RESUMO
PIP: The author analyzes trends in the components of population growth over the past several decades in Mexico, and presents some medium and long-term projections. He notes the process of mortality decline that has been occurring for nearly seven decades, and illustrates the fertility decline that has been a principal determinant in the reduction of population growth and in the recent changes in age distribution.^ieng
Assuntos
Distribuição por Idade , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Previsões , Mortalidade , Dinâmica Populacional , Crescimento Demográfico , Fatores Etários , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Fertilidade , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Pesquisa , Estatística como AssuntoRESUMO
PIP: The extent to which changes in the major demographic variables have caused the aging of the population of Mexico is analyzed. These factors include the decline in mortality since 1950, the increase in international migration since 1950, and the decline in fertility since 1963. These effects are illustrated using a series of age pyramids with and without the impact of the factor under consideration.^ieng
Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Demografia , Emigração e Imigração , Mortalidade , Dinâmica Populacional , América , Países em Desenvolvimento , Fertilidade , América Latina , México , América do Norte , PopulaçãoRESUMO
Through a series of life table analyses, this paper describes the natural history of tuberculosis mortality in a Mexican-origin community over five decades (1935-84) during which the disease underwent a transition from a major underlying cause of death to a disease conditioned mentioned more often on death certificates as contributing to death than causing death. The decline in death rates from 1940 to 1950 was especially remarkable. Successive birth cohorts of Mexican Americans, separated by as little as five years of age, experienced distinctly lower risk of death from tuberculosis as they entered young adulthood. There was a rapid convergence in age-specific patterns of tuberculosis death rates in Mexican Americans toward those of non-Hispanic whites, so that by 1960 tuberculosis was primarily a cause of death in old age rather than young adulthood. The impact of changing environment, both through improvements of conditions within neighborhoods and through residential mobility, on birth cohorts at risk of tuberculosis needs to be examined in further research.
PIP: This study examines the history of tuberculosis mortality during 1935-84 among a Mexican-origin community in Bexar County, Texas. Data were obtained from death records of the San Antonio Metropolitan Health District. Data coding accounted for the shift in 1949 in formatting underlying cause and primary cause of death. Deaths are estimated from multiple decrement life tables for deaths by age and underlying cause in a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 newborns followed to their deaths. Cause-eliminated life tables show the distributions of deaths if tuberculosis were eliminated. Findings indicate that life expectancy of Mexican-origin people in Bexar County during 1938-42 was about 47 years for males and females. Life expectancy for Anglos was higher but still lower than the national average. By 1980, differences in life expectancies by ethnic group converged. The rapid increases in life expectancy occurred during the 1940s: 12.7 years for Mexican-origin women and 10.3 years for Mexican-origin men. The 1940 risk of tuberculosis death among Mexican-origin people was 5-7 times that of Anglos. Among the 1940s Mexican-origin population, tuberculosis caused heavy fatalities in early adulthood between the ages of 15 and 35 years. By 1960, it was a cause only in old age, as it was among Anglos. Cohort comparisons reveal that the cohort reaching the age of 15 years in 1945 had a mortality probability that was only half as great to age 20 in 1950. The mortality probability declined to near zero by age 25 in 1955. The life table proportion of deaths due to tuberculosis declined linearly and added to life expectancy until 1980. Tuberculosis was the underlying cause of death among 96% of Mexican-origin people in 1938-42 and 41% in 1983-85. Tuberculosis morbidity declined during the 1940s and 1950s due to major housing renewal, slum clearance, code enforcement, and residential mobility.
Assuntos
Hispânico ou Latino , Tuberculose/mortalidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Expectativa de Vida , Tábuas de Vida , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Texas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
PIP: "Vital statistics are the most comprehensive source of information on maternal mortality in Mexico.... It is clear that maternal mortality has decreased throughout the twentieth century and will continue to do so. There are signs of a higher underestimation of mortality [due to] abortion. And there are regional differentials of maternal mortality.... Professional and/or institutional attention during childbirth has a great impact on maternal mortality decline. There are also socio-economic differentials by marital status, milieu, and schooling...." (EXCERPT)^ieng
Assuntos
Aborto Induzido , Causas de Morte , Escolaridade , Geografia , Estado Civil , Mortalidade Materna , Mortalidade , Qualidade da Assistência à Saúde , Projetos de Pesquisa , Características de Residência , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estatísticas Vitais , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , América Latina , Casamento , México , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Pesquisa , Classe SocialRESUMO
PIP: Nicaragua's previously moderate population growth accelerated after 1940 because of better health care and sanitary practices. Today the death rate is 6/1000, and birth rates remain high at 33/1000; natural increase equals 2.7% per year. Life expectancy for men and women is 62 and 68, respectively. 45% of the population is younger than 15 years. The total fertility rate is 4.6. It is higher among women with no formal education (6.9), and among rural women (6.4). 53% of women are pregnant or have at least 1 child by age 19. 35% of births occur within 2 years of an earlier birth. Although 97% of women aged 15-49 know about at least 1 form of modern contraception, only 49% who were in a union during 1992-1993 used a contraceptive. Rural women, especially those with lower educational status, have the least experience with contraceptives; 63% of urban women report contraceptive use, in comparison to 33% of rural women. Mortality rates for infants (49/1000) and children (72/1000) have decreased. The main causes of infant death are trauma or asphyxia at birth, and complications associated with premature or low-weight babies; those for children are dehydration (from diarrhea), acute respiratory infections, meningitis, and illnesses preventable with vaccines. About 75% of children are immunized, usually at a later age than recommended. The geography, climate, and ethnic composition of Nicaragua, and recent events affecting its economy are briefly described.^ieng
Assuntos
Distribuição por Idade , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Comportamento Contraceptivo , Mortalidade , Características da População , Crescimento Demográfico , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Fatores Etários , América , América Central , Anticoncepção , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Fertilidade , América Latina , Nicarágua , América do Norte , População , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
The impact of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) on the recent decline in diarrhoea mortality in the northeast of Brazil was studied. Proportionate infant mortality fell from 32% in 1980 to 17% in 1989 and infant deaths attributed to diarrhoea dropped from 41% to 25%, resulting in an overall reduction of 57%. Similar decreases were observed for children aged 1-4 years. Diarrhoea admissions also fell from 57% of infant hospitalizations in 1980 to 30% in 1990. None of the other major causes of death or admissions showed such decline. ORT was introduced in the early 1980s, being used in 35% of all episodes in 1991 and in 62% of those regarded as severe by the mother. Other changes included a worsening of socioeconomic conditions and increases in water supply, vaccine coverage, breastfeeding duration and nutritional status. A simulation model estimated that changes in factors other than ORT would lead to a 21% reduction in infant diarrhoea mortality, or about one-third of the actual decline. Finally, an ecological analysis showed that ORT use rates were inversely correlated to infant diarrhoea mortality (r=-0.61; p=0.04). Despite the shortcomings of the available data, these findings suggest an important impact of ORT on diarrhoea mortality.
PIP: Proportionate infant mortality in the northeast of Brazil fell from 32% in 1980 to 17% in 1989, with infant deaths attributed to diarrhea falling from 41% to 25%; these declines comprise an overall reduction of 57%. Similar decreases were observed for children aged 1-4 years. Diarrhea admissions also fell from 57% of infant hospitalizations in 1980 to 30% in 1990. No such decline was observed in any of the other major causes of death or admissions. The authors explored the impact of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) upon this recent decline in diarrhea mortality in the region. ORT was introduced in the early 1980s, being used in 35% of all episodes in 1991 and in 62% of those regarded as severe by the mother. Socioeconomic conditions worsened during the 1980s, but the levels of water supply, vaccine coverage, breastfeeding duration, and nutritional status increased. A simulation model estimated that changes in factors other than ORT would lead to a 21% reduction in infant diarrhea mortality, or approximately one third of the actual decline. An ecological analysis found ORT use rates to be inversely correlated with infant diarrhea mortality. These findings suggest that the introduction and use of ORT in northeastern Brazil had an important impact upon diarrhea mortality.
Assuntos
Diarreia/epidemiologia , Hidratação/normas , Mortalidade Infantil , Brasil/epidemiologia , Diarreia/mortalidade , Diarreia/terapia , Humanos , Incidência , Lactente , Modelos Lineares , Admissão do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to describe trends in age-specific mortality from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease and ischaemic heart disease in Trinidad and Tobago between 1953 and 1992 and to relate them to earlier changes in infant mortality rates. METHODS: Average annual age-specific mortality rates per 100 000 were calculated for 5-year time periods from 1953-1957 to 1988-1992 and plotted by mid-year of birth for cohorts born 1874-1882 to 1944-1952. Regression analyses were performed to test associations between adult mortality rates, and infant mortality rates for the same birth cohorts and period of death. RESULTS: Infant mortality declined from 180 per 1000 in 1901 to 10 per 1000 in 1992. Age-standardized mortality from diabetes mellitus increased, in men, from 60 in 1958-1962 to 278 in 1988-1992, in women the increase was from 89 to 303. Mortality from hypertension declined, in men, from 232 in 1953-1957 to 73 in 1988-1992, and in women, from 206 to 67. Cerebrovascular mortality increased, in men, from 341 in 1953-1957 to 451 in 1963-1967 before declining to 224 in 1988-1992. In women cerebrovascular mortality increased from 292 in 1953-1957 to 361 in 1963-1967 before declining to 196 in 1988-1992. There was evidence of a deceleration in cerebrovascular mortality for cohorts born after 1908-1918. Ischaemic heart disease mortality remained constant. Mid-cohort infant mortality rates were not associated with adult mortality after adjusting for age and period of death. CONCLUSION: Declining infant mortality was subsequently associated with declining mortality from cerebrovascular disease and hypertensive disease and increasing mortality from diabetes mellitus but there was no association with ischaemic heart disease mortality. These relationships were confounded by secular changes associated with year of death.
Assuntos
Causas de Morte/tendências , Transtornos Cerebrovasculares/mortalidade , Diabetes Mellitus/mortalidade , Hipertensão/mortalidade , Mortalidade Infantil/tendências , Isquemia Miocárdica/mortalidade , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Vigilância da População , Mudança Social , Trinidad e Tobago/epidemiologiaRESUMO
PIP: The authors discuss the recent mortality decline in Mexico, with a focus on causes of death at different ages by sex. They also describe the challenge of maintaining and improving health through preventive medicine and community participation.^ieng
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Causas de Morte , Participação da Comunidade , Saúde , Mortalidade , Medicina Preventiva , Fatores Sexuais , América , Atenção à Saúde , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Serviços de Saúde , América Latina , Medicina , México , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Características da População , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
"In a certain number of developing countries, life expectancy levels now approach those of the developed world. But, though life expectancies at birth may be similar, the infant mortality rate in developing countries remains higher, but is compensated by a lower rate of mortality for adults. Is it to be expected that as infant mortality rates continue to decline, the developing countries will maintain their advantageous adult mortality rates and that life expectancy will forge ahead of the level achieved in developed countries?... To answer this question, recent trends in adult cause-specific mortality rates in four developing countries (Chile, Hong Kong, Mexico, and Costa Rica) were compared with those in three industrialized countries (France, Germany and Japan). The results were inconclusive. Whilst life expectancies in some of these countries may be expected to forge ahead (Chile, Hong Kong), in others the margin between their life expectancies and those of developed countries have already narrowed." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Assuntos
Adulto , Causas de Morte , Comparação Transcultural , Mortalidade Infantil , Expectativa de Vida , Mortalidade , Fatores Etários , América , Ásia , América Central , Chile , Costa Rica , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Europa (Continente) , Ásia Oriental , França , Alemanha , Hong Kong , Japão , América Latina , Longevidade , México , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: This article summarizes some results from the 1994 Bolivian Demographic and Health Survey. Mortality declined to 75 deaths per 1000 births for infant mortality for the 5 years preceding the survey. Under-5 mortality declined to 116 per 1000 births. The declines were still not as low as in some other neighboring countries such as Peru and Paraguay. Smaller declines are attributed to low levels of immunization. Only 37% of children 12-23 months old were fully immunized, and some regions had only 25% coverage. 28% of children under 3 years old were malnourished or stunted. Although malnourishment was high, the amount in 1994 was a decline from 38% in 1989. Maternal mortality declined from 416 deaths per 100,000 live births during 1984-89 to 390 during 1989-94. Low levels of maternity care are considered a major cause for the high maternal mortality compared to other South American countries. Only about 50% of mothers received prenatal care or medical assistance at delivery in the 3 years preceding the survey. Fertility declined to 4.8 children per woman in 1994 from 6.5 births per woman in the early 1970s. The mean ideal family size was small, at 2.5 children per woman. Almost 50% of currently married women were using family planning. 18% used a modern method. 22% used periodic abstinence. Almost 25% of married women did not know a modern method of contraception. Although improvements in maternal and child health were evident, there is still room for considerable improvement in the health and well being of this population.^ieng
Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Demografia , Mortalidade Infantil , Mortalidade Materna , Mortalidade , América , Bolívia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Fertilidade , América Latina , População , Dinâmica Populacional , América do SulRESUMO
"This paper examines the adult-mortality transition in Costa Rica and its determinants. The risk of dying declined by 80% for young adults and by 40% for old adults from 1920 to 1990. The fastest decline took place in the 1950s for young-adult ages and in the late 1980s for old-adult ages.... By 1990, about 40% of Costa Rican deaths are caused by accidents and violence at young-adult ages and by cardiovascular diseases at old ages. Infectious and nutritional-related conditions (especially respiratory tuberculosis and malaria) account for three-fourths of the adult-mortality decline between 1951 and 1971, but only for 30% since that year on." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Assuntos
Adulto , Causas de Morte , Mortalidade , Fatores Etários , América , América Central , Costa Rica , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
"The paper presents the Latin American demographic situation and trends since 1950, with special emphasis on differential mortality across and within countries.... The large declines in mortality, specially those at young ages, are linked to changes in epidemiological profiles which imply a greater relative importance of non-transmissible diseases and a lesser role of infectious and parasitic diseases. Population ageing also contributes to these changes due to the increased fraction of adult and elderly population. In the majority of countries, excessive mortality due to avoidable causes is still present among the poor." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Assuntos
Causas de Morte , Mortalidade , Dinâmica Populacional , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , População , PesquisaRESUMO
PIP: With a decline of almost 60% over the past decade in the mortality of children under age 5 years old to the current rate of 33 child deaths/1000 live births, Mexico has joined the 20 countries listed by UNICEF as making the most progress in reducing child mortality since 1980. Much of this progress can be attributed to Mexico's immunization program, which has brought the proportion of fully immunized children under age 5 years to 94% over the past 5 years. Mexico's president has been instrumental in the program's success, having a personal interest in childhood vaccination and supervising the twice-yearly immunization coverage surveys. Even though presidential elections are being held this year, the immunization program should remain strong regardless of who wins because all of Mexico's political parties have pledged to remain committed to immunization. Awareness in the population about the need for vaccination is maintained with the help of the mass media, especially radio and television. The country's enthusiasm for vaccination seems to be paying off in terms of declining child mortality and the eradication of wild poliovirus. The immunization program reaches all but 2-3% of Mexico's children, despite some logistical difficulties and resistance to vaccines among certain religious groups such as the Mennonites and Jehovah's witnesses.^ieng
Assuntos
Governo , Imunização , Mortalidade Infantil , Liderança , Mortalidade , Vacinação , Pessoal Administrativo , América , Comunicação , Atenção à Saúde , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , América Latina , Longevidade , México , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , População , Dinâmica Populacional , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
PIP: An average of 30 years has been added to Mexican life expectancy in the past five decades. Women and men born in 1940 had life expectancies of 41.5 and 39.5 years, respectively, compared to 72.8 and 66.7 in 1990. Mortality declined most sharply between 1940 and 1960, and declined at varying rates in the subsequent decades. In the decade from 1980 to 1990, the mortality decline slowed. The differential in life expectancy between men and women amounted to 6.2 years in 1980 and 6.1 in 1990. The high life expectancy of women means that future advances will be more difficult to achieve. The greater survival of Mexicans over the five decades is due to improvements in living conditions, advances in preventive and curative medicine, and social policy. The slower pace of mortality decline in the past decade may perhaps have been due to deteriorating living conditions, reduced priority accorded to social policies in the areas of health and education, and declining real incomes. Mexican health, education, and other social policies have favored the urban and industrial centers, increasing regional disparities. A comparison of life expectancies in Oaxaca, one of the most impoverished states of Mexico, and Puebla, which has somewhat better conditions, with life expectancies in the wealthy state of Nuevo Leon and the Federal District demonstrates the influence of the level of development on life expectancy. Life expectancy in 1990 in Oaxaca and Puebla was the equivalent of that for all of Mexico ten years earlier. Men in Oaxaca live five years less on average than men in Nuevo Leon. But the gain in life expectancy for males was higher in Oaxaca between 1980 and 1990 than in the other states.^ieng
Assuntos
Expectativa de Vida , Mortalidade , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , Longevidade , México , América do Norte , População , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
PIP: Data from the Dominican Republic's 1991 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) and other surveys of recent decades were the basis for this assessment of maternal and child health, morbidity, and mortality. The first of three major sections describes changes in infant mortality over the past three decades and estimates maternal mortality rates using the sister survival method. The major causes of infant death are also identified. The second section provides data on the incidence and treatment of diarrhea and acute respiratory infections in young children. The third section uses information from the Household Questionnaire of the 1991 DHS to assess maternal morbidity and to analyze the coverage of prenatal care. Infant mortality in the Dominican Republic is known to have declined, but there is no consensus on the current level. Analysis of trends and internal consistency of estimates from different sources suggests that infant mortality declined from around 100/1000 live births in the early 1960s to 43/1000 in the late 1980s. Despite the progress, the Dominican Republic still has the second highest level of infant mortality among the Caribbean islands. The neonatal mortality rate exceeds the postneonatal rate, and marked geographic and socioeconomic differentials persist. A high proportion of infant deaths are caused by respiratory and diarrheal disorders and preventable infections. Application of the sister survival method to 1991 DHS data indicated that the maternal mortality rate declined from 25/10,000 live births in 1971 to around 18/10,000 in 1980, with the decline due in large part to improved health services. The 1991 DHS data indicated that 16.6% of children under five had at least one diarrheal episode and one-fifth had signs of respiratory infection in the two weeks preceding the survey. Both diarrhea and respiratory infections had their greatest incidence in children 6-11 months old. 30% of the children with diarrhea and 40% with respiratory infections were taken to a health facility. 31.6% of children with diarrhea received oral rehydration therapy. The 1991 DHS data showed that 37% of children 12-23 months old were completely vaccinated and only 1% had no vaccinations. Prenatal care was obtained from a physician for 97% of births in the five years preceding the 1991 DHS. Over 90% of deliveries occurred in health facilities and nearly 90% were professionally attended.^ieng
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Criança , Demografia , Diarreia Infantil , Mortalidade Infantil , Lactente , Mortalidade Materna , Morbidade , Mortalidade , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Infecções Respiratórias , Adolescente , América , Região do Caribe , Atenção à Saúde , Países em Desenvolvimento , Diarreia , Doença , República Dominicana , Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , Infecções , América Latina , Serviços de Saúde Materna , Centros de Saúde Materno-Infantil , América do Norte , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Atenção Primária à SaúdeRESUMO
PIP: Results of the Dominican Republic's four most important fertility surveys were used to analyze how relations between selected sociodemographic factors and infant mortality have changed in recent decades, and to evaluate the contribution of changes in the distribution of these factors to mortality decline. The empirical analysis was carried out in four parts, the first of which analyzed trends in infant mortality in the Dominican Republic between 1960 and 1990. The second part established the importance of each determinant in each period studied and used logistic regression to analyze changes in the structure of the relationship between the variables and infant mortality. The third section analyzed changes in the relative weight of the categories of determinants during the study period. The final section standardized the risk of death in 1964-69 using the composition of births in 1985-90 and vice versa to evaluate the influence of each determinant in the infant mortality decline. The number of study variables was limited to six by lack of comparability in the four fertility surveys. The six variables were region and zone of residence, education and age of the mother, and birth order and interval. The results of this research did not indicate any clear pattern of change in the structure of relations between determinants and infant mortality. It appears plausible that there are various routes toward the transition leading to low mortality. In the Dominican Republic, maternal education was most important from 1964 to 1969, when infant mortality was high, and became relatively less important as a determinant in subsequent years. The changing relationship between maternal education and infant mortality suggests that there are no generalized patterns but rather the weight of each variable differs from one context to another and depends on the influence of other socioeconomic, medical, and demographic determinants.^ieng
Assuntos
Intervalo entre Nascimentos , Ordem de Nascimento , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Escolaridade , Geografia , Mortalidade Infantil , Idade Materna , Mortalidade , Fatores Etários , América , Região do Caribe , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , República Dominicana , Economia , Características da Família , Relações Familiares , Fertilidade , América Latina , América do Norte , Pais , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , Classe Social , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
PIP: Maternal mortality in Mexico has declined significantly over the past half century. The maternal mortality rate was 53/10,000 live births in 1940 and 5.1 in 1990. The greatest and most rapid decline occurred in the 1940s. The maternal mortality rate is still too high, and in addition the differential between Mexican rates and those of the developed countries has increased. The average age at maternal death is 29 years, a full 40 years less than potential life expectancy. The risk of death from causes related to reproduction varies substantially by educational level. Of all maternal deaths between 1986 and 1991, 26% were in illiterate women, 33% in women with incomplete primary, and 24% in those with complete primary. In 1990, the average female school attainment was complete primary. The maternal mortality rate was eight times higher among illiterate women and five times higher in those not completing primary than in those finishing preparatory. Geographically, states with low maternal mortality rates of under 3.1 are mainly located in the north and those with high maternal mortality of over 6.0 are in the south. The central zone is an intermediate area. The 1991 maternal mortality rates of Oaxaca, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, and the state of Mexico are similar to those of Nuevo Leon 30 years ago or Aguascalientes, Sonora, and Baja California 20 years ago. 72% of maternal deaths in the 1980s occurred in rural areas. The rates were 6.5/10,000 in rural areas and 4.1/10,000 in urban areas. The maternal mortality rate also increases with marginalization. An index of marginalization constructed with census data using multivariate techniques showed that fertile aged women in very marginalized municipios had maternal mortality rates of 11.5/10,000, or a risk of death three times greater than women in municipios scoring low for marginalization. Maternal mortality continues to be a priority public health problem in Mexico. Because so many maternal deaths are preventable, maternal mortality is one of the most revealing indicators of social inequality.^ieng
Assuntos
Mortalidade Materna , Mortalidade , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , México , América do Norte , População , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
PIP: This introduction to a detailed study of fertility change in Mexico assesses the available fertility data and describes the sources used, traces the beginning and course of the demographic transition in Mexico, and describes the work. Mexico's demographic transition began around 1930 with the acceleration of mortality decline. The considerable time lag between the mortality decline and the beginning of the fertility decline resulted in a period of very rapid growth. Between 1955 and 1975, the growth rate exceeded 3% annually. The start of the fertility decline dated to about 1970, the time of a major reform of population policy and creation of institutions to reduce growth. But the fertility decline was not solely the result of population programs. An incipient fertility decline could be observed in the metropolitan and more educated population sectors beginning in the early 1960s. The onset of the mortality decline in the 1930s resulted from the sustained social and economic progress made possible after the conclusion of the Mexican Revolution. Between 1930 and 1980, the adult illiteracy rate declined from 61.2% to 17%, while life expectancy increased from 33 years to 63.2 years. In Mexico as in other Latin American countries, the mortality decline, which disturbed the traditional balance between high mortality and high fertility, was the force setting off the demographic transition and the necessary precursor to fertility decline. The first of two main sections of the book focuses on examination of fertility variations in Mexico since around 1900 using cross-sectional and longitudinal methods of analysis. The second part describes the origins, history, and institutions involved in Mexico's population policies and the demographic programs and their principal results. The influence of population policies in demographic change is assessed, especially in the case of fertility changes induced by family planning programs. Both the first and second parts sought to place Mexican fertility trends in the context of the demographic transition and to observe the functioning and effects of demographic programs.^ieng
Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Mortalidade , Dinâmica Populacional , Política Pública , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Fertilidade , América Latina , México , América do Norte , PopulaçãoRESUMO
PIP: The infant mortality rate of 55/1000 estimated for Peru on the basis of the 1991-92 Demographic and Family Health Survey is significantly lower than the official projection of 82/1000. Two demographers with the National Population Council conducted an exhaustive analysis of census and survey information for the period 1972-92 in order to evaluate the infant mortality estimates. They paid particular attention to the quality of data in surveys over the past decade, concluding that, in accordance with the trends demonstrated in all available sources, a continuing infant mortality decline amounting to 17% every 5 years could be expected. They affirmed that the 1993 infant mortality rate was 56/1000 and estimated that it would drop to 46/1000 during 1996-2000. They suggested that results for the 1990s should be verified when definitive results of the 1993 national census become available. Despite declines, Peru's infant mortality rate is still the third highest in Latin America. The decline may be attributed to fertility decline, increased educational attainment of women, massive vaccination campaigns, and urbanization, which apparently overcame the negative effects of poverty and deteriorating living conditions. Infant mortality and other demographic data needed to orient health policies and programs should not continue to be based on externally funded surveys whose timing is beyond the control of national officials.^ieng
Assuntos
Mortalidade Infantil , Mortalidade , América , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América Latina , Peru , População , Dinâmica Populacional , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: An abbreviated life table for Mexico is presented, based on findings of the 1990 census and deaths registered around 1990. The estimated life expectancy at birth in 1990 of 69.99 years was 3.5 years higher than the corresponding estimate based on the 1980 census. The gain in life expectancy averaged 3 years for ages 1-20 years, 2 years for ages 30-40 years, and 1-1.5 years for ages 45-65. The principal causes of general mortality were heart disease, accidents, malignant tumors, infectious intestinal diseases, and diabetes mellitus. The 5 principal causes of infant mortality were disorders arising in the perinatal period, infectious intestinal disorders, pneumonia and influenza, congenital anomalies, and nutritional deficiency disorders. Gains in life expectancy during the 1980s were significant because of the decline in infant mortality, but infant mortality levels remain high compared to those of other countries. Differentials in infant mortality rates in different states were significant, with 1990 rates ranging from 70/1000 in Oaxaca to 30 in the Federal District. The differentials in infant mortality rates were reflected in life expectancies. In the Federal District and the states of Nuevo Leon, Nayarit, and Tamaulipas, life expectancy exceeded the national average by 2-5 years. The proportion of deaths in the earliest age group that were not reported declined at the national level from around 20% in 1980 to around 10% in 1990. Census-based infant mortality estimates for 1990 were more reliable than those for 1980.^ieng