis and the translational potential of these findings was assessed by targeted Gas Chromatography-Electron Impact-Mass Spectrometry in plasma of participants in the German longitudinal cohort AgeCoDe. Results: In rat hippocampus 26 metabolites were identified. Of these 26 metabolites, nine showed differences between rat genotypes that were nominally significant. Two of them presented partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) loadings with the larger absolute weights and the highest Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) scores and were specifically assigned to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide (Nam). NAD levels were significantly decreased in Tg rat brains as compared to controls. In agreement with these results, plasma of AD patients showed significantly reduced levels of Nam in respect to cognitively normal participants. In addition, high plasma levels of Nam showed a 27% risk reduction of progressing to AD dementia within the following 2.5 years, this hazard ratio is lost afterwards. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that a decrease of Nam plasma levels is observed couple of years before conversion to AD, thereby suggesting its potential use as biomarker for AD progression.
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Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus associated with respiratory and systemic infections in mammalian hosts that have inhaled infective mycelial propagules. A phylogenetic reconstruction of this pathogen, using partial sequences of arf, H-anti, ole1, and tub1 protein-coding genes, proposed that H. capsulatum has at least 11 phylogenetic species, highlighting a clade (BAC1) comprising three H. capsulatum isolates from infected bats captured in Mexico. Here, relationships for each individual locus and the concatenated coding regions of these genes were inferred using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference methods. Coalescent-based analyses, a concatenated sequence-types (CSTs) network, and nucleotide diversities were also evaluated. The results suggest that six H. capsulatum isolates from the migratory bat Tadarida brasiliensis together with one isolate from a Mormoops megalophylla bat support a NAm 3 clade, replacing the formerly reported BAC1 clade. In addition, three H. capsulatum isolates from T. brasiliensis were classified as lineages. The concatenated sequence analyses and the CSTs network validate these findings, suggesting that NAm 3 is related to the North American class 2 clade and that both clades could share a recent common ancestor. Our results provide original information on the geographic distribution, genetic diversity, and host specificity of H. capsulatum.
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Giardia duodenalis is a flagellated unicellular eukaryotic microorganism that commonly causes diarrheal disease throughout the world. Treatment of giardiasis is limited to nitroheterocyclic compounds as metronidazole and benzimidazoles as albendazole, where remarkably treatment failure is relatively common. Consequently, the need for new options to treat this disease is underscored. We predicted by a bioinformatic approach that nicotinamide inhibits Giardia sirtuins by the nicotinamide exchange pathway, and since sirtuins are involved in cell cycle control, they could be related with arrest and decrease of viability. When trophozoites were treated with nicotinamide (NAM), a strong arrest of Giardia trophozoites in G2 phase was observed and at the same time changes in transcriptional expression of sirtuins were produced. Interestingly, the G2 arrest is not related to double-strand breaks, which strengthens the role of sirtuins in the control of the Giardia cell cycle. Results with NAM-treated trophozoites as predicted demonstrate antigiardial effects and thus open new options for the treatment of giardiasis, either with the combination of nicotinamide with another antigiardial drug, or with the design of specific inhibitors for Giardia sirtuins.
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Pontos de Checagem da Fase G2 do Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Giardia lamblia/efeitos dos fármacos , Niacinamida/farmacologia , Sirtuínas/metabolismo , Complexo Vitamínico B/farmacologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Giardia lamblia/citologia , Giardia lamblia/genética , Giardia lamblia/metabolismo , Humanos , Alinhamento de Sequência , Sirtuínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Sirtuínas/química , Sirtuínas/genéticaRESUMO
Maize is one of the most heterogenous cereals worldwide in terms of yield, physical characteristics, and biochemical composition due to its natural diversity. Nowadays the use of maize hybrids is extensive, while the use of landraces is mostly local. Both have become an important genetic resource useful to identify or generate varieties with desirable characteristics to overcome challenges of agronomic performance, nutritional quality, and functionality. In terms of functionality, one of the most studied families of compounds are phenolic acids. These compounds have been associated with the improvement of human health because of their antioxidant capacity. To evaluate the diversity of phenolic compounds in maize, two collections, the Nested Association Mapping (NAM) founders and 24 landraces, were crossed with B73. Phenolic compounds were extracted and quantified by HPLC-PDA. Soluble and cell wall phenolic acids were identified and significant differences between and within the NAM and Landrace collections were assessed. Soluble p-coumaric acid quantification of B73 × NAM hybrids presented high variation as the range went from 14.45 to 132.34 µg/ g dw. In the case of B73 × Landrace hybrids, wide variation was also found, ranging 25.77-120.80 µg/g dw. For trans-ferulic acid, significant variation was found in both hybrid groups: B73 × NAM presented an average of 157.44 µg/g dw (61.02-411.13 µg/g dw) whereas the B73 × Landrace hybrids average was 138.02 µg/g dw (49.32-476.28 µg/g dw). In cell wall p-coumaric acid, a range from 30.93 to 83.69 µg/g dw and 45.06 to 94.98 µg/g dw was found for landrace and NAM hybrids, respectively. For cell wall trans-ferulic acid, a range from 1,641.47 to 2,737.38 µg/g dw and 826.07 to 2,536.40 µg/g dw was observed for landrace and NAM hybrids, respectively. Significant differences between hybrid groups were found in p-coumaric acid, for both soluble and cell wall-bounded. Therefore, maize hybrids produced by conventional techniques using both modern and traditional varieties showed a high diversity in terms of phenolic compounds, denoting the role of these compounds in the maize ability to endure different environment conditions. This study provides a platform of comparison through the unveiling of maize phenolic compounds for future breeding efforts.
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Arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT; E.C. 2.3.1.5) enzymes are responsible for the biotransformation of several arylamine and hydrazine drugs by acetylation. In this process, the acetyl group transferred to the acceptor substrate produces NAT deacetylation and, in consequence, it is susceptible of degradation. Sirtuins are protein deacetylases, dependent on nicotine adenine dinucleotide, which perform post-translational modifications on cytosolic proteins. To explore possible sirtuin participation in the enzymatic activity of arylamine NATs, the expression levels of NAT1, NAT2, SIRT1 and SIRT6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy subjects were examined by flow cytometry and Western blot. The in situ activity of the sirtuins on NAT enzymatic activity was analyzed by HPLC, in the presence or absence of an agonist (resveratrol) and inhibitor (nicotinamide) of sirtuins. We detected a higher percentage of positive cells for NAT2 in comparison with NAT1, and higher numbers of SIRT1+ cells compared to SIRT6 in lymphocytes. In situ NAT2 activity in the presence of NAM inhibitors was higher than in the presence of its substrate, but not in the presence of resveratrol. In contrast, the activity of NAT1 was not affected by sirtuins. These results showed that NAT2 activity might be modified by sirtuins.
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Aluminum (Al) is a beneficial element for some plant species, especially when used at low concentrations. Though some transcription factors are induced by exposure to this element, no data indicate that Al regulates the expression of NAC genes in rice. In this study we tested the effect of applying 200 µM Al on growth, chlorophyll, amino acids, sugars, macronutrient concentration and regulation of NAC transcription factors gene expression in 24-day-old plants of four rice (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) cultivars: Cotaxtla, Tres Ríos, Huimanguillo and Temporalero, grown hydroponically under greenhouse conditions. Twenty days after treatment, we observed that Al enhanced growth in the four cultivars studied. On average, plants grown in the presence of Al produced 140% more root dry biomass and were 30% taller than control plants. Cotaxtla and Temporalero showed double the root length, while Huimanguillo and Cotaxtla had three times more root fresh biomass and 2.5 times more root dry biomass. Huimanguillo plants showed 1.5 times more shoot height, while Cotaxtla had almost double the root dry biomass. With the exception of Tres Ríos, the rest of the cultivars had almost double the chlorophyll concentration when treated with Al, whereas amino acid and proline concentrations were not affected by Al. Sugar concentration was also increased in plants treated with Al, almost 11-fold in comparison to the control. Furthermore, we observed a synergic response of Al application on P and K concentration in roots, and on Mg concentration in shoots. Twenty-four hours after Al treatment, NAC transcription factors gene expression was measured in roots by quantitative RT-PCR. Of the 57 NAC transcription factors genes primer-pairs tested, we could distinguish that 44% (25 genes) showed different expression patterns among rice cultivars, with most of the genes induced in Cotaxtla and Temporalero plants. Of the 25 transcription factors up-regulated, those showing differential expression mostly belonged to the NAM subfamily (56%). We conclude that Al improves growth, increases sugar concentration, P and K concentrations in roots, and Mg concentration in shoots, and report, for the first time, that Al differentially regulates the expression of NAC transcription factors in rice.
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In a context with limited attention to mental health and prevalent sexual prejudice, valid measurements are a key first step to understanding the psychological suffering of sexual minority populations. We adapted the Patient Health Questionnaire as a depressive symptom severity measure for Vietnamese sexual minority women, ensuring its cultural relevance and suitability for internet-based research. Psychometric evaluation found that the scale is mostly unidimensional and has good convergent validity, good external construct validity, and excellent reliability. The sample's high endorsement of scale items emphasizes the need to study minority stress and mental health in this population.
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TaNAM transcription factors play an important role in controlling senescence, which in turn, influences the delivery of nitrogen, iron and other elements to the grain of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants, thus contributing to grain nutritional value. While lack or diminished expression of TaNAMs determines a stay-green phenotype, the precise effect of these factors on chloroplast structure has not been studied. In this work we focused on the events undergone by chloroplasts in two wheat lines having either control or diminished TaNAM expression due to RNA interference (RNAi). It was found that in RNAi plants maintenance of chlorophyll levels and maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II were associated with lack of chloroplast dismantling. Flow cytometer studies and electron microscope analysis showed that RNAi plants conserved organelle ultrastructure and complexity. It was also found that senescence in control plants was accompanied by a low leaf enzymatic antioxidant activity. Lack of chloroplast dismantling in RNAi plants was associated with maintenance of protein and iron concentration in the flag leaf, the opposite being observed in control plants. These data provide a structural basis for the observation that down regulation of TaNAMs confers a functional stay-green phenotype and indicate that the low export of iron and nitrogen from the flag leaf of these plants is concomitant, within the developmental window studied, with lack of chloroplast degradation and high enzymatic antioxidant activity.
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Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Cloroplastos/enzimologia , Cloroplastos/ultraestrutura , Interferência de RNA , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Triticum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Triticum/metabolismo , Carboidratos/análise , Clorofila/metabolismo , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Ferro/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Fenótipo , Complexo de Proteína do Fotossistema II/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Solubilidade , Compostos de Sulfidrila/metabolismo , Triticum/ultraestruturaRESUMO
Giardia lamblia is an intestinal protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis, a disease of high prevalence in Latin America, Asia and Africa. Giardiasis leads to poor absorption of nutrients, severe electrolyte loss and growth retardation. In addition to its clinical importance, this parasite is of special biological interest due to its basal evolutionary position and simplified metabolism, which has not been studied thoroughly. One of the most important and conserved metabolic pathways is the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). This molecule is widely known as a coenzyme in multiple redox reactions and as a substrate in cellular processes such as synthesis of Ca2+ mobilizing agents, DNA repair and gene expression regulation. There are two pathways for NAD biosynthesis, which converge at the step catalyzed by nicotinamide/nicotinate mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT, EC 2.7.7.1/18). Using bioinformatics tools, we found two NMNAT sequences in Giardia lamblia (glnmnat-a and glnmnat-b). We first verified the identity of the sequences in silico. Subsequently, glnmnat-a was cloned into an expression vector. The recombinant protein (His-GlNMNAT) was purified by nickel-affinity binding and was used in direct in vitro enzyme assays assessed by C18-HPLC, verifying adenylyltransferase activity with both nicotinamide (NMN) and nicotinic acid (NAMN) mononucleotides. Optimal reaction pH and temperature were 7.3 and 26 °C. Michaelis-Menten kinetics were observed for NMN and ATP, but saturation was not accomplished with NAMN, implying low affinity yet detectable activity with this substrate. Double-reciprocal plots showed no cooperativity for this enzyme. This represents an advance in the study of NAD metabolism in Giardia spp.
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PIP: This article summarizes experiences of a Vietnamese delegation at a solidarity meeting of world women during April 13-16, 1998, in Cuba. The President of the Viet Nam Women's Union headed the delegation. The advisor was the vice-chairperson of the Vietnamese National Assembly. The delegation participated in 6 forums: women and sustainable economic development; women, health, education, and social security; women, communication and the mass media; women in politics and decision-making; women, violence and discrimination; and national independence, sovereignty, peace, and women. The delegation also participated in sessions on women's issues; implementation issues; women parliamentarians; and migrant and displaced women. The delegation met with delegates from other countries and participated in a world meeting and an Asian-Pacific meeting to support Cuban women. The entire delegation presented a stage show of songs, which was well received by the 3000 participants. The delegation met with Cuban delegates to discuss the formation of women's groups and to build better relations between the women of both countries. The delegation visited a training center of women cadres and the center for gender education. Participants adopted the Havana Declaration, which states the intention of world women to eradicate poverty and war and to promote peace, progress, and happiness in all countries. The Havana Declaration condemned the US embargo against Cuba. Fidel Castro spoke and expressed gratitude for the strong support from world women, especially Vietnamese women.^ieng
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Congressos como Assunto , Relações Interpessoais , Pesquisa , Direitos da Mulher , Mulheres , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Região do Caribe , Cuba , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , América do Norte , Política , Opinião Pública , Fatores Socioeconômicos , VietnãRESUMO
PIP: This article presents the speech of the President of the Viet Nam Women's Union, given on April 15, 1998, at a world women's solidarity meeting held in Cuba. The President gave the Cuban Women's Federation US$50,000 for women's and children's programs. The President indicated that the Vietnamese people wanted to help alleviate the hardships of the Cuban people and show solidarity with Cuba and Comrade Fidel Castro. The money was collected in a nationwide campaign in an effort to express Viet Nam's sympathy for Cubans who face difficult living conditions due to the US embargo. The President thanked the Cuban people for standing up to a superpower for all the world to see and for being confident and optimistic despite hardships. The Vietnamese are ready to defend revolutionary achievements, independence, and socialism. The Vietnamese will be celebrating the 35th year of the founding of the Cuban Committee for Solidarity with Viet Nam, Laos, and Cambodia. The Vietnamese delegation offered warm greetings to the Cuban Party and State and the Cuban women and children under the leadership of Comrade Fidel Castro.^ieng
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Congressos como Assunto , Cooperação Internacional , Pesquisa , Mulheres , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Região do Caribe , Cuba , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Administração Financeira , América Latina , América do Norte , Política , Opinião Pública , VietnãRESUMO
The introduction of new contraceptive technologies has great potential for expanding contraceptive choice, but in practice, benefits have not always materialized as new methods have been added to public-sector programs. In response to lessons from the past, the UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP) has taken major steps to develop a new approach and to support governments interested in its implementation. After reviewing previous experience with contraceptive introduction, the article outlines the strategic approach and discusses lessons from eight countries. This new approach shifts attention from promotion of a particular technology to an emphasis on the method mix, the capacity to provide services with quality of care, reproductive choice, and users' perspectives and needs. It also suggests that technology choice should be undertaken through a participatory process that begins with an assessment of the need for contraceptive introduction and is followed by research and policy and program development. Initial results from Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, Myanmar, South Africa, Vietnam, and Zambia confirm the value of the new approach.
PIP: In response to difficulties associated with the introduction of new contraceptive technologies to public sector service systems, the UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction has formulated a new model. The strategic approach to contraceptive introduction shifts the emphasis from the promotion of a particular technology to quality of care issues, a reproductive health focus, and users' perspectives and needs. It further entails a participatory approach with collaboration among governments, women's health groups, community groups, nongovernmental providers, researchers, international donors, and technical assistance agencies. The underlying philosophy is that method introduction should proceed only when a system's ability to provide high-quality services exists or can be generated. Since 1993, WHO has provided support for the implementation of this perspective in public sector programs in Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, Myanmar, South Africa, Viet Nam, and Zambia. Preliminary assessments in these countries revealed major structural, managerial, and philosophical barriers to high-quality family planning services. In cases where assessments have indicated the feasibility of new method introduction, this has been implemented through a carefully phased, research-based process intended to encourage the development of appropriate managerial capacity and to promote a humanistic philosophy of care.
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Anticoncepção , Atenção à Saúde/métodos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar/métodos , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Organização Mundial da Saúde , África , Sudeste Asiático , Participação da Comunidade , Anticoncepção/métodos , Anticoncepção/psicologia , Anticoncepção/normas , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar/organização & administração , Liberdade , Implementação de Plano de Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Cooperação Internacional , Modelos Organizacionais , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/etnologia , Formulação de Políticas , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: 20% of the world's population is aged 10-19 years. Annually, almost 15 million young women under age 20 become mothers. However, surveys in developing countries show that 20-60% of the pregnancies and births to women under age 20 are mistimed or unwanted. While later marriage age in many places has provoked a decline in birth rates among young women, levels of sexual relations before marriage are increasing. Such sexual behavior opens sexually active young women to the risks of unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortion, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Millions of young people become infected with STDs annually. Among all age groups in the US, young women aged 15-19 have the highest incidence of gonorrhea among females and young men aged 15-19 have the second highest incidence among males. At least half of all people infected with HIV are under age 25. The UNDP/UNFPA/WHO/World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP) completed 9 studies in 1996 on adolescent reproductive health. 14 studies were completed before 1996, and 18 are still underway.^ieng
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Adolescente , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Gravidez na Adolescência , Gravidez não Desejada , Medicina Reprodutiva , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Nações Unidas , África , África Subsaariana , África Ocidental , Fatores Etários , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Comportamento , América Central , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Ásia Oriental , Fertilidade , Guatemala , Saúde , Infecções , Agências Internacionais , Coreia (Geográfico) , América Latina , Nigéria , América do Norte , Organizações , Filipinas , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , Tailândia , VietnãRESUMO
PIP: The many young people worldwide who are sexually active need correct knowledge on pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) so that they may take appropriate and effective measures to prevent them. However, recent studies of young people's sexual behavior conducted in Korea, Guatemala, Nigeria, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam found that knowledge about sexuality, reproduction, and contraception does not always lead young people to practice safe sex. A study in Korea of male students and industrial workers found that while 96-99% knew that AIDS can be transmitted through sexual intercourse with an infected person and over 90% knew that condoms can prevent pregnancy and the transmission of STDs, only 39-48% of those sexually experienced reported using a condom during their most recent episode of sexual intercourse. Of those who were sexually experienced, 80% of industrial workers and 73% of students reported having had sex with a prostitute. Almost all sampled adolescents in Guatemala had heard of AIDS, but the young men reported only sporadic condom use. This discrepancy between knowledge and condom use observed in the other country studies is reported.^ieng
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Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Adolescente , Preservativos , Infecções por HIV , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Conhecimento , Comportamento Sexual , África , África Subsaariana , África Ocidental , Fatores Etários , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Comportamento , América Central , Anticoncepção , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Ásia Oriental , Guatemala , Coreia (Geográfico) , América Latina , Nigéria , América do Norte , Filipinas , População , Características da População , Tailândia , Vietnã , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: The Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) held a regional workshop in Thailand in 1992 to demonstrate how women's involvement at all levels of environmentally sound and sustainable water supply and sanitation programs and projects could be made more effective, easier, and productive. Using the same modules, with the support of other organizations such as the Department of Development Support and Management Services, ESCAP conducted four more workshops in the Philippines, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), Vietnam, and Thailand in 1995. In the Philippines, the National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women expressed its intention to adapt the modules for the country. In the Lao PDR, three project ideas were proposed which would assist the Lao Women Union in gaining knowledge on the planning, implementation, operation, and management of water supply and sanitation projects at the national, regional and project levels. In Vietnam, three main directions for action were identified for the promotion of close and active cooperation between the Rural Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Centres and the system of the Women Union of Vietnam. In Thailand, the National Committee on Health and Environment of the National Commission on Women's Affairs expressed its willingness to seek budgetary allocation for the promotion of women's role in water supply and sanitation.^ieng
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Educação , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Pesquisa , Saneamento , Nações Unidas , Abastecimento de Água , Direitos da Mulher , Mulheres , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Meio Ambiente , Saúde , Agências Internacionais , Laos , Organização e Administração , Organizações , Filipinas , Saúde Pública , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Tailândia , VietnãRESUMO
PIP: UNAIDS has launched an 'HIV Drug Access Initiative' in the Ivory Coast, Uganda, Chile, and Vietnam; the pilot project will attempt to improve access to HIV drugs. Public and private sector efforts will be coordinated. The Glaxo Wellcome, Hoffman-La Roche, and Virco pharmaceutical companies will participate. Each country will 1) adapt its present system with regard to HIV and 2) establish both an HIV drug advisory board and a non-profit company which will import the drugs. Health ministries within each country will be required to find sources of funding for the programs. Uganda will probably use funds from its sexually transmitted disease (STD) program, which is supported by the World Bank; the Ivory Coast will combine corporate contributions, new tariffs, and non-profit insurance system monies into a 'solidarity fund.' UNAIDS funds will be used for oversight and evaluation. UNAIDS also released a review of 68 studies which examined the impact of sex education on the sex behavior of young people; it indicated that, in 65 of the studies, sex education did not increase the sexual activity of youth. UNAIDS concluded that quality programs helped delay first intercourse and often reduced the number of sexual partners, resulting in reduced rates of STDs and unplanned pregnancy. UNAIDS further concluded that effective sex education should begin before the onset of sexual activity, and curriculums should be focused. Openness in communicating about sex should be encouraged, and social and media influences on behavior should be addressed. Young people should be taught negotiating skills (how to say 'no' to sex and how to insist on safer sex).^ieng
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Adolescente , Países em Desenvolvimento , Administração Financeira , Órgãos Governamentais , Infecções por HIV , Cooperação Internacional , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Setor Privado , Educação Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , Nações Unidas , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , África do Norte , África Ocidental , Fatores Etários , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Chile , Côte d'Ivoire , Demografia , Doença , Economia , Educação , Infecções , Agências Internacionais , América Latina , Organizações , População , Características da População , América do Sul , Terapêutica , Uganda , Vietnã , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: This article briefly describes JOICFP projects in Bangladesh, China, Ghana, Tanzania, Guatemala, and Vietnam that received funding from the Japanese Postal Savings for International Voluntary Aid program (POSIVA). POSIVA gather donations from the public to support the work of Japanese nongovernmental groups in developing countries. In Bangladesh, support was given to the Integrated Family Development Project in 1995. This project empowered women by establishing women's centers in 48 villages and promoting health, education, and economic activities. In China, POSIVA funds supported the Integrated Program at Taicang Family Planning Center. The Taicang center provides reproductive health and family planning services, parasite control services, and adolescent health education promotion. Funds are used to support the center's general services, to supply medical equipment, and to support IEC and nutrition activities. In Ghana, funds were used to construct a clinic for four villages, build toilets, and support women's income generation and health education activities. In Tanzania, funds supported integrated programs that aimed to develop human resources at the local level and to raise quality of care. In Guatemala, POSIVA supported programs for improving the health of indigenous people. Funds were used to provide health education in the junior high schools and skill training and income generation activities. In Vietnam, funding went to promoting community-based reproductive health services and to raising quality of care.^ieng
Assuntos
Planejamento em Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , Cooperação Internacional , Organizações , Medicina Reprodutiva , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , África Ocidental , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Bangladesh , América Central , China , Atenção à Saúde , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Ásia Oriental , Administração Financeira , Gana , Guatemala , Saúde , Japão , América Latina , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Tanzânia , VietnãRESUMO
PIP: Scarcity of long-term funding has influenced Family Health International (FHI) to stop new animal studies on the safety of quinacrine pellets that are used in nonsurgical female sterilizations. These studies would have lasted 8 years and cost $8 million. FHI planned to examine quinacrine's potential toxicity, including life-time carcinogenicity in rodents. In the early 1980s, it sponsored toxicology studies but the US requirements for evaluating toxicity were different then. In 1994, a meeting of experts evaluated quinacrine research and FHI then decided to conduct short-term genetic toxicity tests on quinacrine. These tests proved that quinacrine causes genetic damage in vitro. FHI sent both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the US Agency for International Development (USAID) these results. FHI is presently conducting follow-up of two clinical studies in Chile (USAID-funded) and in Vietnam (Mellon Foundation-funded). A small cancer cluster promoted the follow-up study of 1492 women in Chile. One woman had developed the rare form of uterine cancer called uterine leiomyosarcoma. Data up to 1991 reveal that quinacrine did not increase the risk of cancer, but the sample size was too small to confirm quinacrine's safety relative to cancer. The Vietnamese government asked FHI to conduct a follow-up study that includes more than 2000 quinacrine acceptors and about 1500 controls. Ministry of Health providers had inserted the quinacrine pellets in the cases. Based on the findings of the original study, WHO recommended that Vietnamese officials suspend quinacrine sterilizations until more toxicologic evaluation of quinacrine could be performed.^ieng
Assuntos
Animais de Laboratório , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Anticoncepção , Administração Financeira , Neoplasias , Organizações , Esterilização Reprodutiva , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Chile , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Economia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , América Latina , América do Norte , Pesquisa , América do Sul , Estados Unidos , VietnãRESUMO
PIP: A workshop was held December 9 in Kathmandu to introduce participants to three innovative information, education and communication materials developed for China with funds from UNFPA/JOICFP. This workshop was a follow-up to two others held early in 1993 in Kuala Lumpur and Tokyo. The first workshop focused upon printed educational materials for preadolescent girls, while the second was aimed at producing video scripts for women's health. The deputy director and secretary general of the Shanghai International Center for Population Communication, China, introduced the participants to the eight types of menstrual record cards produced for pre-adolescent girls and two videos, one for STD prevention and one for AIDS prevention. Aimed at encouraging girls to accept and better understand their reproductive cycles, the menstrual record cards have been distributed to young girls in Shanghai. They were produced from several prototypes created at the Kuala Lumpur workshop and with information from a knowledge, attitude, and practice survey conducted among school girls in Shanghai. The STD video was broadcast nationwide on China Central TV before the workshop, while the AIDS video was broadcast on World AIDS Day on December 1 in Shanghai and Yunnan. The second part of the workshop focused upon the experiences of the Mexican Foundation for Family Planning (MEXFAM) which has been promoting an adolescent health program. The third part of the workshop offered a video developed by a Vietnamese nongovernmental organization designed to raise women's self-esteem. Another recently produced JOICFP video on Asia was presented, while participants were given a demonstration of a prototype for a new easier to carry, simpler, and cheaper version of the educational Magnel Kit.^ieng