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A new and threatened polypore species, Bondarzewia loguerciae, is described from the cloud forests of southern Brazil. It is characterized by single-pileate basidiomata that grow on dead branches and along living stems of standing trunks and present a context with dark lines and resinous tubes. When growing in axenic culture, this species also develops chlamydospores. We provide an illustrated morphological description and molecular analysis. Our specimens from Brazil form a monophyletic group among other species of the Southern Hemisphere. The conservation status of B. loguerciae is assessed and published as "Critically Endangered" based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature  (IUCN) criteria. Additionally, a key to the species is provided.

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Costa Rica emerged from the seas as a new geological territory during the Miocene as an insular archipelago. It later became part of a continental area once it became a segment of Central America. Two dung beetle genera that colonized this new territory from South and North America, Canthidium and Onthophagus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), are here studied, in the first analysis of a volcanic paleo-archipelago, colonized from its emergence, and then later becoming terra firma. To assess their biodiversity distribution patterns, we analyzed the effect of biogeography, ecosystem origins, and body size on their altitudinal distribution patterns in three geographic basins of Costa Rica. Based on 32 years of collecting representing more than 158,000 specimens from 1017 localities, we undertook Generalized Linear Models of the two dung beetle genera to assess the effects of biodiversity and biogeographical distribution patterns. Canthidium and Onthophagus species ranged from 0 to 3000 m a.s.l., with an abrupt diversity decline at altitudes above 1500 m. Endemic species tended to show a higher altitudinal mean with a narrow altitudinal band distribution than non-endemic dung beetle species. Although there was a trend of decreasing species body size with the increase in altitude, such a trend depended on the distribution pattern of the species group. This possible insular-mediated endemicity mechanism has generated baffling biodiversity levels, considered the highest worldwide per unit area. Costa Rica is an expanse represented by a geographic overlap of two or more temporally disjunct areas and is not part of a natural transition zone. The effect of the insular Miocene origin of Costa Rica still pervades today, reflected by different insular syndromes shown by the dung beetle fauna. The importance of geological origins in generating biodiversity seems to have been an underrated criterion for conservation biology practices and should be considered ex officio.

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PREMISE: Functional traits reflect species' responses to environmental variation and the breadth of their ecological niches. Fagus grandifolia and Oreomunnea mexicana have restricted distribution in upper montane cloud forests (1700-2000 m a.s.l.) in Mexico. These species were introduced into plantings at lower elevations (1200-1600 m a.s.l.) that have climates predicted for montane forests in 2050 and 2070. The aim was to relate morphological leaf traits to the ecological niche structure of each species. METHODS: Leaf functional traits (leaf area, specific leaf area [SLA], thickness, and toughness) were analyzed in forests and plantings. Atmospheric circulation models and representative concentration pathways (RCPs: 2.6, 4.5, 8.5) were used to assess future climate conditions. Trait-niche relationships were analyzed by measuring the Mahalanobis distance (MD) from the forests and the plantings to the ecological niche centroid (ENC). RESULTS: For both species, leaf area and SLA were higher and toughness lower in plantings at lower elevation relative to those in higher-elevation forests, and thickness was similar. Leaf traits varied with distance from sites to the ENC. Forests and plantings have different environmental locations regarding the ENC, but forests are closer (MD 0.34-0.58) than plantings (MD 0.50-0.70) for both species. CONCLUSIONS: Elevation as a proxy for expected future climate conditions influenced the functional traits of both species, and trait patterns related to the structure of their ecological niches were consistent. The use of distances to the ENC is a promising approach to explore variability in species' functional traits and phenotypic responses in optimal versus marginal environmental conditions.

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Forensic palynology is a tool in criminalistics that uses spores and pollen grains to link a certain geographical location with a crime scene. The comparison of the pollen assemblage of a crime-scene soil and that of footwear of suspects and victims proved to be very useful as judicial evidence in multiple environments with marked seasonality. However, its usefulness in non-seasonal high-altitude soils has not been experimentally evaluated to the same extent. For this reason, the present study addressed this information gap by undertaking a palynological study in areas with high crime rates in the city of La Paz, Bolivia. To do this, we carried out multiple experimental samplings in three locations with different types of soil and different degrees of urbanization. Specifically, we compared whether the vegetation present at the time of taking the reference samples, was reflected in the pollen rain. Results showed that the vast majority of the species present in the vegetation were found in the pollen rain, with the exception of some plant species with entomophilous pollination syndrome. We also show that the transfer between assemblages from pollen rain to footwear happened effectively, which helped identify their geographical origin, and unveiled a great number of useful indicator species.

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Resumen Se reporta por primera vez la presencia del tigrillo u ocelote (Leopardus pardalis), en el Santuario Histórico de Machupicchu, mediante el uso de cámaras trampa. Se obtuvieron 21 registros fotográficos independientes en cuatro sectores de bosque montano entre junio de 2018 y marzo del 2020. El rango altitudinal registrado para esta especie dentro del Santuario comprende desde 2193 hasta 3414 metros de altitud, lo que incluye el segundo registro a mayor elevación en el Perú. Los registros indican un patrón de actividad catemeral, es decir sin ninguna preferencia de actividad horaria entre el día y la noche, y sugieren que la presencia de tigrillo en algunas áreas a más de 3000 m puede ser más común de lo que se pensaba, con ejemplares presentes todo el año.

Abstract We report for the first time the presence of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis), in the Machupicchu Historic Sanctuary, using camera traps. Twenty-one independent photographic records were obtained in four montane forest sectors between June 2018 and March 2020. The altitudinal range recorded for this species within the Sanctuary ranges from 2193 to 3414 m of altitude, which includes the second highest elevation record in Peru. The records indicate a pattern of cathemeral activity, with no time preference between day and night, and suggest that the presence of ocelots in some areas above 3000 m may be more common than previously thought, with specimens present year-round.

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Abstract Montane ecosystems in South America harbor high levels of endemism typically with species that are often threatened. Here we investigated fruit and seed morphology, germination, and early growth parameters of Crinodendron brasiliense, an endangered and narrow endemic tree species of subtropical montane cloud forests in Southern Brazil. We obtained fruit and seed size and shape, number of lobes and number of seeds per fruit and evaluated germination and early growth parameters in a greenhouse. We tested the effect of different container types and parent plant on seed morphology, germination, and early growth. We also tested whether thermal scarification would improve germination rates. We showed that parent plant significantly influenced fruit and seed morphology as well as early growth rates. The germination rate of the species was extremely low (0.003-0.004%), which may be one important underlying cause of its small population size and restricted distribution. Thermal scarification was ineffective to improve the germination of seeds. Unexpectedly, container type significantly affected germination success, as seeds in trays germinated faster and in higher rates than seeds planted in seedbeds. Such result suggests a higher soil moisture could improve germination success. Our study is the first documented propagation of the species and provides essential aspects on the reproductive biology and early development of Crinodendron brasiliense. We highlight the urgent need for further research and collaborative conservation initiatives to prevent the extinction of this species.

Resumo Investigamos la morfología de frutos y semillas, la germinación y los parámetros del crecimiento inicial de Crinodendron brasiliense, una especie arbórea en peligro de extinción y endémica de los bosques montanos del sur de Brasil. Obtuvimos el tamaño y la forma de frutos y semillas, el número de lóbulos por fruto y el número de semillas por fruto, además de evaluar los parámetros de germinación y crecimiento inicial - desconocidos para la especie. Demostramos que la planta madre influyó significativamente en la morfología de frutos y semillas, así como en las tasas de crecimiento inicial. La tasa de germinación de la especie fue extremadamente baja (0.003-0.004%), lo que podría ser una causa importante para explicar su pequeño tamaño poblacional y restringida distribución. La escarificación térmica fue ineficaz para la germinación de semillas. Inesperadamente, el tipo de contenedor afectó significativamente el éxito de la germinación, ya que las semillas plantadas en bandejas germinaron más rápido y en tasas más altas que las semillas plantadas en semilleros. Tal resultado sugiere que una mayor humedad del suelo podría mejorar el éxito de la germinación. Nuestro estudio es el primer registro documentado de la propagación de esta especie y proporciona aspectos esenciales sobre la biología reproductiva y el desarrollo inicial de Crinodendron brasiliense. Destacamos la necesidad urgente de realizar más estudios e iniciativas de conservación colaborativas para evitar la extinción de esta especie.

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Introducción: Los bosques de niebla se caracterizan por su distribución insular en sistemas montañosos tropicales. Florísticamente son complejos y heterogéneos, y con vacíos de información que afectan la comprensión de cómo varía su diversidad y estructura. Objetivo: Analizar los patrones de diversidad, estructura y composición del bosque de niebla en México. Métodos: Contamos y medimos plantas leñosas en 40 parcelas de 0.1 ha de cinco sitios en aproximadamente 200 km a lo largo de la Sierra Madre de Chiapas, México (1 700 - 2 100 m.s.n.m.). Usamos tres métodos estadísticos: análisis de varianza (diversidad verdadera y estructura entre sitios), regresión simple y métodos multivariados (clima y elevación). Resultados: Registramos 4 021 individuos (220 especies, 60 familias). En la diversidad verdadera, solo encontramos diferencias en riqueza de especies, con un ligero incremento hacia la parte central del área. La diversidad fue constante para especies comunes y dominantes. No encontramos diferencias en la densidad de árboles o área basal entre los sitios. Sin embargo, hubo menor densidad y mayor área basal a mayores elevaciones. La diversidad beta y la diferenciación en la composición florística es alta e importante entre las parcelas de un mismo sitio y se incrementa con la distancia entre los sitios. Conclusiones: La diversidad beta y la diferenciación florística contribuyen significativamente en la variación del bosque de niebla. Las variables climáticas y la altitud tienen efectos distintos sobre la diversidad y estructura.

Introduction: Cloud forests are noted for their narrow distribution in tropical mountain systems. Floristically, they are complex and heterogeneous, with gaps in information that hinder the understanding of how their diversity and structure vary. Objective: To analyze patterns of diversity, structure, and composition of the cloud forest in Mexico. Methods: We counted and measured woody plants in forty 0.1 ha plots from five sites in approximately 200 km along the Sierra Madre of Chiapas, Mexico (1 700 - 2 100 m.a.s.l.). We used three statistical methods: analysis of variance (diversity true and structure among sites), simple regression and multivariate statistics (climate and elevation). Results: We recorded 4 021 individuals (220 species, 60 families). In true diversity, we only found differences for species richness, with a slight increase toward the central part of the area. Diversity was constant for common and dominant species. We found no differences in tree density or basal area between sites. However, there was less density and more basal area at higher elevations. Beta diversity and differentiation in floristic composition are high and important between plots of the same site, and they increase with distance between sites. Conclusions: Beta diversity and floristic differentiation significantly contribute to variation in the cloud forest. Climatic variables and altitude have different effects on diversity and structure.

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Wood density (WD) is a key functional trait related to ecological strategies and ecosystem carbon dynamics. Despite its importance, there is a considerable lack of information on WD in tropical Andean forests, particularly regarding its relationship with forest succession and ecosystem carbon cycling. Here, we quantified WD in 86 upper Andean tree and shrub species in central Colombia, with the aim of determining how WD changes with forest succession and how it is related to productivity. We hypothesized that WD will increase with succession because early successional forests will be colonized by acquisitive species, which typically have low WD, while the shaded understory of older forests should favor higher WD. We measured WD in 481 individuals from 27 shrub and 59 tree species, and quantified aboveground biomass (AGB), canopy height, net primary production (NPP) and species composition and abundance in 14, 400-m2, permanent plots. Mean WD was 0.513 ± 0.114 (g/cm3), with a range between 0.068 and 0.718 (g/cm3). Shrubs had, on average, higher WD (0.552 ± 0.095 g/cm3) than trees (0.488 ± 0.104 g/cm3). Community weighted mean WD (CWMwd) decreased with succession (measured as mean canopy height, AGB, and basal area); CWMwd also decreased with aboveground NPP and stem growth. In contrast, the percentage of NPP attributed to litter and the percent of shrubs in plots increased with CWMwd. Thus, our hypothesis was not supported because early successional forests had higher CWMwd than late successional forests. This was related to a high proportion of shrubs (with high WD) early in succession, which could be a consequence of: 1) a low seed availability of trees due to intense land use in the landscape and/or 2) harsh abiotic conditions early in succession that filter out trees. Forest with high CWMwd had a high %NPP attributed to litter because they were dominated by shrubs, which gain little biomass in their trunks. Our findings highlight the links between WD, succession and carbon cycling (biomass and productivity) in this biodiversity hotspot. Thus, WD is an important trait that can be used to understand upper Andean forest recovery and improve forest restoration and management practices.

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We present a list of bats collected above 2000 meters in Río Abiseo National Park. Sixteen bat species belonging to the Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae families were collected during four expeditions between 1987 and 1990. Twelve species were found within expected altitudinal ranges, but four exceeded their previously reported maximum altitudinal ranges. A comparison with other bat lists from other localities at similar altitudes is presented.

Se presenta una lista de murciélagos colectados por encima de los 2000 m en el Parque Nacional Río Abiseo. Dieciséis especies de murciélagos pertenecientes tanto a las familias Phyllostomidae y Vespertilionidae fueron colectadas durante cuatro expediciones realizadas entre 1987 y 1990. Doce especies fueron encontradas dentro de los rangos altitudinales esperados, pero cuatro excedieron su altitud máxima previamente reportada. Se presenta una comparación con otras listas de murciélagos de otras localidades a altitudes similares.

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In this paper we describe and illustrate Schlegelialongirachis a new species from montane forest remnants (1200--1900 m) in the Western slope of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia ("Serranía de Las Quinchas" and Virolín county) in the Departments of Boyacá and Santander. A root-climbing liana, the new species is contrasted to S.fuscata, S.monachinoi and S.parviflora, the three most morphologically similar species of Schlegelia. This new species is differentiated from its putative close relatives by vegetative (texture, colour, pubescence and shape in leaves, bracts, bracteoles pedicel, calyx and corolla), inflorescences as well as floral characters (staminode absent). We provide an updated key to 24 known species of Schlegelia. For the identification key, S.fuscata and S.roseiflora are regarded here as different from S.parviflora. S.urbaniana is considered a synonym of S.axillaris, whereas S.fastigiata is separated from S.sulphurea as a recognizable species. Schlegelia has its center of distribution in Colombia, where 17 of the species are known to occur.

ResumenEn este artículo se describe e ilustra Schlegelialongirachis una nueva especie de los remanentes de bosques montanos húmedos (1200--1900 m) localizados en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia, en la Serranía de Las Quinchas y corregimiento de Virolín, en los departamentos de Boyacá y Santander (respectivamente). Esta nueva especie es una liana trepadora por raíces, la cual comparte varias similaridades con S.fuscata, S.monachinoi y S.parviflora. Sin embargo, difiere de estas especies en la textura, colores, pubescencia, forma de las hojas, brácteas, bractéolas, pedicelo, cáliz y corola, en el tipo de inflorescencia y por la ausencia del estaminodio. Se presenta una clave actualizada para diferenciar las especies del género Schlegelia. Para la clave, en un contexto geográfico y taxonómico, S.fuscata y S.roseiflora son tratadas como especies diferentes de S.parviflora. Por otra parte, S.urbaniana es considerada un sinónimo de S.axillaris y S.fastigiata es separada de S.sulphurea, y es reconocida como una especie válida. La presente contribución incrementa a 24 las especies de Schlegelia, 17 de éstas se conocen en Colombia, el país con la mayor diversidad del género.

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Piperquinchasense is described and illustrated as a new species occurring in the understory of wet montane forest of the middle Magdalena Valley in Colombia, the easternmost portion of the Chocó Region. Its relationships are discussed with related taxa from the Macrostachys clade. An identification key for 35 Neotropical Piper species with peltate leaves is provided.

ResumenPiperquinchasense se describe e ilustra como una nueva especie que ocurre en el sotobosque de bosques húmedos montanos del valle medio del Magdalena en Colombia, la porción más oriental del Chocó Biogeográfico. Se discuten sus relaciones con otras especies del clado Macrostachys. Se presenta una clave de identificación para 35 especies de Piper Neotropical con hojas peltadas.

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Fourteen species of the genus Epidendrum, recently collected in the Área de Conservación Privada La Pampa del Burro (ACPPB), five of them new to science (Epidendrumechinatiantherumsp. nov., E.imazaensesp. nov., E.parvireflexilobumsp. nov., E.rosulatumsp. nov., and E.ochrostachyumsp. nov.), are described and illustrated. The other species include a new record for Peru (E.acrobatesii) and four for the department of Amazonas (E.brachyblastum, E.forcipatum, E.mavrodactylon, and E.tridens). Epidendrumenantilobum is here considered a synonym of Epidendrumbrachyblastum. The type locality of Epidendrumcryptorhachis, originally stated as Ecuador, Guayabamba, is corrected to indicate that it refers to the valley of Guayabamba, Rodríguez de Mendoza, Amazonas, Peru. Our results show the need to continue conducting botanical exploration in the ACPPB as a baseline for subsequent studies, including a full inventory of the orchid diversity.

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The structural and physiognomic characteristics of forests and mountain forest are fundamental aspects that influence the richness, abundance and composition in the bird community. The objective of the present work was to analyse how the vegetation structure could influence the species composition of mixed-species flocks (MSF), along the latitudinal gradient of the subtropical montane forest of the Yungas of Argentina. Eight sites were studied along the 700 km of distribution of the Argentine Yungas. Richness and abundance of MSF were determined. In addition, different variables of composition and structure of the vegetation were analysed. Multivariate analysis indicated that vertical strata coverage and litter depth were the main variables associated with changes in the species composition of MSF along the gradient. Variation in MSF composition within the Yungas was associated with the physiognomy of the subtropical montane forest, which could indicate that it is strongly linked to the condition of the local vegetation. Substantial changes in vegetation could drastically change the composition of the resident flocks. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes'.

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The Costa Rican Paramo is a unique ecosystem with high levels of endemism that is geographically isolated from the Andean Paramos. Paramo ecosystems occur above Montane Forests, below the permanent snow level, and their vegetation differs notably from that of adjacent Montane Forests. We compared the composition and beta diversity of blooming plant species using phenological data from functional plant groups (i.e., insect-visited, bird-visited and insect + bird-visited plants) between a Paramo and a Montane Forest site in Costa Rica and analyzed seasonal changes in blooming plant diversity between the rainy and dry seasons. Species richness was higher in the Montane Forest for all plant categories, except for insect-visited plants, which was higher in the Paramo. Beta diversity and blooming plant composition differed between both ecosystems and seasons. Differences in species richness and beta diversity between Paramo and the adjacent Montane Forest are likely the result of dispersal events that occurred during the last glacial period and subsequent isolation, as climate turned to tropical conditions after the Pleistocene, and to stressful abiotic conditions in the Paramo ecosystem that limit species establishment. Differences in blooming plant composition between both ecosystems and seasons are likely attributed to differential effects of climatic cues triggering the flowering events in each ecosystem, but phylogenetic conservatism cannot be discarded. Analyses of species composition and richness based on flowering phenology data are useful to evaluate potential floral resources for floral visitors (insects and birds) and how these resources change spatially and temporarily in endangered ecosystems such as the Paramo.

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Based on morphological and molecular characters, we describe a new species of terrestrial breeding frog of the Pristimantisdanae Group from montane forests of La Mar Province, Ayacucho Department in southern Peru, at elevations from 1200 to 2000 m a.s.l. The phylogenetic analysis, based on concatenated sequences of gene fragments of 16S rRNA, RAG1, COI and TYR suggests that the new species is a sister taxon of a clade that includes one undescribed species of Pristimantis from Cusco, Pristimantispharangobates and Pristimantisrhabdolaemus. The new species is most similar to P.rhabdolaemus, which differs by lacking scapular tubercules and by its smaller size (17.0-18.6 mm in males [n = 5], 20.8-25.2 mm in females [n = 5] in the new species vs. 22.8-26.3 mm in males [n = 19], 26.0-31.9 mm in females [n = 30] of P.rhabdolaemus). Additionally, we report the prevalence of Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis (Bd) in this species.

ResumenDescribimos una nueva especie de rana terrestre de desarrollo directo del grupo Pristimantisdanae de bosques montanos procedentes de la provincia de La Mar, departamento de Ayacucho al sur de Perú con rango de distribución altitudinal entre los 1200­2000 msnm, en base a caracteres morfológicos y moleculares. El análisis filogenético basado en las secuencias concatenadas de los fragmentos de genes ARNr 16S, COI, RAG1 y TYR sugiere que la nueva especie es un taxón hermano del clado que incluye a una especie de Pristimantis no descrita de Cusco, Pristimantispharangobates y Pristimantisrhabdolaemus. La nueva especie se asemeja más a P.rhabdolaemus; de la cual difiere por la ausencia de tubérculos escapulares y su menor tamaño corporal (17.0­18.6 mm en machos [n=5], 20.8­25.2 mm en hembras [n=5] en la nueva especie vs 22.8­26.3 mm en machos [n=19], 26.0­31.9 mm en hembras [n=30] de P.rhabdolaemus). Adicionalmente, reportamos la prevalencia de Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis (Bd) en esta especie de Terrarana.

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We present the results of herpetological surveys in two adjacent mountains where the EcoMinga Foundation protects the cloud forest in the Upper Rio Pastaza watershed, in the Llanganates Sangay Ecological Corridor in Ecuador. A rapid assessment of the amphibian communities of the study sites reveals a diverse and heterogeneous composition, dominated by terrestrial frogs from the genus Pristimantis. We also identify a cryptic diversity with a significant number of candidate new species. We describe two new species of terrestrial frogs of the genus Pristimantis. Pristimantismaryanneae sp. nov. is characterised by not having tympanum externally visible and having 2-3 subconical tubercles in the upper eyelid; and Pristimantisburtoniorum sp. nov. is characterised by the presence of red colouration in hidden surfaces of the hind-limbs, tubercles on the upper eyelid, interorbital tubercle and a row of rounded tubercles along the snout to the tip and a pale red venter with dark brown mottled pattern. Our samples from the two Reserves do not share species between them, so the proportion of shared species seems to be relatively low. In addition, we highlight the importance of updating the knowledge of amphibians that are restricted to this important conservation region and comment about the threats and composition of the amphibian communities on the eastern slopes of the Upper Rio Pastaza watershed.

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Tropical montane forests are threatened by uncontrolled fire events because of agricultural expansion. Consequently, deforested areas frequently are dominated by the bracken fern, Pteridium spp., for long periods, and forest regeneration is limited. Despite considerable research on bracken-dominated ecosystems, little is known about the relationship between bracken mycorrhizal fungi and tree seedlings. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic relationships with terrestrial plants, providing nutrients and protection against pathogens and promoting seedling growth and establishment. Therefore, AMF inoculum have high potential for forest restoration programs. Here, we compare the species diversity of AMF spores, root colonization, and seedling growth of Clusia trochiformis 1 year after the addition of different liquefied root inocula: forest conspecific, forest heterospecific, and from Pteridium rhizomes. Thirteen morphospecies of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were identified on the roots of C. trochiformis, and Glomus spp. were the most abundant in all treatments. No differences were observed in spore species richness and diversity among treatments, but spore density was the highest subsequent to the Pteridium inoculum. There was no significant difference in mycorrhizal root colonization and seedling growth of C. trochiformis among inoculated treatments. We found a positive relation between root colonization and total biomass. This study shows that the AMF communities in bracken areas and forests present similar characteristics and that the bracken fern does not limit AMF inoculum potential, favouring seedling growth of Clusia.

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A new species of Calceolariasect.Cheiloncos endemic to central Chile is described. A comparison with the morphologically similar species Calceolariaasperula and Calceolariapetioalaris is made, and a key as well as detailed images to differentiate them is provided. The species is only known from the Natural Sanctuary Cerro El Roble, which is part of the coastal mountain range of central Chile and can be considered as Critically Endangered (CR) under the IUCN categories and criteria.

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Three new species of Lepanthes from Ecuador are described and illustrated. These additions to the Ecuadorean flora were recorded in evergreen montane forest and páramo as part of three different research projects conducted during the last five years (2016-2021). Lepanthesoro-lojaensis was discovered in the southwest of El Oro province and is similar to L.jimburae, differing mainly in the much smaller plants, inflorescences and floral parts. Lepanthesmicroprosartima from the western slopes of Pichincha volcano in northern Ecuador resembles L.obandoi but differs in the coloration of the leaves, the inflorescence that are shorter than the leaves and the smaller floral appendix. Lepanthescaranqui, found in eastern Pichincha and Imbabura, is most similar to L.pachychila but differs from it in its much larger plants and different shape of the petals and the floral appendix. Preliminary assessments of the conservation status of the three taxonomic novelties are provided, using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.

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We provide several lines of evidence to delimit a new species of Hyloscirtus and define its phylogenetic position inside the Hyloscirtus bogotensis group. The new species is the sister taxon to Hyloscirtus mashpi and is related to a clade formed by H. alytolylax and a putative new species from the province of El Oro in, southwestern Ecuador. Hyloscirtus conscientia sp. nov. is described from the montane forests of the Mira River basin in the extreme northwestern Ecuador. The new species is characterized as follows: tympanic annulus conspicuous, tip of snout in dorsal view subacuminate, middorsal stripe formed by melanophores larger and less dense, dorsal skin with individual iridophores forming dots, scarcely distributed across dorsum. Our study also highlights the importance of the Mira River Valley as a biogeographic barrier; suggesting research efforts north and south of the valley are likely to reveal additional endemic cryptic diversity. Finally, our partnership with Reserva: The Youth Land Trust, Rainforest Trust and EcoMinga Foundation has produced a novel and meaningful way to connect young people with biodiversity discovery and habitat conservation.