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Objective: 26% of all pregnancies end in miscarriage, and up to 10% of clinically diagnosed pregnancies, and recurrent pregnancy loss is 5% among couples of childbearing ages. Although there are several known causes of pregnancy loss in the first half, including recurrent pregnancy loss, including parental chromosomal abnormalities, uterine malformations, endocrinological disorders, and immunological abnormalities, about half of the cases of pregnancy loss in its first half remain unexplained. Methods: The review includes observational controlled studies (case-control or cohort, longitudinal studies, reviews, meta-analyses), which include the study of biochemical factors for predicting pregnancy losses in the first half, in singlet pregnancy. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the research quality. Results: Finally, 27 studies were included in the review, which has 134904 examined patients. The results of the review include estimates of ß-human chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, pregnancy-associated protein - A, angiogenic vascular factors, estradiol, α-fetoprotein, homocysteine and CA-125 as a predictors or markers of the first half pregnancy losses. Conclusion: It may be concluded that to date, research data indicate the unavailability of any reliable biochemical marker for predicting pregnancy losses in its first half and require either a combination of them or comparison with clinical evidence. A fairly new model shall be considered for the assessment of α-fetoprotein in vaginal blood, which may have great prospects in predicting spontaneous miscarriages.

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Abstract Objective 26% of all pregnancies end in miscarriage, and up to 10% of clinically diagnosed pregnancies, and recurrent pregnancy loss is 5% among couples of childbearing ages. Although there are several known causes of pregnancy loss in the first half, including recurrent pregnancy loss, including parental chromosomal abnormalities, uterine malformations, endocrinological disorders, and immunological abnormalities, about half of the cases of pregnancy loss in its first half remain unexplained. Methods The review includes observational controlled studies (case-control or cohort, longitudinal studies, reviews, meta-analyses), which include the study of biochemical factors for predicting pregnancy losses in the first half, in singlet pregnancy. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the research quality. Results Finally, 27 studies were included in the review, which has 134904 examined patients. The results of the review include estimates of β-human chorionic gonadotropin, progesterone, pregnancy-associated protein - A, angiogenic vascular factors, estradiol, α-fetoprotein, homocysteine and CA-125 as a predictors or markers of the first half pregnancy losses. Conclusion It may be concluded that to date, research data indicate the unavailability of any reliable biochemical marker for predicting pregnancy losses in its first half and require either a combination of them or comparison with clinical evidence. A fairly new model shall be considered for the assessment of α-fetoprotein in vaginal blood, which may have great prospects in predicting spontaneous miscarriages.

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Objetivo: Descrever a elaboração e validação de um cenário para simulação clínica no ensino de graduação em enfermagem sobre assistência às mulheres em situação de abortamento retido. Métodos: Estudo metodológico de validação desenvolvido em cinco etapas: overview, scenario design, progression, debriefing e assessment, em 2019 em uma Universidade Pública do Distrito Federal, envolvendo doze participantes, cinco deles como juízes. Para verificar a validação calculou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) e o coeficiente kappa. Resultados: O cenário propõe uma situação de assistência de enfermagem a um casal em processo de abortamento retido, em atendimento em um Pronto Socorro Ginecológico. A elaboração do cenário partiu do objetivo de aprendizagem "Realizar a assistência de enfermagem à gestante para tratar o quadro de abortamento retido". A partir do preenchimento de uma escala likert, pelos juízes, obteve-se o IVC 0,97 e um Kappa de 0,68, sendo o cenário considerado como validado. Conclusão: O estudo alcançou o objetivo proposto. Espera-se que esse material educativo seja utilizado como recurso pedagógico nas disciplinas sobre saúde da mulher nos cursos de graduação em enfermagem ou em treinamentos de profissionais já atuantes no contexto da saúde da mulher. (AU)

Objective: To describe development and validation of a clinical simulated scenario in nursing school concerning the assistance to women who have been through a missed abortion. Methods: Methodological validation study developed in five stages: overview, scenario, scenario design progression, debriefing e assessment, during 2019 at a public University of Distrito Federal, that involved 12 participants, four of whom were the judges. To verify the validation, the Índice de Validade de Conteúdo (IVC) and the Kappa coefficient were calculated. The project was approved by the Ethics in Research Committee. Results: Scenario proposed a situation of nursing assistance to a couple in the process of missed abortion, in a gynaecological emergency room. The development of the scenario started from the learning objective "Giving nursing assistance to the pregnant woman aiming to treat the medical condition of missed abortion". With a Likert scale completion by the judges, the IVC 0,97 and Kappa 0,68 were obtained, which means the scenario was considered valid. Conclusion: The study achieved proposed objective. It`s expected that this educational material be used as pedagogical resource in classes about women health in Nursing graduation course, or in training courses given to professionals who are in practice in women`s heath context. (AU)

Objetivo: Describir elaboración y validación de un escenario de simulación clínica en la educación de pregrado en enfermería sobre asistencia a mujeres en situaciones de aborto retenido. Métodos: Estudio metodológico de validación desarrollado en cinco etapas: panorama general, diseño de escenarios, progresión, debriefing y evaluación, en 2019 en Universidad Pública del Distrito Federal, involucrando doce participantes, cinco como jueces. Para verificar la validación se calculó el Índice de Validez de Contenido (IVC) y el coeficiente Kappa. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados: El escenario propone una situación de asistencia de enfermería a una pareja en processo de aborto retenido, en atendimiento a Urgencias Ginecológicas. La elaboración del escenario partió del objetivo de aprendizaje "Brindar cuidados de enfermería a gestantes para tratar la situación de aborto retenido". Se obtuvo un IVC de 0,97 y un Kappa de 0,68, considerándose el escenario como validado. Conclusión: El estúdio logró el objetivo propuesto. Se espera que este material ecucativo sea utilizado como recurso pedagógico en las disciplinas sobre salud de la mujer en cursos de pregrado en enfermería o en la formación de profesionales que ya trabajan en el contexto de salud de la mujer. (AU)

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Abstract Objective Missed abortion occurs in ~ 15% of all clinical pregnancies. The pathogenesis is not clearly known. However, defective placentation resulting in maternal systemic inflammatory response is considered responsible for missed abortion. Platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are increasingly cited parameters of inflammation in the literature. However, no study evaluated the PLR and NLR rates in missed abortions so far. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether complete blood count (CBC) inflammatory parameters such as NLR and PLR are increased in patients with missed abortion. Methods Medical records of 40 pregnant women whose gestation ended in missed abortion at between 6 and14 weeks of gestation and of 40 healthy pregnant women were collected and compared retrospectively. The groups were compared regarding hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count (PLT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), PLR and NLR. Results Platelet distribution width, NLR and PLR values were higher in the missed abortion group compared with the healthy pregnant women group (rates are p = 0.043; p = 0.038; and p = 0.010, respectively). Hematocrit, MPV, and lymphocyte values were found to be lower in the missed abortion group compared with the healthy pregnant women group (p = 0.027, p = 0.044 and p = 0.025, respectively). Conclusion The PDW, NLR and PLR values of the missed abortion group were reported high; and MPV values were reported low in the present study. These findings may help to speculate a defective placentation in the pathogenesis of missed abortion.

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Antecedentes: El manejo terapéutico del aborto retenido consiste en evacuar la cavidad uterina espontáneamente o utilizando misoprostol previo al legrado quirúrgico. Objetivo: Evaluar la necesidad de dilatación mecánica post maduración cervical con misoprostol y la tasa de perforación uterina post legrado, utilizando diferentes dosis de misoprostol en pacientes con diagnóstico de aborto retenido menor a 12 semanas. Métodos: Se registraron datos demográficos y ginecológicos de una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes con diagnóstico de aborto retenido menor a 12 semanas, entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2010. Se establecieron 3 grupos de trabajo según la dosis de misoprostol administrada vía vaginal, siendo de 100 (n=131), 200 (n=231) y 400 micrones (n=230), y se observaron las complicaciones asociadas al procedimiento. Resultados: La necesidad de dilatación mecánica fue significativamente mayor en el grupo que recibió 100 micrones de misoprostol al compararlo con el de 200 micrones y 400 micrones (p<0,01). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las que recibieron 200 versus 400 micrones de misoprostol. No hubo diferencias significativas respecto a perforación uterina. Conclusión: En el aborto retenido menor a 12 semanas, la necesidad de dilatación mecánica post maduración cervical, es menor si se utiliza 200 o 400 micrones de misoprostol, sin diferencias en la tasa de perforación uterina.

Background: The therapeutic management of missed abortion consists on evacuating the uterine cavity, spontaneously or by administration of misoprostol previous to curettage. Objectives: Evaluate the need of mechanical dilatation after cervical maturation with misoprostol and the rate of uterine perforation before curettage, using different doses of misoprostol in patients with diagnosis of missed abortion before 12 weeks. Methods: Demographic and gynecologic data were registered of a retrospective cohort of patients with the diagnosis of missed abortion before 12 weeks, between January 2008 and December 2010. Three groups were established according to the dose of misoprostol: 100 (n=131), 200 (n=231) and 400 microns (n=230). Complications associated to the procedure were observed. Results: The need of mechanical dilatation was significant higher for the group with 100 microns of misoprostol in comparison with 200 and 400 microns (p<0.001). There was no statistical significance among who received 200 versus 400 microns of misoprostol. No statistical significance was found for uterine perforation. Conclusion: In the missed abortion before 12 week, the need of mechanical dilatation is lower with 200 or 400 microns of misoprostol, without difference in uterine perforation rate.

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is a possible complication of uterine curettage following abortion. Because IUA is an important cause of infertility, some investigators have been advocating its inclusion in the routine investigational workup after every abortion curettage procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the uterine cavity of patients subjected to abortion curettage, in order to ascertain the prevalence of IUA and its association with social and clinical factors. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study at the Human Reproduction Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). METHODS: A total of 109 women were enrolled. The investigators searched the records of Unicamp's hospital for patients who had been subjected to uterine curettage following abortion. The hysteroscopy was performed 3 to 12 months after the curettage. The correlations between patients' characteristics and the prevalence of IUA were assessed by means of chi-squared and Fisher's exact test calculations. RESULTS: The prevalence of IUA was 37.6 percent. The number of previous abortions and curettage procedures did not correlate with the presence of IUA. Most of the women (56.1 percent) presented IUA grade I. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, 37.6 percent of the women subjected to curettage following abortion had IUA, which was mostly mucous and grade I. None of the demographic and clinic characteristics evaluated were found to be associated with IUA. From this study, there is no firm evidence to justify carrying out routine diagnostic hysteroscopy following abortion evacuation.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: As sinéquias uterinas são complicações que podem ocorrer após curetagem uterina por aborto. Como se trata de causa importante de infertilidade, muitos autores têm indicado uma investigação rotineira após curetagens uterinas por aborto. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a cavidade uterina de pacientes submetidas a curetagem após aborto para detectar a prevalência das sinéquias e a possível associação com alguns fatores sociais e clínicos. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo de corte transversal, realizado na Unidade de Reprodução Humana do Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). MÉTODOS: 109 mulheres foram submetidas a histeroscopia diagnóstica ambulatorial 3 a 12 meses após curetagem por aborto. Dados clínicos foram obtidos dos prontuários médicos. As correlações entre as características clínicas e a prevalência de sinéquias uterinas foram testadas através do cálculo do qui-quadrado e do teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sinéquias foi de 37,6 por cento. O número de abortos anteriores e de curetagens não se correlacionou com a presença de sinéquias. A maioria das mulheres (56,1 por cento) apresentou sinéquias grau I. CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo, 37,6 por cento das mulheres submetidas a curetagem por aborto apresentaram sinéquias, a maioria delas do tipo mucoso e de grau I. Nenhuma das características clínicas e demográficas avaliadas associou-se às sinéquias. Os resultados deste estudo não autorizam indicação rotineira de histeroscopia diagnóstica em pacientes submetidas a curetagem uterina por aborto.

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