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The house fly, Musca domestica (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae), is a significant threat to human and animal health and is also resistant to a variety of insecticides. Plant-derived benzoates are known to have insecticidal activities against various insects. In this study, the larvicidal, pupicidal, and adulticidal activities of benzoate derivatives (benzyl alcohol BA, benzyl benzoate BB, and methyl benzoate MB) were assessed and investigated for their effects on larval structure and acetylcholinesterase activity. Six concentrations (2.5 to 100 mg/mL) of benzoate derivatives were applied to larvae and pupae through the residual film method and topical application, respectively. Meanwhile, concentrations from 0.625 to 50 mg/L air were applied to adult flies through a fumigation assay. BA and MB achieved promising results against larvae with LC50 values of 10.90 and 11.53 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, BA killed 100% of the larvae at a concentration of 25 mg/mL, and MB achieved the same effect at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. Regarding the pupicidal activity, MB showed a percentage inhibition rate (PIR) of 100% at a concentration of 100 mg/mL, while the same effect was achieved by BA at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. Meanwhile, BB did not show any effect on the larvae or pupae at any of the tested concentrations. Moreover, the scanning microscopy observations on the treated larvae by BA and MB estimated flaccid and deformity in the larva body with a shrunken cuticle. Additionally, both BA and MB suppress nerve signal transmission by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that BA and MB may be useful in control housefly populations. These substances cause severe muscular relaxation and deformities in insects.

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Purpose of Review: Houseflies, Musca domestica L., are an important sanitary pest that affects human and domesticated animals. They are mechanical carriers of more than 100 human and animal diseases including protozoan, bacterial, helminthic, and viral infections. Recently, it was demonstrated that houseflies acquired, harbored, and transmitted SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) for up to 1 day post-exposure. The most widely used control strategy relays on the application of pyrethroid insecticides due to their effectiveness, low mammalian toxicity, low cost, and environmental safety. The main mechanism of action of pyrethroids is to exert their toxic effects through affecting the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) modifying the transmission of the nerve impulse and leading to the death of the insects. Target site insensitivity of the VSSC is due to the presence of single nuclear polymorphisms (SNPs) named knockdown mutations (kdr). In this review, we synthetize recent data on the type and distribution of these mutations globally. Recent Findings: Housefly resistance is reported in several countries. Increased applications of pyrethroids to control housefly populations led to the emergence of multiple evolutionary origins of resistance determined by five amino acid substitutions or specific mutations in the VSSC: kdr (L1014F), kdr-his (L1014H), super-kdr (M918T + L1014F), type N (D600N + M918T + L1014F), and 1B (T929I + L1014F). According to the global map obtained, high levels of resistance to pyrethroids are associated with the L1014F mutation found mostly in North America, Europe, and Asia, while the super-kdr mutation was mostly found in the American continent. The level of protection conferred by these alleles against pyrethroids was generally kdr-his < kdr < Type N ≤ super-kdr ≤ 1B. The relative fitness of the alleles under laboratory conditions was susceptible ≅ kdr-his > kdr > super-kdr suggesting that the fitness cost of an allele was relative to the presence of other alleles in a population and that the reversion of resistance in a free insecticide environment might be quite variable from one region to another. Summary: An adequate integrated pest management program should consider monitoring susceptibility to pyrethroids to detect early levels of resistance and predict the spread and evolution of resistant phenotypes and genotypes. From this review, the pyrethroid resistance status of housefly population was determined in very few countries and has evolved independently in different areas of the world affecting chemical control programs.

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Patagonia is a geographical area characterized by a wide plant biodiversity. Several native plant species are traditionally used in medicine by the local population and demonstrated to be sources of biologically active compounds. Due to the massive need for green and sustainable pesticides, this study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal activity of essential oils (EOs) from understudied plants growing in this propitious area. Ciprés (Pilgerodendron uviferum), tepa (Laureliopsis philippiana), canelo (Drimys winteri), and paramela (Adesmia boronioides) EOs were extracted through steam distillation, and their compositions were analyzed through GC−MS analysis. EO contact toxicity against Musca domestica L., Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), and Culex quinquefasciatus Say was then evaluated. As a general trend, EOs performed better on housefly males over females. Ciprés EO showed the highest insecticidal efficacy. The LD50(90) values were 68.6 (183.7) and 11.3 (75.1) µg adult−1 on housefly females and males, respectively. All EOs were effective against S. littoralis larvae; LD50 values were 33.2−66.7 µg larva−1, and tepa EO was the most effective in terms of LD90 (i.e., <100 µg larva−1). Canelo, tepa, and paramela EOs were highly effective on C. quinquefasciatus larvae, with LC50 values < 100 µL L−1. Again, tepa EO achieved LD90 < 100 µL L−1. This EO was characterized by safrole (43.1%), linalool (27.9%), and methyl eugenol (6.9%) as major constituents. Overall, Patagonian native plant EOs can represent a valid resource for local stakeholders, to develop effective insecticides for pest and vector management, pending a proper focus on their formulation and nontarget effects.

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BACKGROUND: The house fly, Musca domestica L., and the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), are important and harmful organisms. The cosmopolitan house fly is not parasitic, but the adults are annoying and a known vector of several pathogens. The importance of the stable fly has increased in Brazil in the last 40 years, after major changes in sugarcane cultivation practices were implemented, including the widespread application of vinasse (byproduct in sugarcane mills) and the parallel reduction of sugarcane preharvest burning. These changes have favored the development of this fly, which can reach high populations, that can negatively affect cattle and other animals. The control of these flies relies heavily on the use of chemical products, which very often do not provide adequate population reduction. Predatory mites of the family Macrochelidae have been evaluated under laboratory conditions for the biological control of these organisms, especially of the house fly. The objective of this study was to examine the predation capacity of the macrochelids Macrocheles embersoni Azevedo, Castilho & Berto and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli) on the house fly and the stable fly, under semi-field conditions (screen-houses). RESULTS: Reductions of 83 to 90% of the house fly and 66 to 73% of the stable fly populations were observed, with the release of 100 of these predators per square meter. CONCLUSIONS: The number of adults of both fly species was much lower in the units where the predators had been released than in the others. However it is suggested that provisioning and or conserving alternative food sources for these macrochelids, such as free-living nematodes, could further improve biocontrol efficacy.

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Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) es la mosca más común en todo el mundo. Más de 100 patógenos pueden causar enfermedades en humanos y animales por este tipo de insectos. Estos patógenos incluyen: diarrea infantil, ántrax, cólera, oftalmía, disentería bacilar, fiebre tifoidea y tuberculosis. Además, las moscas domésticas transmiten muchos de los huevos de helmintos como Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura, Toxocara canis, y especies de Dipylidium, Diphyllobothriam, Hymenolepis, Taenia y Trichomonas. También puede transmitir quistes de protozoos y trofozoítos como E. histolytica y Giardia lamblia. Se determinó el índice de infestación por Musca domestica L. (Díptera, Muscidae) en una faenadora avícola ubicada en el Perú. Para ello se evaluó no sólo el tratamiento aplicado: protocolo de cola entomológica (T1), monitoreo de insfectación de mosca (T2) o comincación de lámparas LED UV más tabla de pegamento adhesivo (T3), sino también las diferentes zonas de faenadora: zonas sucias de descarga y estabulación (ZDE), preparación (ZP), zonas adicionales de sacrificio sanitario (ZSS), preparación de residuos orgánicos (ZPRO), conservación de los residuos orgánicos (ZCRO) y de conservación de sangre (ZCS). Los resultados demoestraron que, independientemente de la zona de operación, el tratamiento más efectivo para determinar la infestación por la mosca doméstica fue el combinado de lámpara LED junto con tablas de pegamento (T3), seguido del tratamiento de protocolo de cola entomológica (T1) y el tratamiento por Monitoreo de infestación de moscas (T2) independientemente de los días de recolección. Es importante seguir las diferentes normativas a fin de controlar y eliminar la presencia de moscas (y de otros insectos voladores) para evitar la contaminación y, por ende, enfermedades(AU)

Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae) is the most common fly in the world. More than 100 pathogens can cause diseases in humans and animals by these types of insects. These pathogens include: infant diarrhea, anthrax, cholera, ophthalmia, bacillary dysentery, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis. In addition, houseflies transmit many of the eggs of helminths such as Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura, Toxocara canis, and Dipylidium, Diphyllobothriam, Hymenolepis, Taenia, and Trichomonas species. It can also transmit cysts of protozoa and trophozoites such as E. histolytica and Giardia lamblia. The infestation index by Musca domestica L. (Diptera, Muscidae) was determined in a poultry slaughterhouse located in Peru. For this, not only the applied treatment was evaluated: entomological glue protocol (T1), fly infestation monitoring (T2) or combination of UV LED lamps plus adhesive glue table (T3), but also the different slaughter areas: unloading and holding areas (ZDE), preparation (ZP), additional stamping-out areas (ZSS), preparation of organic waste (ZPRO), conservation of organic waste (ZCRO) and blood conservation (ZCS). The results showed that, regardless of the area of operation, the most effective treatment to determine housefly infestation was the LED lamp combined with glue boards (T3), followed by the entomological glue protocol treatment (T1 ) and the treatment by Monitoring of fly infestation (T2) regardless of the days of collection. It is important to follow the different regulations in order to control and eliminate the presence of flies (and other flying insects) to avoid contamination and, therefore, diseases(AU)

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The fumigant and topical activities exhibited by 27 plant-derived essentials oils (EOs) on adult M. domestica housefly are predicted through the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) theory. These molecular structure based calculations are performed on 253 structurally diverse compounds from the EOs, where the number of constituents in each essential oil mixture varies between 2 to 24. A large number of 86,048 non-conformational mixture descriptors are derived as linear combinations of the molecular descriptors of the EO components. Two strategies are compared for the mixture descriptor formulation, which consider or avoid the use of the chemical composition. The multivariable linear regression QSAR models of the present work are useful for fumigant and topical applications, describing predictive parallelisms for the insecticidal activity of the analysed complex mixtures.

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Chysomya albiceps and Musca domestica are important for forensic entomology, and human and animal health. This study analyzed the effects of the coexistence of C. albiceps and M. domestica reared in four different assays in two pig tissues, brain and intestine: assay 1, interaction between the larvae of the same age; assay 2, interaction between larvae of C. albiceps 24 hours older than larvae of M. domestica; assay 3, interaction between larvae of M. domestica 24 hours older than the larvae of C. albiceps; assay 4, larvae of both species were reared together in flasks with a small supply of food. Weight of larvae, growth time and imago emergence frequency were studied. C. albiceps responded better than M. domestica under most conditions tested. Larvae of C. albiceps responded better in mixed cultures (together with M. domestica) than in pure cultures (larvae of the same species). In contrast, M. domestica responded better when reared in pure cultures. Both species presented shorter growth times when their larvae were reared in intestine tissue with larvae 24 hours younger than the larvae of the concurrent species, compared to their respective growth times in pure cultures. The results confirmed that trophic interactions are relevant to the successful colonization of carrion by C. albiceps. Coexistence of the two species may result in changes in values of their biological components. The results also help to shed light on the biology of the two species in carrion

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The poultry farm of posture is an economic activity of great relevance to Brazil. Health aspects of flocks of laying chickens, such as the occurrence of infestations by parasites and poultry pests, influence significantly the productivity indicators. In this context, the control of synanthropic diptera is one of the challenges of the poultry farmers and professionals of this area. In Brazil, the control of flies in poultry environments is based mainly on the use of pesticides, while other alternatives are less frequent. Among the flies' species most regularly found in poultry farms are the Musca domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., and others. This review aims at compiling the literature on the occurrence, impact on poultry systems, biology, epidemiology and control of the species of synanthropic flies considered important for the Brazilian poultry industry.(AU)

A avicultura de postura é uma atividade econômica de grande relevância para o Brasil. Aspectos sanitários dos plantéis de galinhas poedeiras, tais como infestações por parasitos e pragas avícolas, influenciam significativamente os indicadores de produtividade desse setor. Nesse contexto, o controle de dípteros sinantrópicos constitui um dos desafios de avicultores e profissionais da área. No Brasil, o controle de moscas em ambientes avícolas é baseado, sobretudo, no uso de pesticidas, ao passo que o uso de outras alternativas é menos recorrente. Entre as espécies de moscas mais frequentes em granjas avícolas de postura, destacam-se Musca domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., entre outras. O objetivo desta revisão é realizar a compilação da literatura existente sobre a ocorrência, o impacto nos sistemas avícolas, a biologia, a epidemiologia e o controle das espécies de dípteros sinantrópicos consideradas importantes para a avicultura de postura brasileira.(AU)

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The poultry farm of posture is an economic activity of great relevance to Brazil. Health aspects of flocks of laying chickens, such as the occurrence of infestations by parasites and poultry pests, influence significantly the productivity indicators. In this context, the control of synanthropic diptera is one of the challenges of the poultry farmers and professionals of this area. In Brazil, the control of flies in poultry environments is based mainly on the use of pesticides, while other alternatives are less frequent. Among the flies' species most regularly found in poultry farms are the Musca domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., and others. This review aims at compiling the literature on the occurrence, impact on poultry systems, biology, epidemiology and control of the species of synanthropic flies considered important for the Brazilian poultry industry.(AU)

A avicultura de postura é uma atividade econômica de grande relevância para o Brasil. Aspectos sanitários dos plantéis de galinhas poedeiras, tais como infestações por parasitos e pragas avícolas, influenciam significativamente os indicadores de produtividade desse setor. Nesse contexto, o controle de dípteros sinantrópicos constitui um dos desafios de avicultores e profissionais da área. No Brasil, o controle de moscas em ambientes avícolas é baseado, sobretudo, no uso de pesticidas, ao passo que o uso de outras alternativas é menos recorrente. Entre as espécies de moscas mais frequentes em granjas avícolas de postura, destacam-se Musca domestica, Chrysomya spp., Fannia spp., entre outras. O objetivo desta revisão é realizar a compilação da literatura existente sobre a ocorrência, o impacto nos sistemas avícolas, a biologia, a epidemiologia e o controle das espécies de dípteros sinantrópicos consideradas importantes para a avicultura de postura brasileira.(AU)

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O intestino dos insetos representa uma interface pouco protegida dos agentes externos. A identificação dos mecanismos moleculares envolvidos nos processos fisiológico-digestivos permite encontrar alvos potenciais para o controle de insetos. As moléculas envolvidas na absorção de nutrientes, tamponamento e geração de fluxos de água no intestino médio do inseto-modelo Musca domestica (Diptera Cyclorrhapha) foram identificadas. Para isso, foi feita uma análise da expressão gênica ao longo do intestino médio, a identificação e anotação de proteínas por bioinformática, a confirmação da localização apical das proteínas por análise proteômica de membranas microvilares purificadas e a determinação do papel de algumas das proteínas através de experimentos in vivo utilizando diferentes dietas, corantes e inibidores. A acidificação da região média é consequência da atividade anidrase carbônica que gera prótons que são bombeados por uma H+ V-ATPase apical acompanhados por cloreto transportado por um simporter K+Cl-. O K+ é recuperado por um canal de K+ e a homeostase dos cátions mantida pela Na+/K+-ATPase basolateral. O bicarbonato é eliminado basolateralmente em troca por cloreto por um antiporter. A acidificação é regulada diretamente por um antiporter Na+/H+ e indiretamente por uma proteína envolvida na homeostase do cobre. O muco protetor da região média é tamponado com bicarbonato gerado por uma anidrase carbônica com âncora de GPI e transportado por um antiporter Na+HCO3-/H+Cl-. O excesso de ácido é eliminado por um antiporter Na+/H+ situado na membrana basolateral. A alcalinização da região posterior ocorre pelo transporte apical de NH3 que sequestra os prótons luminais gerando amônio, junto à remoção de prótons em simporte com aminoácidos e peptídeos. A acidificação intracelular, consequência da entrada de aminoácidos com prótons, é regulada por uma H+ V-ATPase basolateral. A geração de fluxos de água é consequência da atividade conjunta de simporters NKCC e KCC ajudados pelas aquaporinas. A inibição dos simporters com inibidores específicos mostrou que o contrafluxo de água está envolvido na reciclagem da enzima tripsina. Por último, o principal lugar de absorção nutrientes no intestino médio é a região posterior, a exceção do cobre que é absorvido na região média

The gut of insects is a less protected interphase against external agents. The identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in physiological-digestive processes allows one to find potential targets for insect control. The molecules involved in nutrient absorption, buffering and fluid fluxes in the midgut of the insect-model M. domestica (Diptera Cyclorrhapha) were identified. For this, gene expression along the midgut was analyzed; proteins were identified and annotated by bioinformatics; apical localization of proteins was confirmed by proteomics of purified microvillar membranes; the role of proteins was confirmed by in vivo experiments using different diets, dyes and inhibitors. Middle midgut acidification occurs by the action of an apical H+ V-ATPase with protons coming from carbonic anhydrase activity accompanied by chloride transported with potassium by a K+Cl- symporter. Potassium is recovered by a potassium channel, and cation homeostasis maintained by a basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase. Acidification is directly regulated by a Na+/H+ antiporter and indirectly by a copper homeostasis protein. Mucus protecting epithelium is neutralized with bicarbonate generated by a GPI-ancored carbonic anhydrase and transported by a Na+HCO3-/H+Cl- antiporter. Intracellular acidification is avoided by a basolateral Na+/H+ antiporter. Posterior midgut alkalization occurs by the action of an apical ammonia transporter and proton amino acid (and peptide) symporters. Intracellular acid is eliminated by a basolateral H+ V-ATPase. Fluid fluxes are generated by K+Cl- and Na+Cl-Cl- symporters helped by aquaporins. Inhibition of these symporters showed that the countercurrent flux of water allows trypsin recycling. Finally, posterior midgut is the main location of nutrient absorption, except for copper which is absorbed in the middle midgut

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ABSTRACT Resistance profiles of houseflies (Gol-RR) collected from a field in Golmud city, Qinghai province, China, were determined for seven insecticides using topical bioassays. Resistance ratios of >1219.51, 153.17, >35.43, 6.12, 3.24, 1.73, and 0.86-fold were obtained for propoxur, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, chlorpyrifos, fipronil, and chlorfenapyr, respectively, relative to a laboratory susceptible strain (SS). Synergism experiments showed that piperonyl butoxide (PBO), triphenylphosphate (TPP), and diethyl maleate (DEM) increased propoxur toxicity by >105.71, >7.88, and >5.15-fold in the Gol-RR strain, compared with 5.25, 2.00, and 1.39-fold in the SS strain, indicating the involvement of P450 monooxygenases, esterases, and glutathione-S-transferase in conferring resistance. Although cypermethrin resistance was significantly suppressed with PBO, TPP, and DEM in the Gol-RR strain, the synergistic potential of these agents to cypermethrin was similar in the SS strain, demonstrating that metabolism-mediated detoxification was not important for conferring resistance to cypermethrin in the Gol-RR strain. However, the three agents did not act synergistically with imidacloprid, indicating that other mechanisms may be responsible for the development of resistance to this insecticide. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was 13.70-fold higher in the Gol-RR than in the SS strain, suggesting the properties of the AChE enzyme were altered in the Gol-RR strain. Thus, rotation of chlorfenapyr insecticide with other agents acting through a different mode with minimal/no resistance could be an effective resistance management strategy for housefly.

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Essential oils, which are mixtures of terpenes, frequently show stronger insecticide activity, i.e., lower lethal dose 50 (LC50), than their most abundant terpenes. Synergy between terpenes provides a plausible explanation, but its demonstration has been elusive. In the present work, we look for an alternative explanation, by considering the influence of insect metabolic detoxification. Basically, we propose a model (metabolic model, MM) in which the LC50 of the major terpene in a mixture is expected to include a fraction that is detoxified by the insect, whereas a minor terpene would act unimpeded, showing a lower LC50 than when acting alone. In order to test this idea, we analyzed the effects of inhibiting the cytochrome P450 detoxification system with piperonyl butoxide (PBO), on the lethal concentration of terpenes as fumigants against Musca domestica. We found that, within a group of 10 terpenes [linalool, citronellal, (R)-α-pinene, 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene, limonene, α-terpinene, (S)-ß-pinene, thymol and (R)-pulegone], seven showed the LC50PBO (the lethal concentration for PBO-treated flies) between 1.7 and 12.4 times lower than the corresponding LC50 when P450 was not inhibited. Only in one case, that of (R)-pulegone, was the LC50PBO greater than the LC50, while two terpenes [(S)-ß-pinene and thymol] showed no changes in toxicity. The increased activity of most terpenes (particularly linalool and citronellal) in PBO-treated flies supports our hypothesis that normally the LC50 includes a fraction of inactive compound, due to detoxification. Having previously determined that M. domestica preferentially oxidizes the most abundant terpene in a mixture, while terpenes in smaller proportions are poorly or not detoxified by the P450 system, we assessed whether the toxicity of minority terpenes in a mixture is similar to their activity under P450 inhibition. We chose suitable binary combinations in such a way that one terpene (in greater proportion) should be the target of P450 while the other (in smaller proportion) should intoxicate the fly with LC50PBO or similar. Combinations of 1,8-cineole-citronellal, 1,8-cineole-linalool, linalool-citronellal, (R)-pulegone-linalool, (R)-pulegone-1,8-cineole and (R)-pulegone-citronellal were assayed against M. domestica, and the LC50 of each mixture was determined and compared to values predicted by MM (considering the LC50PBO for minor component) or by the classical approach (LC50 for both components). The MM showed the best fit to the data, suggesting additive rather than synergistic effects, except for the combination of (R)-pulegone-citronellal that was clearly synergistic. Thus, the experimental data indicate that the insect preferentially oxidizes the major component in a mixture, while the terpene in lesser proportion acts as a toxicant, with higher toxicity than when it was assayed alone. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the higher toxicity of essential oils compared to their component terpenes and provide important information for the design of effective insecticides based on essential oils or terpenes.

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The application of a spore suspension of Brevibacillus laterosporus (Laubach) (strain Bon707), at a concentration of 1.94×10(9)CFU/mL in the diet, induced a level of 70% mortality in larvae of Musca domestica. No sublethal effects, upon feeding activity or development were recorded. However, electron microscopic examination of the digestive tract of larvae fed with B. laterosporus, revealed cellular vacuolization and cytoplasmic disorganization.

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ABSTRACT Housefly, Musca domestica, has a complicated immune system. However, its underlying operating mechanism remains elusive. Candida albicans is a major pathogen affecting humans by causing deep infection fungous disease, but it is non-symbiotic in houseflies. To investigate the C. albicans infection process in housefly, the changes in morphological and histological and expression patterns of antimicrobial peptide were monitored to indicate the insect's response to fungal infection. The results showed that scattered brown spots were comprising melanized encapsulation and encapsulated fungal cells were initially observed at the inner side of larvae's body wall 3 h post-infection (PI). Between 6 and 36 h PI, the whole body of larvae was densely covered with the brown spots, which then gradually disappeared. The majority had disappeared at 48 h PI. Some fungi colonized in the gaps between the body wall and the muscle layer, as well as among muscle fibers of the muscle layer at 12 h PI and hyphal was observed at 18 h PI. These fungi colonized distribution changed from a continuous line to scattered spots at 24 h PI and virtually disappeared at 48 h. The results of quantitative PCR analysis revealed that in coordination with the variation during the infection, the expression levels of four antimicrobial peptides were up-regulated. In conclusion, C. albicans infection in M. domestica larvae involved the following stages: injection, infection, immune response and elimination of the pathogen. The rapid response of antimicrobial peptides, melanized encapsulation and agglutination played a vital role against the pathogenic invasion.

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Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium that can cause disease in humans and other animals. This study was conducted to screen for molecular detection and antimicrobial-resistant P. aeruginosa in Musca domestica in different locations in the Iranian provinces of Shahrekord and Isfahan. Methods Musca domestica were captured by both manual and sticky trap methods, during the daytime, from household kitchens, cattle farms, animal hospitals, human hospitals, slaughterhouses and chicken farms at random locations in Shahrekord and Isfahan provinces of Iran, and subsequently transported to the laboratory for detection of P. aeruginosa. In the laboratory, flies were identified and killed by refrigeration in a cold chamber at −20 °C, then placed in 5 mL peptone water and left at room temperature for five hours before being processed. Pseudomonas isolates were preliminarily identified to genus level based on colony morphology and gram staining, and their identity was further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Results Overall blaTEM gene was recovered from 8.8 % (53/600) of the P. aeruginosa isolated from houseflies collected from the two provinces. A slightly higher prevalence (10.7 %; 32/300) was recorded in Shahrekord province than Isfahan province (7.0 %; 21/300). The locations did not differ statistically (p < 0.05) in bacterial prevalence in flies. Seasonal prevalence showed a significantly lower infection frequency during autumn. Conclusions Houseflies are important in the epidemiology of P. aeruginosa infections.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium that can cause disease in humans and other animals. This study was conducted to screen for molecular detection and antimicrobial-resistant P. aeruginosa in Musca domestica in different locations in the Iranian provinces of Shahrekord and Isfahan. METHODS: Musca domestica were captured by both manual and sticky trap methods, during the daytime, from household kitchens, cattle farms, animal hospitals, human hospitals, slaughterhouses and chicken farms at random locations in Shahrekord and Isfahan provinces of Iran, and subsequently transported to the laboratory for detection of P. aeruginosa. In the laboratory, flies were identified and killed by refrigeration in a cold chamber at -20 °C, then placed in 5 mL peptone water and left at room temperature for five hours before being processed. Pseudomonas isolates were preliminarily identified to genus level based on colony morphology and gram staining, and their identity was further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Overall blaTEM gene was recovered from 8.8 % (53/600) of the P. aeruginosa isolated from houseflies collected from the two provinces. A slightly higher prevalence (10.7 %; 32/300) was recorded in Shahrekord province than Isfahan province (7.0 %; 21/300). The locations did not differ statistically (p < 0.05) in bacterial prevalence in flies. Seasonal prevalence showed a significantly lower infection frequency during autumn. CONCLUSIONS: Houseflies are important in the epidemiology of P. aeruginosa infections.

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The composition of the essential oil (EO) from Cryptocarya alba obtained by hydro distillation of fresh leaves was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrosmetry (GC/MS). The insecticidal effect of the oil on the house fly Musca domestica was evaluated by placing flies in a sealed glass jar containing a piece of EO-treated cotton yarn. The dose necessary to kill 50 percent of flies (LC50) in 0.5 and 1 h was determined at 26 +/- 1 °C. The essential oil from Cryptocarya alba showed significant insecticidal properties [33.56 (7.06-159.50) mg/dm3 (0.5 h) and 15.07 (5.29-42.91) mg/dm3 (1 h)]. According to GC and GC/MS analysis a total of 38 compounds were identified. The composition of the Cryptocarya alba essential oil reported in this study is different to that reported in other publications with 4-terpineol (17.48 percent) ; 4- (3,3-dimethyl-but-1-ynyl) -4-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-enone (12.84 percent); 1,8-cineole (7.90 percent); p-cymene (7.11 percent) and sabinene (6.80 percent), accounting for 52.13 percent of the EO. The EO from Cryptocarya alba appears promising as a natural insecticide against houseflies.

La composición del aceite esencial (AE), obtenido por hidrodestilación de hojas frescas de Cryptocarya alba se analizó mediante cromatografía de gases (CG) y cromatografía de gases/espectrometría de masas (CG/EM). La actividad insecticida del aceite contra la mosca doméstica, Musca domestica se evaluó colocando las moscas en un frasco de vidrio sellado con un trozo de hilo de algodón tratado con diferentes cantidades de AE. La dosis necesaria para matar el 50 por ciento de las moscas (LC50) en 0,5 y 1 hora se determinó a 26 +/- 1 oC. El aceite esencial de Cryptocarya alba mostró un buen efecto insecticida [33,56 (7,06-159,50) mg/dm3 (0,5 h) and 15,07 (5,29-42,91) mg/dm3 (1 h)]. La composición del aceite esencial de Cryptocarya alba encontrada en este trabajo es diferente al informado en otras publicaciones, con 4-terpineol (17,48 por ciento); 4-(3,3-dimetil-but-1-inil)-4-hidroxi-2,6,6-trimetilciclohex-2-enona (12.84 por ciento); 1,8-cineole (7,90 por ciento); p-cimeno (7,11 por ciento) y sabineno (6,80 por ciento), lo que representa el 52.13 por ciento del AE. El AE de Cryptocarya alba parece prometedor como un insecticida natural contra la mosca doméstica.

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BackgroundPseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium that can cause disease in humans and other animals. This study was conducted to screen for molecular detection and antimicrobial-resistant P. aeruginosa in Musca domestica in different locations in the Iranian provinces of Shahrekord and Isfahan.MethodsMusca domestica were captured by both manual and sticky trap methods, during the daytime, from household kitchens, cattle farms, animal hospitals, human hospitals, slaughterhouses and chicken farms at random locations in Shahrekord and Isfahan provinces of Iran, and subsequently transported to the laboratory for detection of P. aeruginosa. In the laboratory, flies were identified and killed by refrigeration in a cold chamber at −20 °C, then placed in 5 mL peptone water and left at room temperature for five hours before being processed. Pseudomonas isolates were preliminarily identified to genus level based on colony morphology and gram staining, and their identity was further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction.ResultsOverall blaTEM gene was recovered from 8.8 % (53/600) of the P. aeruginosa isolated from houseflies collected from the two provinces. A slightly higher prevalence (10.7 %; 32/300) was recorded in Shahrekord province than Isfahan province (7.0 %; 21/300). The locations did not differ statistically (p < 0.05) in bacterial prevalence in flies. Seasonal prevalence showed a significantly lower infection frequency during autumn.ConclusionsHouseflies are important in the epidemiology of P. aeruginosa infections.(AU)

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Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium that can cause disease in humans and other animals. This study was conducted to screen for molecular detection and antimicrobial-resistant P. aeruginosa in Musca domestica in different locations in the Iranian provinces of Shahrekord and Isfahan. Methods Musca domestica were captured by both manual and sticky trap methods, during the daytime, from household kitchens, cattle farms, animal hospitals, human hospitals, slaughterhouses and chicken farms at random locations in Shahrekord and Isfahan provinces of Iran, and subsequently transported to the laboratory for detection of P. aeruginosa. In the laboratory, flies were identified and killed by refrigeration in a cold chamber at −20 °C, then placed in 5 mL peptone water and left at room temperature for five hours before being processed. Pseudomonas isolates were preliminarily identified to genus level based on colony morphology and gram staining, and their identity was further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Results Overall blaTEM gene was recovered from 8.8 % (53/600) of the P. aeruginosa isolated from houseflies collected from the two provinces. A slightly higher prevalence (10.7 %; 32/300) was recorded in Shahrekord province than Isfahan province (7.0 %; 21/300). The locations did not differ statistically (p < 0.05) in bacterial prevalence in flies. Seasonal prevalence showed a significantly lower infection frequency during autumn. Conclusions Houseflies are important in the epidemiology of P. aeruginosa infections.

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Global poultry production is plagued by a wide variety of arthropods. The problems associated with their chemical control have led to an increasing search for control alternatives, and entomopathogenic fungi seem to be a promising strategy. Despite the large number of insects and mites considered as important pests in animal production, studies on the use of entomopathogenic fungi for their control are still scarce compared with agricultural pests, particularly in Brazil. This article reviews some damages and control aspects of the main arthropod pests that affect Brazilian poultry production, including house flies, lesser mealworms, and feather mites, by the use of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. Studies published in the last 20 years were reviewed, and the main problems and limitations of that pest-control strategy are discussed.(AU)

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