RESUMO
Pachira aquatica (Malvaceae) is an unconventional food plant (UFP) native to Mexico and found all over Brazil, where it is commonly known as monguba. It has an arboreal shape, exotic flowers, and a fruit similar to cocoa with several seeds. Although its main application is in urban ornamentation and folk medicine, monguba's fruit has a great potential for use in the food, pharmacology, cosmetic, and bioenergy industry, mainly due to its oil's characteristics. This review aims to compile the nutritional composition, bioactive and antioxidant activities, and technological and nutritional potential of monguba's seed, leaf, and fruit pericarp. It reviews studies of different databases between January 2018 and October 2021. Monguba seeds are rich in lipids, proteins, and minerals; the bark is rich in fiber; and all parts of the fruit have bioactive compounds. Discussing the use of UFP is a way of finding new alternative food sources, usually discarded, offering products with high nutritional value allied to technological and consumption potential, such as the monguba fruit.
Assuntos
Bombacaceae , Malvaceae , Frutas , Sementes/metabolismo , Plantas ComestíveisRESUMO
The present study aims to characterize leaf, bark and seed of monguba in terms of their physicochemical and bioactive composition, and to determine total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoids (TF), well as their antioxidant activities (AA), of three organic solvent extracts with and without enzyme pretreatment by ultrasonic assisted extraction. Physicochemical composition was measured by pH, total titratable acidity, total soluble solids, moisture, ashes, lipids, crude protein, raw fiber, total carbohydrates, and water activity as well as, phytochemical composition analysis constituted of sugars, condensed (CT) and hydrolysable tannins (HT), carotenoids, total anthocyanins (TA), and organic acids contents. TPC and TF contents, and UHPLC/PDA/QDa flavonoids and phenolic acids quantification were performed for the solvent extracts. Antioxidant activity was determined by radical scavenging capacity assays (ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC), and reducing power assay (FRAP). Results showed that the leaf stood out with higher concentrations of ash, HT, TA and carotenoids; the bark with higher concentrations of raw fiber, total carbohydrates and organic acids (tartaric, quinic and 3.4-dihydroxybenzoic acids); in contrast, the seeds showed high concentrations of lipids, crude protein, sugars (fructose and sucrose), CT, and high values in all AA. The solvents significantly influenced the extraction of TPC and TF, highlighting ethanol. In general, the enzymatic treatments empowered the phenolic extraction and AA. The monguba seed extracts showed higher concentrations of hydroxycinnamic acids (chlorogenic acid, mainly), and flavanols (catechin and epicatechin), whereas the leaf extracts, flavanones (narigenin), flavonols (rutin, mainly) and flavones (acacetin). The bark extracts stood out for the presence of vanillin. The monguba seed extract can be used in functional foods production.
Assuntos
Bombacaceae , Casca de Planta , Extratos Vegetais , Sementes , UltrassomRESUMO
The mongubeira (Pachira aquatica Aubl) is a fruit used in urban forestry in many cities within the country and infrequent in their natural habitat in the forests periodically flooded the coast of Pará and Maranhão. This study aimed to describe and illustrate the external and internal morphological characteristics of fruits and seeds, as well as the stages of germination of P. aquatica. For a description of the fruits were observed internal and external details of the pericarp, related to texture, texture, hairiness, brightness, shape, number of seeds per fruit and dehiscence. For seed morphology were observed following external dimensions, color, texture, consistency, shape, position of hilum and micropyle. For the internal characteristics, there was the presence or absence of endosperm and embryo type. The fruits of P. aquatica capsules are semi-woody, dehiscent, generally oval shape, some are curved and longitudinal cracks in the pericarp, is made up of five septa, polispermic and stained dark brown. The seeds vary from angular to reniform, have a large amount of endosperm and are inserted into the central axis of the fruit. Germination is epigeal type phanerocotylar, starting on the eighth day and can be terminated on the 15th day after sowing.
A mongubeira (Parchira aquatica Aubl.) é uma frutífera utilizada na arborização urbana de muitas cidades no interior do país e pouco frequente em seu habitat natural, nas matas periodicamente inundáveis do litoral do Pará e Maranhão. Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever e ilustrar as características morfológicas externas e internas de frutos e sementes, bem como as fases do processo de germinação de P. aquatica. Para a descrição dos frutos foram observados detalhes externos e internos do pericarpo, referentes à textura, consistência, pilosidade, brilho, forma, número de sementes por fruto e deiscência. Para a morfologia de sementes foram observadas as seguintes características externas: dimensões, cor, textura, consistência, forma, posição do hilo e da micrópila. Para as características internas, verificou-se a presença ou ausência de endosperma e tipo de embrião. Os frutos de P. aquatica são cápsulas semi-lenhosas, deiscentes, formato geralmente ovalado, alguns são arqueados e com fendas longitudinais no pericarpo, sendo constituídos por cinco septos, polispérmicos e coloração castanho-escura. As sementes variam de reniformes a angulosas, possuem grande quantidade de endosperma e estão inseridas no eixo central do fruto. A germinação é do tipo epígea fanerocotiledonar, com início no oitavo dia e podendo ser encerrada no 15 dia após semeadura.
RESUMO
The mongubeira (Pachira aquatica Aubl) is a fruit used in urban forestry in many cities within the country and infrequent in their natural habitat in the forests periodically flooded the coast of Pará and Maranhão. This study aimed to describe and illustrate the external and internal morphological characteristics of fruits and seeds, as well as the stages of germination of P. aquatica. For a description of the fruits were observed internal and external details of the pericarp, related to texture, texture, hairiness, brightness, shape, number of seeds per fruit and dehiscence. For seed morphology were observed following external dimensions, color, texture, consistency, shape, position of hilum and micropyle. For the internal characteristics, there was the presence or absence of endosperm and embryo type. The fruits of P. aquatica capsules are semi-woody, dehiscent, generally oval shape, some are curved and longitudinal cracks in the pericarp, is made up of five septa, polispermic and stained dark brown. The seeds vary from angular to reniform, have a large amount of endosperm and are inserted into the central axis of the fruit. Germination is epigeal type phanerocotylar, starting on the eighth day and can be terminated on the 15th day after sowing.
A mongubeira (Parchira aquatica Aubl.) é uma frutífera utilizada na arborização urbana de muitas cidades no interior do país e pouco frequente em seu habitat natural, nas matas periodicamente inundáveis do litoral do Pará e Maranhão. Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever e ilustrar as características morfológicas externas e internas de frutos e sementes, bem como as fases do processo de germinação de P. aquatica. Para a descrição dos frutos foram observados detalhes externos e internos do pericarpo, referentes à textura, consistência, pilosidade, brilho, forma, número de sementes por fruto e deiscência. Para a morfologia de sementes foram observadas as seguintes características externas: dimensões, cor, textura, consistência, forma, posição do hilo e da micrópila. Para as características internas, verificou-se a presença ou ausência de endosperma e tipo de embrião. Os frutos de P. aquatica são cápsulas semi-lenhosas, deiscentes, formato geralmente ovalado, alguns são arqueados e com fendas longitudinais no pericarpo, sendo constituídos por cinco septos, polispérmicos e coloração castanho-escura. As sementes variam de reniformes a angulosas, possuem grande quantidade de endosperma e estão inseridas no eixo central do fruto. A germinação é do tipo epígea fanerocotiledonar, com início no oitavo dia e podendo ser encerrada no 15 dia após semeadura.