RESUMO

In recent years, the beneficial effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) intake on human health has been widely accepted in the field of immunonutrition. Today, we find a diversity of supplements based on n-3 PUFAs and/or minerals, vitamins and other substances. The main objective of this review is to discuss the importance of n-3 PUFAs and their derivatives on immunity and inflammatory status related to liver disease and other non-communicable illnesses. Based on the burden of liver diseases in 2019, more than two million people die from liver pathologies per year worldwide, because it is the organ most exposed to agents such as viruses, toxins and medications. Consequently, research conducted on n-3 PUFAs for liver disease has been gaining prominence with encouraging results, given that these fatty acids have anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. In addition, it has been described that n-3 PUFAs are converted into a novel species of lipid intermediaries, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). At specific levels, SPMs improve the termination of inflammation as well as the repairing and regeneration of tissues, but they are deregulated in liver disease. Since evidence is still insufficient to carry out pharmacological trials to benefit the resolution of acute inflammation in non-communicable diseases, there remains a call for continuing preclinical and clinical research to better understand SPM actions and outcomes.

Assuntos

Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/metabolismo , Sistema Imunitário/metabolismo , Hepatopatias/metabolismo , Hepatopatias/patologia , Doenças não Transmissíveis , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Animais , Humanos , Estado Nutricional

RESUMO

Platinum-based compounds are widely used for the treatment of different malignancies due to their high effectiveness. Unfortunately, platinum-based treatment may lead to ototoxicity, an often-irreversible side effect without a known effective treatment and prevention plan. Platinum-based compound-related ototoxicity results mainly from the production of toxic levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) rather than DNA-adduct formation, which has led to test strategies based on direct ROS scavengers to ameliorate hearing loss. However, favorable clinical results have been associated with several complications, including potential interactions with chemotherapy efficacy. To understand the contribution of the different cytotoxic mechanisms of platinum analogues on malignant cells and auditory cells, the particular susceptibility and response of both kinds of cells to molecules that potentially interfere with these mechanisms, is fundamental to develop innovative strategies to prevent ototoxicity without affecting antineoplastic effects. The n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have been tried in different clinical settings, including with cancer patients. Nevertheless, their use to decrease cisplatin-induced ototoxicity has not been explored to date. In this hypothesis paper, we address the mechanisms of platinum compounds-derived ototoxicity, focusing on the differences between the effects of these compounds in neoplastic versus auditory cells. We discuss the basis for a strategic use of n-3 PUFAs to potentially protect auditory cells from platinum-derived injury without affecting neoplastic cells and chemotherapy efficacy.

Assuntos

Antineoplásicos , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3 , Ototoxicidade , Antineoplásicos/toxicidade , Carboplatina , Cisplatino/toxicidade , Humanos , Estresse Oxidativo , Platina/toxicidade

RESUMO

The viral mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) is an important tool to study the consequences of viral infection to the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, based on the premise of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 PUFAs) as supplemental treatment to antipsychotics in schizophrenia, we investigated the involvement of NFkB pathway in the effects of n3 PUFAs or of the atypical antipsychotic clozapine in hippocampal poly I:C-challenged neurons. Primary hippocampal neuronal cultures were exposed to n3 PUFAs (DHA4.35 µM/EPA7.10 µM, DHA 8.7 µM/EPA14.21 µM or DHA17.4 µM/EPA28.42 µM) or clozapine (1.5 or 3 µM) in the presence or absence of poly I:C. MTT assay revealed that poly I:C-induced reduction in cell viability was prevented by n3 PUFAs or clozapine. N3 PUFAs (DHA 8.7 µM/EPA14.21 µM) or clozapine (3 µM) significantly reduced poly I:C-induced increase in iNOS, NFkB (p50/p65), IL-6 and nitrite when compared to non-treated cells. Only n3 PUFAs prevented poly I:C-induced deficits in BDNF. On the other hand, poly I:C caused a marked reduction in DCX immunoexpression, which was prevented only by clozapine. Thus, n3 PUFAs and clozapine exert in vitro neuroprotective effects against poly I:C immune challenge in hippocampal neurons, by mechanisms possibly involving the inhibition of canonical NFkB pathway. The present study adds further evidences to the mechanisms underlying n3 PUFAs and clozapine neuroprotective effects against viral immune challenges. Since n3 PUFAs is a safe strategy for use during pregnancy, our results also add further evidence for the use of this supplement in order to prevent alterations induced by viral hits during this developmental period.

Assuntos

Clozapina/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamação/terapia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Proteína Duplacortina , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Camundongos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Poli I-C

RESUMO

Direct incorporation of rosemary leaves into chia oil (CO) was performed by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional maceration extraction (CME). CO was microencapsulated and used in burgers, as follows: control (20% pork back fat (PBF)); HCO (10% PBF + 7.5% water +2.5% unencapsulated CO); HM1 (10% PBF + 10% CO microparticles); HM2 (10% PBF + 10% CO microparticles enriched by UAE) and HM3 (10% PBF + 10% CO microparticles enriched by CME). The volatile compounds and the sensory properties (Check-All-That-Apply and overall acceptability) of burgers were evaluated at days 1 and 120 of frozen storage. The control, HCO, and HM1 groups were characterized for volatile compounds produced by lipid and protein oxidation, and sensory descriptors related to lipid oxidation. HM2 and HM3 groups presented an increase in terpenic volatiles and were characterized by the descriptors herbal and pleasant aroma and ideal texture. In addition, liking scores were positively correlated to the descriptors that characterized the HM2 and HM3 groups.

Assuntos

Produtos da Carne/análise , Óleos de Plantas/química , Rosmarinus/química , Salvia/química , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Bovinos , Comportamento do Consumidor , Substitutos da Gordura , Feminino , Armazenamento de Alimentos , Congelamento , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Oxirredução , Suínos , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise

RESUMO

Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that develops during malignant tumor growth. Changes in plasma levels of several hormones and inflammatory factors result in an intense catabolic state, decreased activity of anabolic pathways, anorexia, and marked weight loss, leading to cachexia development and/or accentuation. Inflammatory mediators appear to be related to the control of a highly regulated process of muscle protein degradation that accelerates the process of cachexia. Several mediators have been postulated to participate in this process, including TNF-α, myostatin, and activated protein degradation pathways. Some interventional therapies have been proposed, including nutritional (dietary, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation), hormonal (insulin), pharmacological (clenbuterol), and nonpharmacological (physical exercise) therapies. Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid, are recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties and have been used in therapeutic approaches to treat or attenuate cancer cachexia. In this review, we discuss recent findings on cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation in the cancer cachexia syndrome and the effectiveness of n-3 PUFAs to attenuate or prevent cancer cachexia.

Assuntos

Caquexia/tratamento farmacológico , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Humanos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation, with an imbalance in the secretion of adipokines and, worsening insulin resistance. Supplementation with n-3 PUFA in T2DM decreases inflammatory markers, the purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on adipokines, metabolic control, and lipid profile in T2DM Mexican adults. METHODS: In a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study, 54 patients with T2DM received 520 mg of DHA + EPA-enriched fish-oil (FOG) or a placebo (PG) daily. Baseline and 24-week anthropometric and biochemical measurements included glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb1Ac), leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and lipid profile; n-3 PUFA intake was calculated in g/day. RESULTS: Waist circumference and blood glucose showed significant reductions in the FOG group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively). Hb1Ac (p = 0.009 and p = 0.004), leptin (p < 0.000 and p < 0.000), and leptin/adiponectin ratio (p < 0.000 and p < 0.000) decreased significantly in both groups after 24 weeks (FOG and PG respectively). Serum resistin (FOG p < 0.000 and PG p = 0.001), insulin (FOG p < 0.000 and PG p < 0.000), and HOMA-IR (FOG p = 0.000 and PG p < 0.000) increased significantly in both groups. FOG had an overall improvement in the lipid profile with a significant decrease in triacylgycerols (p = 0.002) and atherogenic index (p = 0.031); in contrast, the PG group had increased total cholesterol (p < 0.000), non-HDL cholesterol (p < 0.000), and atherogenic index (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: We found a beneficial effect of n-3 PUFA supplementation on waist circumference, glucose, Hb1Ac, leptin, leptin/adiponectin ratio, and lipid profile, without significant changes in adiponectin, and increases in resistin, insulin, and HOMA-IR in both groups.

Assuntos

Biomarcadores/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangue , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamento farmacológico , Suplementos Nutricionais , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Adiponectina/sangue , Adulto , Antropometria , Glicemia/metabolismo , Colesterol/sangue , Dieta , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/sangue , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/metabolismo , Humanos , Insulina/sangue , Leptina/sangue , Masculino , Rememoração Mental , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação Nutricional , Projetos Piloto , Resistina/sangue , Método Simples-Cego , Triglicerídeos/sangue

RESUMO

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) children are more impulsive towards a sweet reward and have altered feeding behavior in adulthood. We hypothesized that early life inhibitory control predicts feeding behaviors later on in childhood, and the consumption of n-3 PUFAs during infancy may protect IUGR children from developing problematic feeding behaviors. 156 children had information on the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) at 18 months, Food Frequency Questionnaire at 48 months and Children׳s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) at 72 months. There was a significant negative correlation between inhibitory control at 18 months and food fussiness at 72 months. A GLM model predicting food fussiness at 72 months showed significant interaction between n-3 PUFAs, inhibitory control and IUGR, with higher intakes associated with decreased risk for fussiness in IUGR children with poor inhibitory control. Deficits in early inhibitory control predict later food fussiness, and higher intakes of n-3 PUFAs in infancy may protect IUGR children from developing such behavior later.

Assuntos

Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/farmacologia , Comportamento Alimentar/efeitos dos fármacos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/fisiopatologia , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/prevenção & controle , Preferências Alimentares/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Tempo

RESUMO

ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted using 288 32-week-old Hisex White laying hens for a period of 10 weeks, with the objective of studying the fatty acid enrichment of the egg yolk of hens fed diets supplemented with fish oil (OP) or marine algae (AM) to provide five levels of DHA (120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 mg/100 g diet) for each source. A 2 x 5 completely randomized factorial design with three replicates of 8 birds per treatment was applied in order to have the following groups: OP120, OP180, OP240, OP300, OP360, AM120, AM180, AM240, AM300 and AM360. A control group submitted to a corn/soy basal diet (CON) and another one supplemented with AM at the level of 420 mg of DHA/100 g diet (AM420) were also used. The amounts of DHA in the egg yolk in birds fed OP diets were significantly increased from 22.64 mg/egg yolk (CON) to 187.91 mg/ egg yolk (OP360). The egg-yolk n-3 PUFAs of the control group (62.16 mg) increased significantly as compared to the OP360 group (218.62 mg/yolk). For the AM source the DHA means were also linear (Y = 0.23X + 1.27, R2 = 0.86), ranging from 22.64 mg/yolk (CON) to 149.75 mg/yolk (AM420), while the n-3 PUFAs ranged from 104.18 mg/yolk (AM120) to 175.32 mg/yolk (AM420). The percentage of DHA incorporation into the egg yolk decreased linearly as the DHA levels increased in the diet. Thus, for the OP and AM sources, mean values of 85.11% (OP120) and 65.28% (AM120) decreased to 49.45% (OP360) and 34.06% (AM420). Significant improvement (P 0.05) was found in the ratio n-6/n-3, ranging from17.50 (CON) to 3.72 (OP320) and 6.36 (AM420).

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RESUMO A presente pesquisa foi conduzida utilizando-se 288 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Hisex White com 32 semanas de idade, pelo período de 10 semanas, com o objetivo de estudar o enriquecimento da gema do ovo em ácidos graxos, a partir de rações suplementadas com óleo de peixe (OP) ou alga marinha (AM) em cinco níveis de DHA (120, 180, 240, 300 e 360 mg/100 g dieta). Foi aplicado o modelo fatorial 2 x 5, inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições de oito aves por tratamento, de modo a constituir os grupos: OP120, OP180, OP240, OP300, OP360, AM120, AM180, AM240, AM300 e AM360. Um grupo controle submetido à ração basal de milho e soja (CON) e outro contendo 420 mg de DHA/ 100 g dieta (AM420) acrescido de AM, foram também utilizados. Quanto aos teores de DHA na gema do ovo de aves suplementadas com OP, foi observado aumento significativo de 22,64 mg/gema (CON), para 187,91 mg/gema no grupo OP360. Os PUFAs n-3 apresentaram acréscimo significativo no contraste entre CON (62,16 mg/gema) e OP360 (218,62 mg/gema). Para a fonte AM, as médias de DHA também mostraram linearidade (Y = 0,23X + 1,27, R2 = 0,86), oscilando entre 22,64 mg/gema (CON) e 149,75 mg/gema (AM420), enquanto que o total de PUFAs n-3 oscilou de 104,18 mg/gema (AM120) a 175,32 mg/gema (AM420). O percentual de incorporação de DHA na gema decresceu linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de DHA na ração suplementada com OP e AM, de 85,11% (OP120) e 65,28% (AM120) para 49,45% (OP360) e 34,06% (AM420). Melhora significativa (P 0,05) foi consignada na relação n-6/n-3, que variou de 17,50 no grupo CON para 3,72 e 6,36 nos tratamentos OP360 e AM420, respectivamente.