RESUMO
ABSTRACT A large world population resides at moderate altitudes. In the Valley of Mexico (2240 m above sea level) and for patients with respiratory diseases implies more hypoxemia and clinical deterioration, unless supplementary oxygen is prescribed or patients move to sea level. A group of individuals residing at 2500 or more meters above sea level may develop acute or chronic mountain disease but those conditions may develop at moderate altitudes although less frequently and in predisposed individuals. In the valley of México, at 2200 m above sea level, re-entry pulmonary edema has been reported. The frequency of other altitude-related diseases at moderate altitude, described in skiing resorts, remains to be known in visitors to Mexico City and other cities at similar or higher altitudes. Residents of moderate altitudes inhale deeply the city's air with all pollutants and require more often supplementary oxygen.
RESUMO
A large world population resides at moderate altitudes. In the Valley of Mexico (2240 m above sea level) and for patients with respiratory diseases implies more hypoxemia and clinical deterioration, unless supplementary oxygen is prescribed or patients move to sea level. A group of individuals residing at 2500 or more meters above sea level may develop acute or chronic mountain disease but those conditions may develop at moderate altitudes although less frequently and in predisposed individuals. In the valley of México, at 2200 m above sea level, re-entry pulmonary edema has been reported. The frequency of other altituderelated diseases at moderate altitude, described in skiing resorts, remains to be known in visitors to Mexico City and other cities at similar or higher altitudes. Residents of moderate altitudes inhale deeply the city's air with all pollutants and require more often supplementary oxygen.
Assuntos
Doença da Altitude , Edema Pulmonar , Humanos , Altitude , Doença da Altitude/epidemiologia , Doença da Altitude/etiologia , Hipóxia/epidemiologia , Hipóxia/etiologia , Edema Pulmonar/epidemiologia , Edema Pulmonar/etiologia , OxigênioRESUMO
Myiopsitta monachus is an invasive psittacine with wide distribution due to the pet trade. Its large communal nests and synanthropic nature contribute to its successful colonization of cities, from where it seems to be expanding in range and numbers. This is relevant with regard to pathogens that invasive species may harbor, especially when host populations thrive. We aimed to identify an abundant mite found in invasive monk parakeet chicks that had been collected in Santiago during 2017 and 2018. Through morphological and molecular identification of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, we confirmed the presence of Ornithonyssus bursa. This was the first report of this mite in Chile. This mite is common in native and invasive monk parakeet populations and may affect other birds, including domestic fowl. Further, this mite bites people and can be a potential vector of pathogens such as bacteria or viruses. We conclude that this parasite was likely introduced with the parakeet and discuss possible ecological, health and economic consequences of this new potential pest.(AU)
Myiopsitta monachus é um psitacídeo invasor amplamente distribuído devido ao tráfico de animais selvagens. Os grandes ninhos comunitários construídos e sua condição de espécies sinantrópicas contribuem para a colonização bem-sucedida das cidades, onde parece estar expandindo sua distribuição e número de indivíduos. Isso é relevante, quando se trata de patógenos que os invasores podem abrigar, especialmente quando as populações hospedeiras prosperam. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar um ácaro abundante, encontrado em filhotes de periquitos-monge introduzidos em Santiago, Chile, coletados durante 2017 e 2018. Por meio da identificação morfológica e molecular do gene do RNA ribossômico 18S, foi confirmada a presença de Ornithonyssus bursa, sendo o primeiro registro para o Chile. Esse ácaro é comum em populações nativas e introduzidas de periquitos-monge e pode afetar outras aves, incluindo aves domésticas. Além disso, esse ácaro pode picar pessoas e pode ser um potencial vetor de patógenos, como bactérias ou vírus. Conclui-se que esse parasita provavelmente foi introduzido com o periquito e foram discutidas as possíveis consequências ecológicas de saúde e econômicas dessa nova praga em potencial.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ácaros e Carrapatos/classificação , Ácaros e Carrapatos/parasitologia , Papagaios/parasitologiaRESUMO
Abstract Myiopsitta monachus is an invasive psittacine with wide distribution due to the pet trade. Its large communal nests and synanthropic nature contribute to its successful colonization of cities, from where it seems to be expanding in range and numbers. This is relevant with regard to pathogens that invasive species may harbor, especially when host populations thrive. We aimed to identify an abundant mite found in invasive monk parakeet chicks that had been collected in Santiago during 2017 and 2018. Through morphological and molecular identification of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene, we confirmed the presence of Ornithonyssus bursa. This was the first report of this mite in Chile. This mite is common in native and invasive monk parakeet populations and may affect other birds, including domestic fowl. Further, this mite bites people and can be a potential vector of pathogens such as bacteria or viruses. We conclude that this parasite was likely introduced with the parakeet and discuss possible ecological, health and economic consequences of this new potential pest.
Resumo Myiopsitta monachus é um psitacídeo invasor amplamente distribuído devido ao tráfico de animais selvagens. Os grandes ninhos comunitários construídos e sua condição de espécies sinantrópicas contribuem para a colonização bem-sucedida das cidades, onde parece estar expandindo sua distribuição e número de indivíduos. Isso é relevante, quando se trata de patógenos que os invasores podem abrigar, especialmente quando as populações hospedeiras prosperam. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar um ácaro abundante, encontrado em filhotes de periquitos-monge introduzidos em Santiago, Chile, coletados durante 2017 e 2018. Por meio da identificação morfológica e molecular do gene do RNA ribossômico 18S, foi confirmada a presença de Ornithonyssus bursa, sendo o primeiro registro para o Chile. Esse ácaro é comum em populações nativas e introduzidas de periquitos-monge e pode afetar outras aves, incluindo aves domésticas. Além disso, esse ácaro pode picar pessoas e pode ser um potencial vetor de patógenos, como bactérias ou vírus. Conclui-se que esse parasita provavelmente foi introduzido com o periquito e foram discutidas as possíveis consequências ecológicas de saúde e econômicas dessa nova praga em potencial.
Assuntos
Animais , Papagaios , Infestações por Ácaros/veterinária , Ácaros , Periquitos , Chile , CidadesRESUMO
We consider brain activity from an information theoretic perspective. We analyze the information processing in the brain, considering the optimality of Shannon entropy transport using the Monge-Kantorovich framework. It is proposed that some of these processes satisfy an optimal transport of informational entropy condition. This optimality condition allows us to derive an equation of the Monge-Ampère type for the information flow that accounts for the branching structure of neurons via the linearization of this equation. Based on this fact, we discuss a version of Murray's law in this context.
RESUMO
Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) is a pathological condition resulting from chronic exposure to high-altitude hypoxia. While its prevalence is high in native Andeans (>10%), little is known about the genetic architecture of this disease. Here, we performed the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of CMS (166 CMS patients and 146 controls living at 4,380 m in Peru) to detect genetic variants associated with CMS. We highlighted four new candidate loci, including the first CMS-associated variant reaching GWAS statistical significance (rs7304081; P = 4.58 × 10-9). By looking at differentially expressed genes between CMS patients and controls around these four loci, we suggested AEBP2, CAST, and MCTP2 as candidate CMS causal genes. None of the candidate loci were under strong natural selection, consistent with the observation that CMS affects fitness mainly after the reproductive years. Overall, our results reveal new insights on the genetic architecture of CMS and do not provide evidence that CMS-associated variants are linked to a strong ongoing adaptation to high altitude.
RESUMO
Introducción: La enfermedad crónica de montaña (ECM) o Enfermedad de Monge es un síndrome clínico observado en personas que vivieron largo tiempo en grandes altitudes. Se caracteriza por eritrocitosis excesiva, hipoxemia, presencia o no de hipertensión pulmonar o insuficiencia cardíaca o ambas, con o sin patología pulmonar. Este síndrome incluye cefalea, alteraciones neurológicas, trastornos del sueño y del aparato digestivo, astenia y disnea. Hasta nuestro conocimiento, no hay referencias bibliográficas que describan esta enfermedad en habitantes de la provincia de Jujuy en la República Argentina. Objetivo: Describir una serie de casos de presentación típica de enfermedad crónica de montaña en habitantes en localidades de altura, de la provincia de Jujuy. Material y método: Diseño de estudio: Estudio descriptivo, de serie de casos, transversal. Población de estudio: Se evaluaron 8 pacientes durante el período comprendido entre los años 2010 y 2011, con diagnóstico de enfermedad crónica de montaña; todos residentes de localidades de altura de la referida provincia. La edad promedio fue de 46 ± 15 años, representando el sexo masculino el 87.5% de esta serie. No se aplicaron criterios de inclusión y exclusión, los pacientes no firmaron consentimiento informado. Lugar: Todos los pacientes fueron evaluados en la región de Humahuaca (2900 metros sobre el nivel del mar). Para esta altitud la oximetría de pulso esperada es de 92%; esta población de estudio mostró, en promedio, un valor de SpaO2 inferior. Se calculó el score de Qinghai, diseñado para clasificar la severidad de la enfermedad crónica de montaña el cual, además, permite comparar casos de enfermedad crónica de montaña entre diferentes regiones. Este score considera una variedad de síntomas y la concentración de hemoglobina. Resultados: El 87.5% de los participantes tenía un índice de masa corporal ≥ 25 kg/m², de los cuales el 71.4% eran obesos (≥ 30 kg/m²). Se constataron un caso de várices de vena safena externa con úlceras en ambos miembros inferiores y un evento de varicorragia grave; un caso de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica con enfisema en la tomografía computada de tórax; un caso de síndrome metabólico y síndrome de apnea hipopnea obstructiva del sueño. Un paciente presentaba elevación de la presión sistólica del ventrículo derecho (44 mmHg) evaluado por ecocardiograma Doppler con SpaO2 promedio en reposo de 89%. En un paciente se encontró hiperuricemia (10.81 mg/dl); y en otro se completó la evaluación hematológica mediante medulograma observándose aumento de la serie eritroblástica con maduración preservada. La espirometría fue normal en todos los participantes, excepto en el paciente con diagnóstico de EPOC. Se realizó en todos una prueba de marcha de los 6 minutos en aire ambiente. Conclusiones: Esta serie permite describir las características de pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad crónica de montaña con criterios clínicos y score específico, en habitantes de altura de la provincia de Jujuy. En este sentido son necesarias políticas de salud acordes a la región montañosa donde se habitan estos individuos y disponer de tecnología adecuada para lograr un diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento adecuado.
Assuntos
Policitemia , Hipertensão Pulmonar , Doença da AltitudeRESUMO
Human high-altitude (HA) adaptation or mal-adaptation is explored to understand the physiology, pathophysiology, and molecular mechanisms that underlie long-term exposure to hypoxia. Here, we report the results of an analysis of the largest whole-genome-sequencing of Chronic Mountain Sickness (CMS) and nonCMS individuals, identified candidate genes and functionally validated these candidates in a genetic model system (Drosophila). We used PreCIOSS algorithm that uses Haplotype Allele Frequency score to separate haplotypes carrying the favored allele from the noncarriers and accordingly, prioritize genes associated with the CMS or nonCMS phenotype. Haplotypes in eleven candidate regions, with SNPs mostly in nonexonic regions, were significantly different between CMS and nonCMS subjects. Closer examination of individual genes in these regions revealed the involvement of previously identified candidates (e.g., SENP1) and also unreported ones SGK3, COPS5, PRDM1, and IFT122 in CMS. Remarkably, in addition to genes like SENP1, SGK3, and COPS5 which are HIF-dependent, our study reveals for the first time HIF-independent gene PRDM1, indicating an involvement of wider, nonHIF pathways in HA adaptation. Finally, we observed that down-regulating orthologs of these genes in Drosophila significantly enhanced their hypoxia tolerance. Taken together, the PreCIOSS algorithm, applied on a large number of genomes, identifies the involvement of both new and previously reported genes in selection sweeps, highlighting the involvement of multiple hypoxia response systems. Since the overwhelming majority of SNPs are in nonexonic (and possibly regulatory) regions, we speculate that adaptation to HA necessitates greater genetic flexibility allowing for transcript variability in response to graded levels of hypoxia.