RESUMO
A prospective cohort study was conducted to measure the concentration levels of three primary phthalate metabolites (MBP, MEHP, MEP) during pregnancy in a group of women from the State of Mexico. The urinary concentration levels of the three phthalate primary metabolites were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry during the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy. The geometric mean and 95 % CI for MBP was 20.38 µg/mL (15.35-27.09); for MEHP 13.43 µg/mL (8.93-20.20), and MEP 52.47 µg/mL (39.88-69.04) adjusted to one g of creatinine. No significant trends were observed among the studied metabolites during the pregnancy period. MBP was higher in less educated women, while women who resided in industrialized zones showed higher levels of MEHP and MEP than women from non-industrialized zones. Consumption of plastic bottled beverages was associated with MBP and MEHP phthalate exposure. Women who used non-registered brands of plastic food containers for storage or for microwave oven use showed the highest levels of MBP and MEP phthalates. The pregnant women in our study were exposed to the three studied primary phthalate metabolites, and this could present a risk to their newborns. To better integrate public health policies, major exploration of potential exposure sources and effects at the regional level is required.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that prenatal phthalate exposure affects neurodevelopment and behavior during the first years of life. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of maternal urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites during pregnancy on mental and psychomotor development in children 24-36 months of age. METHODS: This analysis was conducted on the first three years of life among a subsample of 136 mother-child pairs from the ELEMENT cohort studies conducted in Mexico City. Maternal urine samples collected during the third trimester of pregnancy were analyzed for 9 phthalate metabolites: Mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), Mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP), and four di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) metabolites [mono-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP)]. Among the 136 children, 135 (99.3%) completed the study period. Child neurodevelopment was assessed using mental and psychomotor development indexes (MDI and PDI) from a Bayley (BSID II) test at 24, 30, and 36 months of age. The effect of prenatal phthalate exposure on neurodevelopment was estimated using linear regression models for longitudinal data clustered at the individual level. RESULTS: No significant associations were observed among all children combined, but differential effects by gender were found. Among girls, there was a negative association between MDI and DEHP metabolites MEHP (ß=-2.11 [95% CI: -3.73, -0.49]), MEHHP (ß=-1.89 [95% CI: -3.64, -0.15]), MEOHP (ß=-1.80 [95% CI: -3.58, -0.03]) MECPP (ß=-2.52 [95% CI: -4.44, -0.61]), and ΣDEHP (ß=-3.41 [95% CI: -5.26, -1.55]); there was no significant effect among boys. Male PDI was positively related to MBzP (ß=1.79 [95% CI: 0.14, 3.45]) and MCPP (ß=1.64 [95% CI: 0.15, 3.12]); there was no significant effect on PDI among girls. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that sex plays a role of an effect modifier in the association between prenatal phthalate exposure and neurodevelopment.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Infantil/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Nervoso/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácidos Ftálicos/toxicidade , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , México , Sistema Nervoso/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Ácidos Ftálicos/metabolismo , Gravidez , Desempenho Psicomotor/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores SexuaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of urinary phthalate levels with blood pressure (BP) and serum triglyceride and lipoprotein levels in children. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a subsample of US children aged 6-19 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2003 and 2008. We quantified exposure to 3 families of phthalates--low molecular weight, high molecular weight and di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP)--based on molar concentration of urinary metabolites. We assessed descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate associations with BP and lipid levels. RESULTS: Controlling for an array of sociodemographic and behavioral factors, as well as diet and body mass index, levels of metabolites of DEHP, a phthalate commonly found in processed foods, were associated with higher age-, sex-, and height-standardized BP. For each log unit (roughly 3-fold) increase in DEHP metabolites, a 0.041 SD unit increase in systolic BP z-score was identified (P = .047). Metabolites of low molecular weight phthalates commonly found in cosmetics and personal care products were not associated with BP. Phthalate metabolites were not associated with triglyceride levels, high-density lipoprotein level, or prehypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary phthalate exposure is associated with higher systolic BP in children and adolescents. Further work is needed to confirm these associations, as well as to evaluate opportunities for intervention.