RESUMO
Videotape recordings obtained during an initial and conventional psychiatric interview were used to assess possible emotional differences in facial expressions and acoustic parameters of the voice between Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) female patients and matched controls. The incidence of seven basic emotion expressions, emotional valence, heart rate, and vocal frequency (f0), and intensity (dB) of the discourse adjectives and interjections were determined through the application of computational software to the visual (FaceReader) and sound (PRAAT) tracks of the videotape recordings. The extensive data obtained were analyzed by three statistical strategies: linear multilevel modeling, correlation matrices, and exploratory network analysis. In comparison with healthy controls, BPD patients express a third less sadness and show a higher number of positive correlations (14 vs. 8) and a cluster of related nodes among the prosodic parameters and the facial expressions of anger, disgust, and contempt. In contrast, control subjects showed negative or null correlations between such facial expressions and prosodic parameters. It seems feasible that BPD patients restrain the facial expression of specific emotions in an attempt to achieve social acceptance. Moreover, the confluence of prosodic and facial expressions of negative emotions reflects a sympathetic activation which is opposed to the social engagement system. Such BPD imbalance reflects an emotional alteration and a dysfunctional behavioral strategy that may constitute a useful biobehavioral indicator of the severity and clinical course of the disorder. This face/voice/heart rate emotional expression assessment (EMEX) may be used in the search for reliable biobehavioral correlates of other psychopathological conditions.
RESUMO
Leptospirosis is a disease usually acquired by humans through water contaminated with the urine of rodents that comes into direct contact with the cutaneous lesions, eyes, or mucous membranes. The disease has an important environmental component associated with climatic conditions and natural disasters, such as floods. We analyzed the relationship between rainfall and temperature and the incidence of leptospirosis in the top 30 municipalities with the highest numbers of cases of the disease in the period of 2007 to 2016. It was an ecological study of the time series of cases of leptospirosis, rainfall, and temperature with lags of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. A multilevel negative binomial regression model was implemented to evaluate the relationship between leptospirosis and both meteorological factors. In the 30 evaluated municipalities during the study period, a total of 5136 cases of leptospirosis were reported. According to the implemented statistical model, there was a positive association between the incidence of leptospirosis and rainfall with a lag of 1 week and a negative association with temperature with a lag of 4 weeks. Our results show the importance of short-term lags in rainfall and temperature for the occurrence of new cases of leptospirosis in Colombia.
Assuntos
Leptospirose , Cidades , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Incidência , Leptospirose/epidemiologia , Conceitos Meteorológicos , TemperaturaRESUMO
Studies examining urban health and the environment must ensure comparability of measures across cities and countries. We describe a data platform and process that integrates health outcomes together with physical and social environment data to examine multilevel aspects of health across cities in 11 Latin American countries. We used two complementary sources to identify cities with ≥ 100,000 inhabitants as of 2010 in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru. We defined cities in three ways: administratively, quantitatively from satellite imagery, and based on country-defined metropolitan areas. In addition to "cities," we identified sub-city units and smaller neighborhoods within them using census hierarchies. Selected physical environment (e.g., urban form, air pollution and transport) and social environment (e.g., income, education, safety) data were compiled for cities, sub-city units, and neighborhoods whenever possible using a range of sources. Harmonized mortality and health survey data were linked to city and sub-city units. Finer georeferencing is underway. We identified 371 cities and 1436 sub-city units in the 11 countries. The median city population was 234,553 inhabitants (IQR 141,942; 500,398). The systematic organization of cities, the initial task of this platform, was accomplished and further ongoing developments include the harmonization of mortality and survey measures using available sources for between country comparisons. A range of physical and social environment indicators can be created using available data. The flexible multilevel data structure accommodates heterogeneity in the data available and allows for varied multilevel research questions related to the associations of physical and social environment variables with variability in health outcomes within and across cities. The creation of such data platforms holds great promise to support researching with greater granularity the field of urban health in Latin America as well as serving as a resource for the evaluation of policies oriented to improve the health and environmental sustainability of cities.
Assuntos
Diversidade Cultural , Nível de Saúde , Vigilância da População , Saúde da População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Cidades/estatística & dados numéricos , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Feminino , Guatemala , Humanos , América Latina , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nicarágua , PanamáRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between personal, relational and school factors with involvement in fights with weapon among Brazilian school-age youth. METHODS: Using data from the Adolescent School-Based Health Survey 2015 (n = 102.072), we conducted multilevel logistic regression models. RESULTS: IFW was associated with female sex (OR = 0.45), and with older age (OR = 1.15), previous involvement in physical violence (OR = 2.05), history of peer verbal (OR = 1.14) and domestic victimization (OR = 2.11), alcohol use (OR = 2.42) and drug use (OR = 3.23). The relational variables (e.g., parent's supervision) were mostly negatively associated with IFW. At the school level, attending public school and attending schools in violent surroundings were both positively associated with IFW. The intraclass correlation coefficient estimated in the empty model showed that 5.77% of the variance of IFW was at school level. When all individual- and school-level variables were included in the model, the proportional changes in variance were 61.7 and 71.55%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: IFW is associated with personal, relational and school factors. Part of the variance in IFW by school is explained by characteristics of the school context.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Grupo Associado , Instituições Acadêmicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Meio Social , Violência/estatística & dados numéricos , Armas/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/epidemiologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/psicologia , Brasil , Bullying/psicologia , Bullying/estatística & dados numéricos , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Vítimas de Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Violência/psicologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to establish the association of maternal, family, and contextual correlates of anthropometric typologies at the household level in Colombia using 2005 Demographic Health Survey (DHS/ENDS) data. METHODS: Household-level information from mothers 18-49 years old and their children <5 years old was included. Stunting and overweight were assessed for each child. Mothers were classified according to their body mass index. Four anthropometric typologies at the household level were constructed: normal, underweight, overweight, and dual burden. Four three-level [households (n = 8598) nested within municipalities (n = 226), nested within states (n = 32)] hierarchical polytomous logistic models were developed. Household log-odds of belonging to one of the four anthropometric categories, holding 'normal' as the reference group, were obtained. RESULTS: This study found that anthropometric typologies were associated with maternal and family characteristics of maternal age, parity, maternal education, and wealth index. Higher municipal living conditions index was associated with a lower likelihood of underweight typology and a higher likelihood of overweight typology. Higher population density was associated with a lower likelihood of overweight typology. CONCLUSION: Distal and proximal determinants of the various anthropometric typologies at the household level should be taken into account when framing policies and designing interventions to reduce malnutrition in Colombia.
RESUMO
This paper investigates the relationship between individual psychosocial wellbeing and place characteristics in Mexico, using multi-level models and nationally representative survey data. We explore psychosocial wellbeing in terms of self-reported depression symptoms, feelings of sadness and experience of stress; analyse place characteristics at the level of municipality and at the level of locality; and investigate individual-level heterogeneities in the relationship by gender, age, wealth and employment status. Our results suggest the existence of a significant relationship between individual psychosocial wellbeing and place characteristics, and provide evidence of heterogeneity in how place characteristics affect the psychosocial wellbeing of different groups.
Assuntos
Depressão/psicologia , Emprego/estatística & dados numéricos , Meio Ambiente , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Autorrelato , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The first years of life are the most dynamic period for childhood growth. There are limited data available on growth patterns of infants and children living in rural Latin America. The aim of this study was to describe the growth patterns from birth to 5years in children living in a rural District of tropical coastal Ecuador using data from a birth cohort of 2404 neonates. We hypothesize that there would be growth differences according to ethnicity and sex. Evaluations were conducted at birth or until 2weeks of age and at 7, 13, 24, 36 and 60months during clinic and home visits. Individual growth trajectories for weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight/height-for-age Z-scores were estimated using multilevel models. Girls were lighter and shorter than boys at birth. However, Afro-Ecuadorian children (versus mestizo or indigenous) were longer/taller and heavier throughout the first 5years of life and had greater mean trajectories for HAZ and WAZ independent of sex and socioeconomic factors. Our data indicate that ethnicity is a determinant of growth trajectories during the first 5years of life independent of socioeconomic factors in a birth cohort conducted in a rural region of Latin America.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Infantil , Transtornos do Crescimento/etnologia , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Equador/epidemiologia , Etnicidade , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , População Rural , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Abstract Several studies have indicated that student performance is strongly influenced by school context. Within this frame of reference, the present study sought to identify contextual variables that affect proficiency in mathematics taking the multilevel structure of schools into consideration. The information of 4,338,885 students who participated in the Brazilian national assessment of educational progress of 2009 was used. Multilevel analysis showed an intra-class correlation of .27 and .19 for the 5th grade of elementary school and 9th grade of middle school, the last year of middle school. In both models, more than 50% of school level variance and more than 11% of the variance on student level was explained. The final model is composed of control variables, 13 student level variables, 9 school level variables, and random and interaction effects. The results contribute to a better comprehension of factors that affect school performance, which permits the orientation of public policies.(AU)
Resumo Vários estudos têm apontado que o aprendizado do aluno é fortemente influenciado pelo contexto escolar. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar variáveis contextuais que interferem no desempenho em matemática, considerando a estrutura multinível da conjuntura escolar. Utilizaram-se informações de 4.338.885 alunos avaliados na Prova Brasil de 2009. A análise multinível mostrou uma correlação intraclasse de 0,27 e 0,19, para o 5° e 9° ano do ensino fundamental, respectivamente. No modelo final do 5° e 9° ano, mais de 50% da variância no nível da escola e mais de 11% da variância no nível do aluno foram explicadas. Esse modelo foi composto por variáveis de controle, 13 variáveis do nível do aluno, 9 do nível da escola, efeitos randômicos e efeitos de interação. Os resultados corroboram estudos anteriores e contribuem com o entendimento dos fatores que influenciam o desempenho, o que permite direcionar políticas públicas.(AU)
Resumen Diversos estudios señalan que el aprendizaje del alumno está fuertemente influenciado por el contexto escolar. De esta forma, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar variables contextuales que interfieren en el desempeño de matemáticas, teniendo en cuenta la estructura de varios niveles del entorno escolar. Se utilizó la información de 4.338.885 alumnos evaluados en la Prueba Brasil de 2009. El análisis de varios niveles mostró una correlación intraclase de 0,27 y 0,19 para el 5º y 9º año de enseñanza primaria, respectivamente. En el modelo final de 5º y 9º año, más del 50% de la variancia a nivel de escuela y más de 11% de variancia a nivel de alumno fue explicada. El modelo fue compuesto por variables de control, 13 variables del nivel del alumno, 9 del nivel de la escuela, efectos aleatorios y efectos de interacción. Los resultados corroboran estudios anteriores y contribuyen a la compresión de los factores que influyen en el desempeño, lo que permite direccionar las políticas públicas.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Criança , Adolescente , Estudantes , Ensino Fundamental e Médio , Matemática , Análise Multinível/educação , Avaliação Educacional , Baixo Rendimento EscolarRESUMO
Several studies have indicated that student performance is strongly influenced by school context. Within this frame of reference, the present study sought to identify contextual variables that affect proficiency in mathematics taking the multilevel structure of schools into consideration. The information of 4,338,885 students who participated in the Brazilian national assessment of educational progress of 2009 was used. Multilevel analysis showed an intra-class correlation of .27 and .19 for the 5th grade of elementary school and 9th grade of middle school, the last year of middle school. In both models, more than 50% of school level variance and more than 11% of the variance on student level was explained. The final model is composed of control variables, 13 student level variables, 9 school level variables, and random and interaction effects. The results contribute to a better comprehension of factors that affect school performance, which permits the orientation of public policies.
Vários estudos têm apontado que o aprendizado do aluno é fortemente influenciado pelo contexto escolar. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar variáveis contextuais que interferem no desempenho em matemática, considerando a estrutura multinível da conjuntura escolar. Utilizaram-se informações de 4.338.885 alunos avaliados na Prova Brasil de 2009. A análise multinível mostrou uma correlação intraclasse de 0,27 e 0,19, para o 5° e 9° ano do ensino fundamental, respectivamente. No modelo final do 5° e 9° ano, mais de 50% da variância no nível da escola e mais de 11% da variância no nível do aluno foram explicadas. Esse modelo foi composto por variáveis de controle, 13 variáveis do nível do aluno, 9 do nível da escola, efeitos randômicos e efeitos de interação. Os resultados corroboram estudos anteriores e contribuem com o entendimento dos fatores que influenciam o desempenho, o que permite direcionar políticas públicas.
Diversos estudios señalan que el aprendizaje del alumno está fuertemente influenciado por el contexto escolar. De esta forma, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar variables contextuales que interfieren en el desempeño de matemáticas, teniendo en cuenta la estructura de varios niveles del entorno escolar. Se utilizó la información de 4.338.885 alumnos evaluados en la Prueba Brasil de 2009. El análisis de varios niveles mostró una correlación intraclase de 0,27 y 0,19 para el 5º y 9º año de enseñanza primaria, respectivamente. En el modelo final de 5º y 9º año, más del 50% de la variancia a nivel de escuela y más de 11% de variancia a nivel de alumno fue explicada. El modelo fue compuesto por variables de control, 13 variables del nivel del alumno, 9 del nivel de la escuela, efectos aleatorios y efectos de interacción. Los resultados corroboran estudios anteriores y contribuyen a la compresión de los factores que influyen en el desempeño, lo que permite direccionar las políticas públicas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Criança , Adolescente , Análise Multinível/educação , Ensino Fundamental e Médio , Avaliação Educacional , Matemática , Estudantes , Baixo Rendimento EscolarRESUMO
Se usó un diseño cuasi-experimental con pre y post-test para estimar el efecto de una capacitación para la prueba de admisión de la Universidad Costa Rica, un test estandarizado que mide habilidades de razonamiento en contextos verbales y matemáticos. Cuatro colegios públicos del área metropolitana central del país participaron en el estudio, asignándose dos de ellos aleatoriamente al grupo de intervención y los otros dos al grupo de control, con 61 estudiantes en el primer grupo y 80 en el segundo. La intervención consistió de 5 sesiones de capacitación de 3 horas, utilizando como guía un manual desarrollado por una experta pedagoga, con enfoque constructivista. Las medidas antes y después fueron formas reducidas de la prueba de admisión 2014. La variable dependiente fue la diferencia entre ambas mediciones. El efecto de la capacitación fue de 3.5 puntos porcentuales y significativo, y se estimó utilizando un modelo bayesiano de regresión multinivel.
A quasi-experimental design with pre and post- test was used to estimate training effects for the University of Costa Rica's admission test, a standardized exam that measures reasoning abilities in mathematical and verbal contexts. Four secondary public schools from the metropolitan central area of the country participated in the study; two of them were randomly assigned to the intervention group and the other two to the control group, with 61 students in the first group and 80 in the second. The intervention consisted of five three-hour training sessions, using a written guide developed by a pedagogy expert with a constructivist approach. Before and after measures were reduced test forms of the real admission test from the year 2014. The dependent variable was the difference between the two measures. The effect of the training was estimated using a multilevel Bayesian regression model with a significant magnitude of 3.5 percentage points.
RESUMO
This paper investigates the factors that motivate decisions of settler colonists to engage in off-farm employment (OFE) in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon (NEA). Overall, OFE, as a type of population mobility, may increasingly become a dominant demographic factor in rural frontier regions. Although OFE decisions are primarily a matter of individual choice, factors associated with the farm household and the local community also play key roles in this decision-making. This paper applies a multilevel conceptual framework and uses a multinomial, multilevel statistical model to study OFE in the NEA in 1999 as a result of factors at the individual, farm household, and community levels. The results show important differences between OFE participation choices in personal characteristics, human capital, farm household life cycle, land use, land management, farm environmental conditions, transportation accessibility, community size, and structure of local labor markets. The paper also identifies the effects of policy-relevant variables on choices to engage in OFE in local community, other rural, or urban areas of destination.
RESUMO
A educação restringe/amplia as oportunidades econômicas do indivíduo durante seu ciclo de vida. O sistema educacional de um país ou região tem papel fundamental na geração de igualdade de oportunidades. O artigo investiga os sistemas de ensino público (municipal e estadual) no Brasil e sua relação com a desigualdade. Os entes federados mais desiguais têm sistemas educacionais menos eficazes em prover ensino de qualidade, contudo, um maior nível de democracia aumenta esta eficácia. As desigualdades de riqueza, cor e nível sociocultural da família afetam o desempenho do indivíduo, independentemente da qualidade escolar, o que justifica políticas focalizadas que promovam igualdade de oportunidade por meio da educação.
La educación restringe/amplía las oportunidades económicas del individuo durante su ciclo de vida. El sistema educacional de un país o región tiene un papel fundamental en la generación de igualdad de oportunidades. El artículo investiga los sistemas de enseñanza pública (municipal y estatal) en Brasil y su relación con la desigualdad. Los entes federados más desiguales tienen sistemas educacionales menos eficaces en proveer una enseñanza de calidad, sin embargo, un mayor nivel de democracia aumenta esta eficacia. Las desigualdades de riqueza, color y nivel sociocultural de la familia afectan el desempeño del individuo, independientemente de la calidad escolar, lo que justifica políticas centradas en la promoción de la igualdad de oportunidades mediante la educación.
Education restricts/expands individuals´ economic opportunities during their life cycles. The educational system of a country or region has an essential role in the generation of equal opportunities. The present article investigates the public teaching systems (municipal and state) in Brazil and their relationship with inequality. More unequal states of the federation have less effective educational systems in the provision of quality teaching. However, a higher level of democracy increases efficacy. Inequalities in the health, color and sociocultural level of a family affect an individual´s performance, regardless of the quality of the school, which is the rationale for policies focused on promoting equal opportunities through education.
Assuntos
Ensino Fundamental e Médio , Ensino/normas , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Brasil , Justiça Social/educaçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCCION: La mayor parte de la carga de enfermedades cardiovasculares está relacionada con factores de riesgo modificables y podría reducirse mediante intervenciones poblacionales y clínicas.OBJETIVO: Generar conocimientos útiles para el diseño de estrategias de prevención, control y tratamiento de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) y promover su utilización para la toma de decisiones basadas en evidencia, tanto a nivel nacional como provincial.METODOS: Mediante modelos de regresión logística multinivel, se determinó el impacto de factores sociodemográficos y económicos sobre la presencia de hipertensión, colesterol elevado, diabetes, obesidad y tabaquismo.RESULTADOS: Los hombres y las personas mayores de 50 años fueron los grupos más afectados. En general, le hecho de tener un mayor nivel educativo redujo las posibilidades de presentar FRCV. La presencia de ocupación aumentó las posibilidades de presentar FRCV respecto al hecho de estar desocupado. Este efecto presentó un amplio rango (6 a 64%) para distintos tipos de ocupación. El impacto del ingreso fue contradictorio. La presencia de cobertura aumentó en general las posibilidades de presentar FRCV entre un 4 y 53% respecto a quienes no contaban con esa cobertura. Pocas variables de nivel provincial resultaron significativas: índice de desarrollo humano, gasto público en salud per cápita y, como proporción del gasto público total, proporción de médicos y de hogares pobres.CONCLUSIONES: Las características demográficas y socioeconómicas de los individuos inciden en la presencia de FRCV. El hecho de vivir en diferentes provincias influye a la hora de identificar los determinantes demográficos y socioeconómicos de la presencia de FRCV.
INTRODUCTION: Most of the burden of cardiovascular diseases is associated with modifiable risk factors that could be reduced through population and clinical interventions.OBJECTIVE: To generate knowledge and tools in order to design strategies for prevention, control and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and promote their use for making decisions based on evidence, both at national and provincial levels.METHODS: Multilevel logistic regression models determined the impact of sociodemographic and economic factors on the presence of hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity and smoking.RESULTS: Men and people over 50 were the most affected groups. In general, having a higher level of education reduced the chances of cardiovascular risk factors. The presence of occupation increased the chances of CVRF with respect to being unemployed. This effect showed a wide range (6 to 64%) for different types of occupation. The impact of income was contradictory. The presence of health insurance increased between 4 and 53% the chances of CVRF, in comparison with people who did not have the insurance. Few expenditure per capita and as a proportion of total public expenditure, percentage of physicians and poor households.CONCLUSIONS: The demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of individuals affect the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. Living in different provincies has an effect when trying to identify the demographic and socioeconomic determinants of cardiovascular risk factors.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Fatores de Risco , Argentina , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
INTRODUCCION: La mayor parte de la carga de enfermedades cardiovasculares está relacionada con factores de riesgo modificables y podría reducirse mediante intervenciones poblacionales y clínicas.OBJETIVO: Generar conocimientos útiles para el diseño de estrategias de prevención, control y tratamiento de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) y promover su utilización para la toma de decisiones basadas en evidencia, tanto a nivel nacional como provincial.METODOS: Mediante modelos de regresión logística multinivel, se determinó el impacto de factores sociodemográficos y económicos sobre la presencia de hipertensión, colesterol elevado, diabetes, obesidad y tabaquismo.RESULTADOS: Los hombres y las personas mayores de 50 años fueron los grupos más afectados. En general, le hecho de tener un mayor nivel educativo redujo las posibilidades de presentar FRCV. La presencia de ocupación aumentó las posibilidades de presentar FRCV respecto al hecho de estar desocupado. Este efecto presentó un amplio rango (6 a 64%) para distintos tipos de ocupación. El impacto del ingreso fue contradictorio. La presencia de cobertura aumentó en general las posibilidades de presentar FRCV entre un 4 y 53% respecto a quienes no contaban con esa cobertura. Pocas variables de nivel provincial resultaron significativas: índice de desarrollo humano, gasto público en salud per cápita y, como proporción del gasto público total, proporción de médicos y de hogares pobres.CONCLUSIONES: Las características demográficas y socioeconómicas de los individuos inciden en la presencia de FRCV. El hecho de vivir en diferentes provincias influye a la hora de identificar los determinantes demográficos y socioeconómicos de la presencia de FRCV.
INTRODUCTION: Most of the burden of cardiovascular diseases is associated with modifiable risk factors that could be reduced through population and clinical interventions.OBJECTIVE: To generate knowledge and tools in order to design strategies for prevention, control and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and promote their use for making decisions based on evidence, both at national and provincial levels.METHODS: Multilevel logistic regression models determined the impact of sociodemographic and economic factors on the presence of hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity and smoking.RESULTS: Men and people over 50 were the most affected groups. In general, having a higher level of education reduced the chances of cardiovascular risk factors. The presence of occupation increased the chances of CVRF with respect to being unemployed. This effect showed a wide range (6 to 64%) for different types of occupation. The impact of income was contradictory. The presence of health insurance increased between 4 and 53% the chances of CVRF, in comparison with people who did not have the insurance. Few expenditure per capita and as a proportion of total public expenditure, percentage of physicians and poor households.CONCLUSIONS: The demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of individuals affect the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. Living in different provincies has an effect when trying to identify the demographic and socioeconomic determinants of cardiovascular risk factors.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Argentina , Saúde PúblicaRESUMO
O investimento no capital intelectual tornou-se o pilar norteador das ações de gerenciamento de pessoas. A literatura em comportamento organizacional investigada enfatiza o efeito de variáveis de contexto no desempenho dos indivíduos. Faz-se mister compreender como se dá o impacto dessas variáveis segundo seus níveis de análise. O presente artigo discute contribuições potenciais da modelagem multinível na investigação de desempenho no trabalho. Discute, ainda, a aplicação dessa modelagem para compreensão de fenômenos comumente investigados em comportamento organizacional. Tais contribuições poderão favorecer a estruturação de modelos preditivos que poderão melhor capturar o significado da inclusão de variáveis típicas do contexto laboral.(AU)
Investing on intellectual capital became the guiding pillar for personnel management actions. The organizational behavior literature highlights the effect of contextual variables on the performance of individuals. The impact of these variables, which belong to different levels of analysis, needs a better comprehension. This paper discusses the potential multilevel modeling contributions for investigating predictors of that performance. In addition, it also discusses the application of this modeling for understanding usually studied organizational behavior. These contributions may favor structuring predictive models which may better grasp the meaning of the inclusion of diverse and complex levels of variables from the labor context.(AU)
Assuntos
Análise Multinível , Satisfação no Emprego , Comportamento CooperativoRESUMO
O investimento no capital intelectual tornou-se o pilar norteador das ações de gerenciamento de pessoas. A literatura em comportamento organizacional investigada enfatiza o efeito de variáveis de contexto no desempenho dos indivíduos. Faz-se mister compreender como se dá o impacto dessas variáveis segundo seus níveis de análise. O presente artigo discute contribuições potenciais da modelagem multinível na investigação de desempenho no trabalho. Discute, ainda, a aplicação dessa modelagem para compreensão de fenômenos comumente investigados em comportamento organizacional. Tais contribuições poderão favorecer a estruturação de modelos preditivos que poderão melhor capturar o significado da inclusão de variáveis típicas do contexto laboral.
Investing on intellectual capital became the guiding pillar for personnel management actions. The organizational behavior literature highlights the effect of contextual variables on the performance of individuals. The impact of these variables, which belong to different levels of analysis, needs a better comprehension. This paper discusses the potential multilevel modeling contributions for investigating predictors of that performance. In addition, it also discusses the application of this modeling for understanding usually studied organizational behavior. These contributions may favor structuring predictive models which may better grasp the meaning of the inclusion of diverse and complex levels of variables from the labor context.
Assuntos
Comportamento Cooperativo , Satisfação no Emprego , Análise MultinívelRESUMO
O reconhecimento da influência do contexto social no comportamento humano destaca a necessidade de adoção de modelos explicativos que favoreçam a identificação desse efeito. Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar as características teóricas e técnicas dos modelos multinível, pois eles cumprem com essa exigência. Em uma perspectiva teórica, a escolha dos modelos em discussão deveria ser baseada, tanto quanto possível, em uma teoria multinível que evidenciasse o papel preditivo de variáveis oriundas de diferentes níveis. A construção de modelos guiada por uma teoria levará a modelos mais frutíferos e com maior validade externa, em comparação com modelos construídos com pouco ou nenhum sustento teórico. Do ponto de vista técnico, a análise multinível é similar à análise de regressão; assim, obedece a muitas das suas exigências. Este trabalho permite concluir sobre as vantagens dos modelos multinível para pesquisadores interessados na identificação do efeito do contexto no comportamento humano.
The recognition of the influence of social context on human behavior emphasizes the need for models that allow for the identification of this effect. The theoretical and technical characteristics of multilevel models are presented here, since they satisfy this requirement. From a theoretical perspective, it is worthwhile highlighting that the choice of a multilevel model should be founded, as much as possible, on a multilevel theory that points to the predictive role of variables originating from different levels. The construction of multilevel models guided by theory will result in more fruitful models with higher external validity in comparison with models built with little or no theoretical foundations. From a technical perspective, it may be stated that multilevel analysis shows a high degree of similarity with traditional linear regression including many of its presuppositions. This study enables us to conclude that multilevel analysis is an appropriate tool for researchers interested in the identification of the effects of social context on human behavior.
Assuntos
Humanos , Comportamento , Comportamento Social , Estatística como AssuntoRESUMO
El presente trabajo se realizó con el propósito de mostrar que el grupo es un modificador de la relación entre el rendimiento académico y sus predictores y con ello, fundamentar la necesidad de recurrir a la modelación jerárquica para la predicción del rendimiento. Se aplicaron modelos con coeficientes aleatorios, especialmente apropiados para la circunstancia frecuente de casos agrupados, en la que los supuestos usuales de los modelos lineales ordinarios dejan de ser válidos y los modelos clásicos, inaplicables. Se constató que algunos de los predictores tradicionales tenían relevancia condicionada al grupo, aunque no parecían tener relevancia marginal. Se demostró así que el grupo es un modulador de la relación entre el rendimiento académico y algunos de sus predictores. La consecuencia de mayor trascedencia fue que la asignación de un estudiante a un grupo podía influir considerablemente en su rendimiento académico, independientemente de sus condiciones iniciales
The present paper was aimed at demonstrating that the group acts as a modifier of the relation between the academic performance and its predictors, and at founding the need of resorting to hierarchical modelling to predict this performance. Models with randomized coefficients, specially appropriate for the frequent circumstance of grouped cases, where the suppossed ordinary lineal models are not valid anymore and the classical models are unapplicable, were applied. It was proved that some of the traditonal predictors were relevant according to the group, though they did not seem to have marginal relevancy. This way, it was demonstrated that the group was a modullator of the relation between academic performance and some of its predictors. The most significant consequence was that the assignation of a student to a group may influence considerably on his academic performance, independently of its initial conditions.