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PURPOSE: to explore lower limb muscle activity concerning limb dominance, as well as variations in force and power during the standing up and sitting down phases of the instrumented sit-to-stand-to-sit test in sedentary individuals, across isokinetic and isotonic modalities. METHODS: 33 sedentary individuals underwent testing using a functional electromechanical dynamometer in both isokinetic and isotonic modes, accompanied by surface electromyography. RESULTS: In the isokinetic mode, the non-dominant gastrocnemius medialis and vastus medialis exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher muscle activity values during the standing up and sitting down phase compared to dominant counterparts. In the isotonic mode standing up phase, significant differences in muscle activity were noted for non-dominant gastrocnemius medialis, vastus medialis, and biceps femoris compared to their dominant counterparts. The sitting down phase in isotonic mode showed higher muscle activity for non-dominant vastus medialis compared to dominant vastus medialis. Regard to performance outcomes, significantly lower (p < 0.0001) values were observed for standing up (12.7 ± 5.1 N/kg) compared to sitting down (15.9 ± 6.1 N/kg) peak force, as well as for standing up (18.7 ± 7.8 W/kg) compared to sitting down (25.9 ± 9.7 W/kg) peak power in isokinetic mode. In isotonic mode, lower values were found for sitting down (6.5 (6.3-7.1) N/kg) compared to standing up (7.8 (7.3-8.9) N/kg) peak force and for sitting down (18.5 (13.2-21.7) W/kg) compared to standing up (33.7 (22.8-41.6) W/kg) peak power. CONCLUSIONS: Limb dominance influences lower-limb muscle activity during the instrumented sit-to-stand-to-sit test, and the choice of testing mode (isokinetic or isotonic) affects muscle engagement and performance outcomes.

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INTRODUCTION: The effects of stretching exercises on muscle strength have been widely researched in the literature, however, there are no studies investigating the effects of Pilates stretching. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of static stretching and Pilates stretching on the concentric muscle strength of the knee extensors and flexors. METHOD: 102 trained young adults were randomized into three groups: static stretching (n = 33); Pilates stretching (n = 34); control (n = 35). Isokinetic evaluation of the knee extensor and flexor muscles was performed at 60°/s and 180°/s, pre and post acute intervention with stretching. Interventions in the static stretching and Pilates stretching groups occurred in 3 sets x 30 s for each body region considered (a-knee extensor muscles; b-knee flexor muscles). The control group did not perform any intervention. RESULTS: No difference (p > 0.05) was observed between the groups after the intervention. There was only a significant intragroup improvement for the control group on the isokinetic muscle strength of the knee flexors at 180°/s, with a moderate effect size, considering the entire sample (p = 0.040; d = 0.42) and when considering only male gender (p = 0.010; d = 0.60). CONCLUSION: Static stretching or Pilates stretching performed as a warm-up did not impair or enhance the concentric muscle strength performance of the knee extensors and flexors. In this way, both forms of stretching can be considered as preparatory exercises before muscle strength training.

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This overview assessed the available body of published peer-reviewed systematic reviews and meta-analyses related to the effects of active exergames compared with active/passive control on physical performance outcomes in older people. The methodological quality and certainty of evidence were assessed using PRISMA, AMSTAR 2, and GRADE. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42023391694). The main outcomes indicate that 4,477 records, five systematic reviews, and 10 meta-analyses were included. The AMSTAR-2 reported six meta-analyses with high methodological quality, four moderate quality, two systematic reviews with low quality, and three very-low quality. Meta-analysis was performed on balance using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) tests, on cardiorespiratory fitness using the 6-min walk test, and on upper and lower limbs muscle strength using the handgrip strength, knee extension, and 30-s chair stand tests. Significant differences in favor of the active exergames groups concerning active/passive groups were reported in BBS (SMD = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.12-1.58; I2 = 96%; p = 0.02), TUG (SMD = 1.44; 95% CI = 0.71-2.16; I2 = 97%; p < 0.0001), and 30-s chair stand test (SMD = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.33-1.25; I2 = 88%; p = 0.0008). However, no significant differences were reported in favor of the active exergames groups in 6-min walk (SMD = 0.93; 95% CI = -0.64 to 2.50; I2 = 95%; p = 0.24), handgrip strength (SMD = 0.67; 95% CI = -0.04 to 1.38; I2 = 84%; p = 0.06), and knee extension tests (SMD = 0.20; 95% CI = -0.05 to 0.44; I2 = 95%; p = 0.12) compared to active/passive control. However, it was impossible to perform a meta-analysis for the variables of walking speed as a fall risk due to the diversity of instruments and the small number of systematic reviews with meta-analysis. In conclusion, interventions utilizing active exergames have shown significant improvements in the static and dynamic balance and lower limb muscle strength of apparently healthy older people, compared to control groups of active/inactive participants, as measured by BBS, TUG, and 30-s chair stand tests. However, no significant differences were found in the 6-min walk, HGS, and knee extension tests. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO, CRD42023391694.

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OBJECTIVE: To indicate the benefits and limitations of the isokinetic test results for the performance of the main shoulder joint movements in swimmers, considering the different competitive levels, swimming techniques, race distances, and sex. METHODS: Search on the PubMed, CENTRAL, Medline, LILACS, and SCOPUS databases for the oldest records up to October 2022. Risk of bias, methodological quality, and level of evidence were evaluated based on the NHLBI checklist. RESULTS: 29 articles met the criteria and were included in this study. The quality analysis classified three as "good" and 26 as "regular", with a KAPPA index of 0.87. The main benefits found involved assessments of the clinical condition of the shoulder joint complex, relationships with performance, and reliability studies. The limitations found point to the participant's positioning in the instrument, use of angular velocity above 180°/s, and sample size. CONCLUSION: The use of the isokinetic dynamometer allows verifying the levels of strength, endurance, balance, and asymmetries among swimmers of different techniques, distances, competitive levels, and sex. Thus, it helps in the analysis and monitoring of the clinical conditions of swimmers' shoulder joints, contributing to the decision-making process of physiotherapists and coaches.

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INTRODUCTION: Handgrip strength is a robust indicator of the biological health of elderly. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is twofold: 1) estimate the normative values of absolute and relative handgrip strength, specific to adults over 60 years of age in Colombia, using quantile regression models: 2) compare the normative values of absolute and relative handgrip strength in Colombian older adults with those from different countries. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of a sample of 5377 older adults. Handgrip strength was evaluated with a TKK 5101 digital dynamometer (Takei Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Relative handgrip strength was estimated by dividing by weight in kilograms. The absolute and relative handgrip strength normative values were estimated through quantile regression models for the percentiles P5, P10, P25, P50, P75, P90 and P95, they were developed independently for each sex; all analyzes were adjusted for the expansion factor. RESULTS: Absolute handgrip strength values were considerably higher in men (P50 60-64 years = 32.0 kg, P50 >85 years = 18.0 kg) compared to women (P50 60-65 years = 19.0 kg; P50 >85 years = 12.0 kg), in all age groups. Additionally, as age increases in both sexes, there is a decrease in the values of absolute and relative manual grip strength. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated normative values in the Colombian population were generally lower than those reported in other studies around the world. These results could be related with methodologies used variability to evaluate handgrip strength and the estimation methods, which could influence the discrepancies between the different reports.

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Abstract The flexed elbow is a standardization position on the handgrip strength test, however the literature shows divergence in the values obtained from extended elbow. The aim of this study was to verify if there is such difference in people with Parkinson's disease. Cross-sectional study. Thirty-one elderly individuals with clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, performed 2 handgrip tests, first with extended elbow and second with flexed elbow, with 48 hours of interval. There was not significantly different between positions for handgrip strength (p > 0.05). As well as, the effect size was insignificant (d < 0.19). The main results indicate there was no significant difference between the flexed and the extended protocol, the effect size was negative and very small, it shows there is no clinical effect. Since, there are no difference between elbow positions, The American Society of Hand Therapists standardized position is recommended for testing of handgrip strength.

Resumo O cotovelo flexionado é uma posição padronizada no teste de força de preensão manual, no entanto, a literatura mostra divergências nos valores obtidos com o cotovelo estendido. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se existe tal diferença em pessoas com a doença de Parkinson. Estudo transversal. Trinta e um idosos com diagnóstico clínico da doença de Parkinson realizaram 2 testes de preensão manual, o primeiro com o cotovelo estendido e o segundo com o cotovelo flexionado, com intervalo de 48 horas. Não houve diferença significativa entre as posições para a força de preensão manual (p > 0,05). Além disso, o tamanho do efeito foi insignificante (d < 0,19). Os principais resultados indicam que não houve diferença significativa entre o protocolo flexionado e o estendido, o tamanho do efeito foi negativo e muito pequeno, o que mostra que não há efeito clínico. Portanto, não há diferença entre as posições do cotovelo, recomenda-se a posição padronizada da Sociedade Americana de Terapeutas de Mão para o teste de força de preensão manual.

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Knowledge of how the different types of sedentary behaviors (SB) are associated with functional limitations can guide professionals who work with older adults on better recommendations about the amount of daily time that should be encouraged in each type of SB. The objective was to estimate the associations between two SB typologies (SB television [TV] and SB computer/internet) and the presence of handgrip strength, lower limb strength, gait speed, and balance limitations in Brazilian community-dwelling older adults. This is a cross-sectional study with 1,298 community-dwelling older adults (≥60 years). SB was assessed by self-reporting daily time spent watching TV or using computer/internet (categorized into <2, 3-4, and ≥5 hr/day). Outcomes were handgrip strength, lower limb strength, gait speed, and balance limitations considering referenced cutoff points. Older adults in SB TV ≥5 hr/day had 1.75 (95% confidence interval [CI] [1.07, 2.86]) and 1.88 (95% CI [1.02, 3.46]) times more chances of handgrip strength and gait speed limitations, respectively. On the other hand, those who spent 3-4 and ≥5 hr/day in SB computer/internet had 0.45 (95% CI [0.20, 0.99]) and 0.37 (95% CI [0.15, 0.93]) had less chances of lower limb strength and balance limitations, respectively. In conclusion, functional limitations would be associated differently depending on the type of SB in the older adults sampled.

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Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between ankle torque and performance-based tests, self-reported pain, and physical function in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Patients and methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted with 39 individuals (24 females, 15 males; mean age: 57.3±6.2 years; range, 40 to 65 years) with knee OA between January 2014 and July 2015. Ankle torque was determined using an isokinetic dynamometer. The 40-m fast-paced walk test and a stair climb test were used to assess functional performance. Self-reported pain and physical function were assessed using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to test correlations between the dependent variables (40-m fast-paced walk test, stair climb test, WOMAC pain and physical function domains, sex, age, body mass index, and radiologic evidence of OA) and the independent variables (mean plantar flexor torque and dorsiflexor peak torque). A multiple linear regression analysis was applied to quantify the association between the dependent and independent variables. Results: Dorsiflexor and plantar flexor peak torques in the concentric and eccentric modes were negatively correlated with the 40-m fast-paced walk and stair climb tests (r=-0.33 to -0.51, p≤0.05). A negative correlation was found between concentric plantar flexor torque and the WOMAC physical function score (r=-0.35, p=0.03). No correlation was found between ankle torques and the WOMAC pain score (p>0.05). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that the eccentric plantar flexor and dorsiflexor torques were significantly associated with the stair climb test (ß=-0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.001 to 0.000, p=0.03, and ß=-0.002, 95% CI: -0.004 to 0.000, p=0.05, respectively). No significant associations were found between concentric plantar flexor and dorsiflexor torques and the stair climb test (p>0.05). No significant associations were found between the ankle torques and the 40-m fast-paced walk test and WOMAC physical function (p>0.05). Conclusion: Ankle torque plays an important role in functional performance. Thus, ankle torque deficit, especially eccentric plantar flexor and dorsiflexor torques, may exert a negative influence on stair climbing performance in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

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PURPOSE: To investigate the connection between the clinical severity of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and the biomechanics of the calf muscle pump (CMP). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Through a cross-sectional observational study, we analyzed women on the age range between 30 and 80 years with chronic venous insufficiency, stratified according to the clinical classification. Ninety-nine women were assessed and classified into groups with different levels of severity: C1 (n = 22); C2 (n = 22); C3 (n = 22); C4 (n = 22); C5 (n = 8); C6 (n = 3). The main purpose was to investigate the strength of the calf muscle pump through total work (TW) and peak torque (PT), and the range of motion (ROM) of the ankle joint. For a secondary analysis, the fatigue index was assessed. All results were run through the Humac®/NORMT isokinetic dynamometer to obtain the data. RESULTS: Our findings pointed out that as the clinical severity of CVI increases, there is a reduction on the PT, the TW, the maximum active ROM and the ROM at 120°/sec. As severity increased, there was a reduction of 24Nm in the TW at 30°/sec.and a reduction of 3Nm in the PT at 30°/sec. OUTCOMES: When increased, clinical severity of CVI may trigger downgrading in the strength of the CMP and the ROM in the ankle. These findings are of relevance to the clinician, since through these findings, individuals with venous insufficiency may be treated more precisely for each classification.

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BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a disorder associated with an increased risk for the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Lower isometric handgrip strength (HGS) is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases. However, the association between HGS and arterial stiffness parameters, which are considered the predictors of morbidity and mortality in individuals with MetS, is not well defined. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between HGS and HGS asymmetry on components of vascular function in adults with MetS. METHODS: We measured handgrip strength normalized to bodyweight (HGS/kg), HGS asymmetry, body composition, blood glucose, lipid profile, blood pressure, pulse wave velocity (PWV), reflection coefficient (RC), augmentation index @75 bpm (AIx@75) and peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) in 55 adults with a diagnosis of MetS between 25 and 54 years old. RESULTS: Mean age was 43.1 ± 7.0 years, 56.3% were females. HGS/kg was negatively correlated with AIx@75 (r = -0.440), p < 0.05, but these associations were not significant after adjusting for age and sex. However, when interaction effects between sex, HGS/kg and age were examined, we observed an inverse relationship between HGS/kg and AIx@75 in the older adults in the sample, whereas in the younger adults, a weak direct association was found. We also found a significant association between HGS asymmetry and PVR (beta = 30, 95% CI = 7.02; 54.2; p <0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that in people with MetS, maintaining muscle strength may have an increasingly important role in older age in the attenuation of age-related increases in AIx@75-a marker of vascular stiffness-and that a higher HGS asymmetry could be associated with a greater vascular resistance.

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BACKGROUND: Handgrip strength is a useful measurement of muscle strength and has been proposed as a single predictor of postoperative outcomes in older adults. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation and concordance of Camry digital hand grip dynamometer (EH101) with gold standard Jamar® hydraulic handgrip dynamometer in older adults previous to elective surgery. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients ≥ 65 years old admitted to a Chilean private hospital for elective surgery between March 2018 and February 2019. Handgrip strength was assessed 2 times with each hand prior to surgery, using both the Jamar® dynamometer and the Camry digital dynamometer. The highest value of each dynamometer was used for analysis. RESULTS: We included a total of 220 patients (mean age 73.1 years old ± 6.3). Maximal handgrip strength averaged 26.9 kg ± 9.6 with the Camry dynamometer and 26.9 kg ± 9.7 with the Jamar® dynamometer in the right hand and 25.5 kg ± 9.5 with the Camry dynamometer and 25.7 kg ± 9.2 with the Jamar® dynamometer with the left hand. The difference between both measures did not differ significantly from 0, with Pearson correlation index of 0.95 and Lin's concordance index of 0.95 (p < 0001). The Bland-Altman graphics show that 90% of the measures were inside the confidence limits, without systematic bias. CONCLUSION: Camry digital dynamometer is an inexpensive and valid device to measure handgrip strength in older adults previous to elective surgery, compared to the gold standard Jamar® hydraulic handgrip dynamometer.

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Objective: To evaluate the effects of exergames added to a conventional physical therapy (CPT) program on functional fitness and dynamometric muscle performance for the sit-to-stand (STS) maneuver in older adults and to compare their results concerning a CPT-only intervention. Materials and Methods: Fifty independent older adults were randomly assigned to CPT and exergames (CPT+ExG group; n = 25; age = 71.8 ± 6.8 years) or CPT alone (CPT group; n = 25; age = 71.3 ± 7.4 years). CPT was performed twice a week (60 min/session) for 8 weeks. The CPT+ExG group added exergames for 30 minutes in each session. The Senior Fitness Test was applied, considering the 30-second chair stand test as the primary outcome. Additionally, dynamometric muscle performance during the STS maneuver was assessed. Results: The CPT+ExG group improved the 30-second chair stand (lower body strength), back scratch (upper body flexibility), and 8-foot up-and-go (agility/dynamic balance) tests (all P < 0.05). Both groups improved the kinetic dynamometric variables peak force, peak power, and total work (all P < 0.05). Also, both groups improved the 30-second arm curl test (upper body strength) (P < 0.05), although the increase was higher in the CPT+ExG group compared with the CPT group (time × group; P < 0.05). Conclusion: Adding exergames to a CPT program only significantly increases upper limb strength compared with CPT alone. The findings of this study have implications for the design of future exergame interventions focused on improving STS maneuver performance in older adults.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate hip and knee muscular function, knee patient-reported outcome measures and hop performance in patients with a clinical indication for combined ACL+ALL reconstruction surgery compared to patients with an isolated ACL reconstruction surgery indication (preoperative phase) and to a control group. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: The sample was composed of male individuals, aged between 18 and 59 years, divided into three groups (ACL, ACL+ALL and Control). Isokinetic dynamometry was performed for the flexor and extensor knee muscles and for the hip abductors and adductors. SLHT, COHT and the Lysholm score were performed. Pain, swelling, and thigh trophism were also measured. RESULTS: The study participants were 89 male individuals: 63 in the injury group and 26 in the control group. After applying the criteria for an ALL reconstruction indication, 33 patients were assigned to the ACL Group and 30 patients to the ACL+ALL Group. Regarding knee and hip muscle function, both groups presented worse results when compared to the control group, however, did not show significant differences compared to each other. Regarding the functional variables, the ACL+ALL group showed a significantly shorter distance achieved in the Crossover Hop Test than the other groups, as well as more pain during the tests. CONCLUSION: Knee and hip muscular functions are impaired after an ACL injury and do not seem to be influenced or worsened in individuals with greater rotational instability with clinical indications for combined reconstruction of the anterior cruciate and the anterolateral ligaments of the knee.

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Objective: To verify the development of fatigue and sex-influence on the handgrip during dynamic contractions in typical children. Methods: Cross-section study. Fifty-eight children, distributed into two groups according to sex (30 boys), aged 8 to 12 years, of both sexes, performed successive dynamic contractions with a bulb dynamometer until they reached maximum perceived effort. The values from the first, the last contractions of the fatigue test, and the measure after 30-s of the last contraction (recovery contraction) were recorded and compared using the linear regression model with mixed effects. T-Student test was used to compare the perceived effort scores and time-to-fatigue between groups. Results: The handgrip values significantly decreased, and perceived effort scores significantly increased in the final measure in relation to the initial measure of the fatigue test. After the fatigue handgrip test, 30-sec of recovery was insufficient to restore the baseline handgrip values. There were no differences between the female and male groups for all variables. Conclusion: The handgrip fatigue test using dynamic contractions showed it efficiently induces motor and perceived fatigue in children, without differences between sexes.

Objetivo: Verificar o desenvolvimento da fadiga e a influência do sexo na preensão manual durante contrações dinâmicas em crianças típicas. Métodos: Estudo transversal. Cinquenta e oito crianças, distribuídas em dois grupos de acordo com o sexo (30 meninos), com idades entre 8 e 12 anos, de ambos os sexos, realizaram sucessivas contrações dinâmicas com um dinamômetro de bulbo até atingirem o esforço máximo percebido. Os valores da primeira, da última contração do teste de fadiga e da medida após 30 segundos da última contração (contração de recuperação) foram registrados e comparados usando o modelo de regressão linear com efeitos mistos. O teste T-Student foi usado para comparar os escores de esforço percebido e o tempo até a fadiga entre os grupos. Resultados: Os valores de preensão palmar e os escores de esforço percebido diminuíram significativamente durante o teste de fadiga. Não houve diferenças entre os grupos para todas as variáveis. Conclusão: O teste de fadiga de preensão palmar utilizando contrações dinâmicas mostrou-se eficaz na indução da fadiga motora e percebida em crianças, sem diferenças entre os sexos.

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BACKGROUND: The literature is unclear about bite force (BF) and handgrip force (HF) in a specific group of different ages and dentate conditions, or even a predictive model for each specific group, using BF and HF as factors. OBJECTIVE: To establish the correlation between HF and BF in female participants with distinct ages and dentate conditions; also create a predictive model of BF as a function of HF. METHODS: Participants were divided into three groups (GI: young natural dentate women, n = 65; GII: adult natural dentate women, n = 67; and GIII: edentulous women users of bimaxillary complete dentures, n = 67) and subjected to an HF measurement test using a digital dynamometer. Subsequently, BF was measured using a digital gnathodynamometer in the molar region. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and multivariate analysis of variance (α = 0.05) were performed, and simple linear regression was used to obtain a model to predict BF from HF for each group separately (α = 0.05). RESULTS: All groups presented moderate and strong correlations among the variables (GI: r = 0.838; GII: r = 0.714; GIII: r = 0.646). A significant difference in BF was observed (GI > GII > GIII; p < .05). GIII presented a significantly lower HF than the other groups (p < .05). Besides, three equations predicting BF, using HF, were obtained for use in young/adult dentate and edentulous women. CONCLUSION: All groups found a positive and significant correlation between BF, HF and groups. HF can be a simple and efficient method for predicting BF using the predictive models developed for women with good health.

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PURPOSE: Scapular protraction strength can be evaluated using a hand-held dynamometer (HHD). However, it is necessary to measure the reliability of HHD in individuals with shoulder pain and to minimize the limitations related to the evaluator and the low methodological quality cited in previous studies. This study assessed, with methodological enhancement, the intra- and interrater reliability of belt-stabilized HHD in the assessment of scapular protraction strength in individuals with shoulder pain. METHOD: Fifty individuals with unilateral symptoms of subacromial pain syndrome (20 men, aged 40.5 ± 15.3 years) were evaluated in two sessions using the belt-stabilized HHD for maximum isometric strength of scapular protraction with the individual in the sitting and supine positions. Reliability values were obtained using the intraclass correlation coefficient with the standard error of measurement (SEM and %SEM) and the minimal detectable change (MDC). RESULTS: The intra- and interrater HHD reliability were excellent for all measurements ranging from 0.88 to 0.96 (SEM = 2.0-4.0 kg; %SEM 12 to 17; MDC = 6-11 kg). CONCLUSION: Belt-stabilized HHD is reliable for the assessment of scapular protraction strength in individuals with subacromial pain syndrome in both the sitting and supine positions.

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Objective: To determine the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Standard Error of Measurement (SEM), Minimum Detectable Change (MDC), and the Minimum Clinically Important Difference (MCID) of the isometric measurements of muscle strength of trunk extension and of flexion and knee extension at maximum contraction in healthy, paraplegic, and amputee individuals, by using an isometric dynamometer with a belt for stabilization. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the reliability of a portable isometric dynamometer in the trunk extension and flexion and knee extension movements of each group. Results: In all measurements, ICC ranged from 0.66 to 0.99, SEM from 0.11 to 3.73 kgf, and MDC from 0.30 to 10.3 kgf. The MCID of the movements ranged from 3.1 to 4.9 kgf in the amputee group and from 2.2 to 3.66 kgf in the paraplegic group. Conclusion: The manual dynamometer demonstrated good intra-examiner reliability, presenting moderate and excellent ICC results. Thus, this device is a reliable resource to measure muscle strength in amputees and paraplegics. Level of Evidence II, Cross-Sectional Study.

Objetivo: Determinar o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI), o erro padrão da medida (EPM), a mínima mudança detectável (MMD) e a mínima mudança clinicamente importante (MMCI) das medidas isométricas de força muscular da extensão de tronco e da flexão e extensão de joelho em contração máxima de indivíduos saudáveis, paraplégicos e amputados, usando um dinamômetro isométrico com cinto para estabilização. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal para avaliar a confiabilidade de um dinamômetro portátil isométrico nos movimentos de extensão de tronco e de flexão e extensão de joelho de cada grupo. Resultados: Em todas as medidas o CCI apresentou uma variação de 0,66 a 0,99, o EPM de 0,11 a 3,73 kgf e a MMD de 0,30 a 10,3 kgf. A MMCI dos movimentos variou de 3,1 a 4,9 kgf no grupo de amputados e de 2,2 a 3,66 kgf no grupo de paraplégicos. Conclusão: O dinamômetro manual demonstrou boa confiabilidade intraexaminador, com variação de CCI de moderada à excelente, apresentando-se como um recurso confiável para mensurar força muscular de amputados e paraplégicos. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Observacional Transversal.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of three protocols of the sit-to-stand (STS) test with muscle force output of knee extension (KE) and knee flexion (KF) in patients on hemodialysis and subjects without chronic kidney disease. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included a hemodialysis group [n = 60, 59.5 (16.8) years, 55% female] and a control group [n = 60, 43.0 (11.8) years, 50% female]. The assessments were performed in 2 days, and the participants were submitted to three protocols of STS test (5-repetition STS, 10-repetition STS and 30-s STS) or muscle force output of the KE and KF evaluation by handheld dynamometer based on randomization. RESULTS: The hemodialysis group presented reduced muscle force output of the KE and KF, a longer time to perform the 5 STS and 10 STS tests, and a lower number of repetitions in the 30-s STS test. The three STS tests were associated with muscle force output of the KE in the hemodialysis group, in which the 10-repetition STS test showed the best association (R2 = 0.47; adjusted R2 = 0.42). However, the only association between the STS test and muscle force output of the KE in the control group was found in the 10-repetition STS test (R2 = 0.20; adjusted R2 = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: The three protocols of STS tests were associated with muscle force output of the KE in patients on hemodialysis. However, the 10-repetition STS test was the best protocol to estimate the quadriceps muscle torque in these patients.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A atividade de preensão é uma ação diária essencial em casa e no local de trabalho, onde muitas vezes é necessário levantar e segurar cargas com uma preensão relativamente estática usando contração isométrica. A força e resistência muscular no aspecto proximal das extremidades superiores influenciam na função da mão, e indivíduos com força e resistência reduzidas são mais propensos a desenvolver distúrbios musculoesqueléticos relacionados ao trabalho. Uma boa resistência de preensão pode ser influenciada pela estabilização fornecida pelos músculos do ombro. Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar a extensão da correlação entre resistência de preensão manual e resistência muscular da escápula em jovens assintomáticos. MÉTODO: O tamanho da amostra para este estudo foi n = 62, com base em estudos anteriores. Indivíduos saudáveis, com idade entre 18 e 25 anos, de ambos os sexos, foram incluídos. Uma avaliação objetiva da resistência da preensão foi realizada usando um dinamômetro manual hidráulico, e a resistência escapular foi avaliada usando o teste muscular escapular. RESULTADOS: A análise de dados foi realizada usando o SPSS versão 20. Houve correlações positivas significativas entre as medidas de resistência escapular e a resistência de preensão palmar para ambos os lados (teste de correlação de Pearson, r = 0,612 (p < 0,001) e r = 0,524 (p < 0,001), respectivamente, para resistência de preensão da mão não dominante e dominante). CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Os achados preliminares deste estudo sustentam que a resistência do músculo escapular exibe uma relação com a resistência da preensão palmar, sugerindo que o treinamento de resistência escapular pode ser um complemento eficaz no processo de reabilitação das funções da extremidade superior.

INTRODUCTION: Gripping activity is an essential daily activity at home and at the workplace, where lifting and holding loads with a relatively static grip using isometric contraction is often required. Muscle strength and endurance in the proximal aspect of the upper extremities influence hand function, and individuals with reduced strength and endurance are more prone to developing work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Good grip endurance might be influenced by the stabilization provided by shoulder muscles. This study aims to determine the correlation between hand grip endurance and scapula muscle endurance among young asymptomatic individuals. METHOD: The sample size for this study is n = 62, based on previous studies. Healthy individuals of both genders, aged between 18 and 25 years, were included. An objective assessment of grip endurance was performed using a hydraulic hand dynamometer, while scapular endurance was evaluated using the scapular muscle test. RESULTS: Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. There were significant positive correlations between scapular endurance measures and the hand grip endurance on both sides (Pearson correlation test, r = 0.612 (p < 0.001) and r = 0.524 (p < 0.001), respectively, for non-dominant and dominant hand grip endurance). FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The preliminary findings of this study support the notion that scapular muscle endurance is related to hand grip endurance, suggesting that scapular endurance training may be an effective adjunct in the rehabilitation process for upper extremity functions.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), Standard Error of Measurement (SEM), Minimum Detectable Change (MDC), and the Minimum Clinically Important Difference (MCID) of the isometric measurements of muscle strength of trunk extension and of flexion and knee extension at maximum contraction in healthy, paraplegic, and amputee individuals, by using an isometric dynamometer with a belt for stabilization. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the reliability of a portable isometric dynamometer in the trunk extension and flexion and knee extension movements of each group. Results: In all measurements, ICC ranged from 0.66 to 0.99, SEM from 0.11 to 3.73 kgf, and MDC from 0.30 to 10.3 kgf. The MCID of the movements ranged from 3.1 to 4.9 kgf in the amputee group and from 2.2 to 3.66 kgf in the paraplegic group. Conclusion: The manual dynamometer demonstrated good intra-examiner reliability, presenting moderate and excellent ICC results. Thus, this device is a reliable resource to measure muscle strength in amputees and paraplegics. Level of Evidence II, Cross-Sectional Study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI), o erro padrão da medida (EPM), a mínima mudança detectável (MMD) e a mínima mudança clinicamente importante (MMCI) das medidas isométricas de força muscular da extensão de tronco e da flexão e extensão de joelho em contração máxima de indivíduos saudáveis, paraplégicos e amputados, usando um dinamômetro isométrico com cinto para estabilização. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal para avaliar a confiabilidade de um dinamômetro portátil isométrico nos movimentos de extensão de tronco e de flexão e extensão de joelho de cada grupo Resultados: Em todas as medidas o CCI apresentou uma variação de 0,66 a 0,99, o EPM de 0,11 a 3,73 kgf e a MMD de 0,30 a 10,3 kgf. A MMCI dos movimentos variou de 3,1 a 4,9 kgf no grupo de amputados e de 2,2 a 3,66 kgf no grupo de paraplégicos. Conclusão: O dinamômetro manual demonstrou boa confiabilidade intraexaminador, com variação de CCI de moderada à excelente, apresentando-se como um recurso confiável para mensurar força muscular de amputados e paraplégicos. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo Observacional Transversal.