RESUMO
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by infection with Leishmania braziliensis is characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response that controls the parasite burden, but also contributes to pathology. While myeloid cells are required to eliminate the parasite, recent studies indicate that they may also participate in the inflammatory response driving disease progression. The innate immune response to leishmania is driven in part by the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. In this study, we used flow cytometric analysis to compare TLR2 and TLR4 expression in monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate, and non-classical) from CL patients and healthy subjects (HS). We also determined if there was an association of either the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF or the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 with TLR2 or TLR4 expression levels after L. braziliensis infection. In vitro infection with L. braziliensis caused CL monocytes to up-regulate TLR2 and TLR4 expression. We also found that intermediate monocytes expressed the highest levels of TLR2 and TLR4 and that infected monocytes produced more TNF and IL-10 than uninfected monocytes. Finally, while classical and intermediate monocytes were mainly responsible for TNF production, classical monocytes were the main source of IL-10. Collectively, our studies revealed that up-regulated TLR2/4 expression and TNF production by intermediate/inflammatory subsets of monocytes from patients correlates with detrimental outcome of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Assuntos
Interleucina-10/biossíntese , Leishmania braziliensis/imunologia , Leishmaniose Cutânea/patologia , Monócitos/imunologia , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/biossíntese , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/biossíntese , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/biossíntese , Adulto , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Leishmaniose Cutânea/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monócitos/parasitologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Macrophages derived from monocytes play an important role in atherosclerosis progression. Subpopulations of circulating classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes possess distinct functions and phenotypes, and participate in the pathogenesis of disease. The aim of this study was to compare the quantity and phenotypes of circulating monocyte subpopulations in patients with established atherosclerosis and healthy control individuals. Additionally, the study aimed to provide insight into the functional activity of monocytes against a heat shock protein (HSP60). METHODS: Chemokine and pattern recognition receptors in monocyte subsets obtained from peripheral blood of acute and chronic coronary artery disease patients and controls were quantified by flow cytometry. Furthermore, monocytes from healthy controls were stimulated in vitro with HSP60, and the cytokines produced by them were evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Eighteen controls (C), 34 individuals with risk factors for cardiovascular disease (RF), 32 patients with stable angina (SA), and 16 patients with unstable angina (UA) were enrolled in the study. The absolute count of intermediate monocytes was found to be increased in patients of the UA group; high frequencies of the chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR5, and CX3CR1 were also observed in this subpopulation. Moreover, the pattern recognition receptors TLR2 and TLR4 were more frequent in intermediate monocytes from the UA group. Furthermore, the intermediate monocytes from healthy individuals produced IL-12p70 after stimulation with HSP60. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that intermediate monocytes of UA patients exhibited an enhanced expression of the receptors involved in the recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and enhancement of the migratory function. Hence, they might contribute to the propagation and progression of inflammation observed in atherosclerosis, especially in the acute setting.
Assuntos
Angina Instável/metabolismo , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Monócitos/metabolismo , Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padrão/metabolismo , Receptor 1 de Quimiocina CX3C/metabolismo , Chaperonina 60/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-12/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptores CCR2/metabolismo , Receptores CCR5/metabolismo , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMO
Os macrófagos são componentes importantes da resposta imune inata contra o Mycobaterium tuberculosis (Mtb) e podem desempenhar um papel importante na patogênese da tuberculose (TB). Macrófagos são derivados dos monócitos, os quais são classificados em subpopulações a partir da expressão da molécula de superfície CD14 e CD16. São denominados de clássicos, intermediários e não clássicos, e possuem diferenças funcionais e fenotípicas. Os fatores que levam ao desenvolvimento de TB ativa ainda não são claros. Um desequilíbrio entre subpopulações de monócitos circulantes pode estar envolvido na imunopatogênese da TB, uma vez que macrófagos são células importantes da resposta imune inicial da doença. Assim, neste estudo avaliou-se os subgrupos de monócitos em pacientes com TB ativa e latente (TBL). Voluntários com TB ativa, TBL e indivíduos saudáveis foram recrutados para avaliação de frequência, níveis de ativação e produção de citocinas dos subgrupos de monócitos circulantes e após a estimulação antigênica por citometria de fluxo. Nossos resultados não demonstraram diferenças significativas nas frequências, níveis de ativação e produções de citocinas das subpopulações de monócitos entre os grupos estudados. No entanto, pacientes com TB ativa tiveram um aumento na frequência dos monócitos clássicos ativados após estimulação antigênica comparados com os controles saudáveis. Não observou-se uma expansão das subpopulações CD16+ em pacientes TB. Por outro lado, se observou uma expansão dos monócitos CD16...
Macrophages are important components of the innate immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB). Macrophages are derived from monocytes, which are classified into subpopulations from the expression of CD14 and CD16 surface molecule. They are denominated classics, intermediate and non-classical, and have functional and phenotypic differences. The factors that lead to the development of active tuberculosis are not clear yet. However, an imbalance between subpopulations of monocytes may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of TB, since macrophages are important cells in the initial immune responses of the disease. In this study we evaluated the monocyte subsets in patients with active and latent TB (ILTB). Volunteers with active TB, ILTB and healthy subjects were recruited to evaluate the frequency, levels of activation and cytokine production of blood monocytes subsets circulating and after the antigenic stimulation by flow cytometry. Our results did not show significant differences in the frequency, activation levels and cytokine production of monocytes subsets between studies groups. However, patients with active TB have an increased of frequency and activated levels of classical monocytes after antigenic stimulation compared to healthy controls. An expansion of CD16+ in monocytes subsets of TB patient was not observed. Moreover, it was observed an expansion and increased activation of CD16...