RESUMO
Unsustainable hunting outside protected areas is threatening tropical biodiversity worldwide and requires conservationists to engage increasingly in antipoaching activities. Following the example of ecocertified logging companies, we argue that other extractive industries managing large concessions should engage in antipoaching activities as part of their environmental management plans. Onshore hydrocarbon concessions should also adopt antipoaching protocols as a standard because they represent a biodiversity threat comparable to logging. We examined the spatiotemporal patterns of small- and large-mammal poaching in an onshore oil concession in Gabon, Central Africa, with a Bayesian occupancy model based on signs of poaching collected from 2010 to 2015 on antipoaching patrols. Patrol locations were initially determined based on local intelligence and past patrol successes (adaptive management) and subsequently with a systematic sampling of the concession. We generated maps of poaching probability in the concession and determined the temporal trends of this threat over 5 years. The spatiotemporal patterns of large- and small-mammal poaching differed throughout the concession, and likely these groups will need different management strategies. By elucidating the relationship between site-specific sampling effort and detection probability, the Bayesian method allowed us to set goals for future antipoaching patrols. Our results indicate that a combination of systematic sampling and adaptive management data is necessary to infer spatiotemporal patterns with the statistical method we used. On the basis of our case study, we recommend hydrocarbon companies interested in implementing efficient antipoaching activities in their onshore concessions to lay the foundation of long-needed industry standards by: adequately measuring antipoaching effort; mixing adaptive management and balanced sampling; setting goals for antipoaching effort; pairing patrols with large-mammal monitoring; supporting antipoaching patrols across the landscape; restricting access to their concessions; performing random searches for bushmeat and mammal products at points of entry; controlling urban and agricultural expansion; supporting bushmeat alternatives; and supporting land-use planning.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Hidrocarbonetos , Agricultura , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , Biodiversidade , Agricultura Florestal , Gabão , MamíferosRESUMO
Resumo Este estudo analisou a distribuição espaço-temporal dos casos de leishmaniose visceral (LV) no estado do Maranhão, no período de 2000 a 2009. A partir do número de casos notificados, foram elaborados mapas temáticos para demonstrar a evolução da distribuição geográfica da doença no estado. Utilizou-se o método MCMC para estimação dos parâmetros do modelo bayesiano espaço-temporal para a identificação das áreas de risco. De 2000 a 2009, foram notificados 5.389 casos de leishmaniose visceral, distribuídos em todas as 18 Unidades Regionais de Saúde do estado, com as maiores incidências em: Caxias, Imperatriz, Presidente Dutra e Chapadinha. As Unidades Regionais de Saúde com maiores riscos relativos por biênio foram: Caxias e Barra do Corda (2000-2001), Imperatriz e Presidente Dutra (2002-2003), Imperatriz e Caxias (2004-2005), Presidente Dutra e Codó (2006-2007), e Imperatriz e Caxias (2008-2009). Houve uma considerável expansão geográfica da LV no Maranhão, sendo necessária a adoção de medidas mais eficazes de prevenção e controle da doença no estado.
Abstract This study analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of cases of visceral leishmaniasis in the State of Maranhão in the period from 2000 to 2009. Based on the number of reported cases, thematic maps were prepared to show the evolution of the geographical distribution of the disease in the state. The MCMC method was used for estimating the parameters of the Bayesian model for space-time identification of risk areas. From 2000 to 2009 there were 5389 reported cases of visceral leishmaniasis, distributed in all 18 Regional Health Units in the state, with the highest indices in the cities of Caxias, Imperatriz, Presidente Dutra and Chapadinha. The Regional Health Units with the highest relative risks per biennium were: Caxias and Barra do Corda (2000-2001), Imperatriz and President Dutra (2002-2003), Imperatriz and Caxias (2004-2005), Presidente Dutra and Codó (2006-2007) and Imperatriz and Caxias (2008-2009). There was considerable geographic expansion of visceral leishmaniasis in Maranhão, thus highlighting the need to adopt more effective measures for prevention and control of the disease in the state.